We give a first example of 2-knots with the same knot group but different knot quandles by analyzing the knot quandles of twist spins. As a byproduct of the analysis, we also give a classification of all twist spins with finite knot quandles.
Thermogravimetric analysis of various analytical methods was applied to obtain the activation energy of LLDPE containing various different concentration of the antioxidant reagent. ISO 11358-3 was difficult to apply to obtain the activation energy when the sample contained more than 0.125% of the reagent. Unlike tetrafluoroethylene propylene copolymer, the Kissinger plot could not be applicable to all. LLDPE used in this experiment. Activation energy obtained using the oxidation induction temperature was from 140 kJ/mol to 163 kJ/mol, which depended on the concentration of the antioxidant reagent.
The goldfish, a member of the Cyprinidae (minnow family) is an important and relevant model for understanding how fish function and reproduce and can be better managed. Here, we review recent studies of this species and its strengths as a model system. First, we review current understanding of how its neuroendocrine system regulates gonadotropin release, and then steroidogenesis and finally gonadal maturation in both males and females. Endocrine determinants of gender and sexual plasticity are described. Effects of the fish androgen, 11-ketotestosterone, on sexual and spawning behavior of males and females are reviewed. We also describe how several hormones (androstenedione, 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregen-3-one, prostaglandin F2α) and their metabolites function as "hormonal pheromones" to synchronize male-female spawning behavior and physiology. Insight provided by the goldfish has enhanced understanding of the neurobiology, toxicology, and comparative physiology of other fishes and provided lessons applicable to the culture of commercial carp and the control of invasive species, as well as conservation.
This study investigated the factor structure of the Japanese Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) using exploratory and Bayesian factor analysis. We compared six competing models: traditional four-factor models (basic, hierarchical, bi-factor) and Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory-based five-factor models (basic, hierarchical, bi-factor). The analysis used standardization data from 1120 Japanese adults aged 16-90 years. Model-based reliability assessment was conducted to evaluate practical utility of derived scores. Prior distributions for factor loadings were specified through hyperparameter matrices based on theoretical expectations. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated robust results across different prior specifications. Model comparisons used the Widely Applicable Information Criterion (WAIC) and Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation (LOO-CV). Results showed that while exploratory factor analysis supported the traditional four-factor structure, Bayesian analysis revealed superior fit of the CHC theory-based hierarchical model (WAIC = 1138.43). The hierarchical g-factor model demonstrated better fit than the bi-factor model, contrasting with previous findings in Western samples, suggesting potential cultural differences in cognitive ability manifestation. However, model-based reliability indices revealed important limitations: while general factor scores showed excellent reliability (omega t >= 0.92), most group factors demonstrated poor reliability (omega HS < 0.50), limiting clinical utility for individual assessment. These findings suggest that while CHC theory provides a statistically superior framework, Full Scale IQ should remain the primary interpretive focus, with index scores providing supplementary ancillary. Arithmetic showed complex loading patterns requiring careful interpretation. These findings contribute to understanding universal and culture-specific aspects of cognitive ability measurement, emphasizing general intelligence primacy in the Japanese population.
