Thermal adaptation and mitigation measures have been actively undertaken owing to warming climates, focusing on human-centered designs. Because clothing affects human energy balance namely thermal comfort, a suitable choice of clothing can be thermal adaptation. Similar to typical urban mitigations, two passive cooling techniques, which are ventilation and solar reflection were applied to a conventional garment. Accordingly, four types of garments (non-reflective loose-fitting, non-reflective tight-fitting, solar-reflective loose-fitting, and solar-reflective tight-fitting) were prepared and investigated by participants in terms of physical thermal load and subjective perceptions. Field measurements during walking were conducted in summer outdoors. Overall human thermal loads for clothed participants were smaller than undressed condition, indicating wearing clothing fundamentally acts as a buffer against environments suggesting comfort. Because the main heat-gain mechanism outdoors is irradiation, significant difference was observed in radiative heat gain between reflective loose and non-reflective loose, as well as reflective tight and non-reflective tight wearers. Despite the main cooling mechanism is convective heat loss, no significant difference in convective heat loss between loose and tight fitting garments were observed. Observed relationships among thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and human thermal load further suggest the validity of the experiments. Ideally, garments with both reflective and ventilation can improve thermal exposure significantly compared with the conventional garment. Our small scheme for heat adaptation in summer outdoor was confirmed in human energy balance; however, it did not work satisfactorily in perceptions, and thus more effective measures accompanying with detailed understanding of clothing effects are expected even under varying climate conditions.
Consider that there are $k\le n$ agents in a simple, connected, and undirected graph $G=(V,E)$ with $n$ nodes and $m$ edges. The goal of the dispersion problem is to move these $k$ agents to mutually distinct nodes. Agents can communicate only when they are at the same node, and no other communication means, such as whiteboards, are available. We assume that the agents operate synchronously. We consider two scenarios: when all agents are initially located at a single node (rooted setting) and when they are initially distributed over one or more nodes (general setting). Kshemkalyani and Sharma presented a dispersion algorithm for the general setting, which uses $O(m_k)$ time and $\log(k + \Delta)$ bits of memory per agent [OPODIS 2021], where $m_k$ is the maximum number of edges in any induced subgraph of $G$ with $k$ nodes, and $\Delta$ is the maximum degree of $G$. This algorithm is currently the fastest in the literature, as no $o(m_k)$-time algorithm has been discovered, even for the rooted setting. In this paper, we present significantly faster algorithms for both the rooted and the general settings. First, we present an algorithm for the rooted setting that solves the dispersion problem in $O(k\log \min(k,\Delta))=O(k\log k)$ time using $O(\log (k+\Delta))$ bits of memory per agent. Next, we propose an algorithm for the general setting that achieves dispersion in $O(k \log k \cdot \log \min(k,\Delta))=O(k \log^2 k)$ time using $O(\log (k+\Delta))$ bits. Finally, for the rooted setting, we give a time-optimal (i.e.,~$O(k)$-time) algorithm with $O(\Delta+\log k)$ bits of space per agent. All algorithms presented in this paper work only in the synchronous setting, while several algorithms in the literature, including the one given by Kshemkalyani and Sharma at OPODIS 2021, work in the asynchronous setting.
Heteroatom co-doping of graphene-based materials has become an effective and powerful approach to develop advanced two-dimensional (2D) layered electrodes by engineering the electronic structure, defect chemistry, and surface functionality for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Compared with single-atom doping, codoping enables synergistic modulation of charge redistribution, adsorption energetics, and ion transport behavior through complementary electronic and structural effects. Co-doping enables enhanced ion adsorption, charge transfer, and catalytic activity by introducing specific electronic and structural modifications that increase electrical conductivity, generate numerous active sites, and improve surface wettability. This review article systematically outlines the advantages of co-doped 2D graphene-based materials, and summarizes the synthesis techniques for nitrogen-sulfur (N,S), boron-nitrogen (B,N), nitrogen-phosphorus (N,P), and nitrogen-fluorine (N, F) co-doped 2D graphene-based materials, covering high-temperature annealing, thermal heating, hydrothermal, solvothermal, and liquid-phase methods for dual-heteroatom insertion in the carbon skeleton of these materials. The effectiveness of co-doped 2D graphene-based composite electrodes has been demonstrated in supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, and water-splitting applications, highlighting the significance of synergistic heteroatom interactions for improving electrochemical performance. In addition to comparisons between single-doped and co-doped 2D graphene-based materials, analytical insights into electron/ion transport, adsorption energy optimization, and structural stability are discussed. The article provides an outlook for further research, highlighting potential uses and new developments in co-doped graphene-based 2D materials for energy applications. Important issues like scalable synthesis, reproducibility, and long-term cycling stability are also addressed, with suggestions for the systematic design of next-generation graphene-based materials and devices.
Supercapacitor (SC) technology is one of the pioneering energy storage technologies of the current century.
BiVO4-graphene nanocomposites have received considerable attention from researchers due to their strong activity toward both organic and inorganic contaminants. In this article, various graphene derivatives combined with BiVO4 are discussed, along with different synthesis approaches and key factors influencing their morphology, structural evolution, and pollutant-adsorption behavior. Synthesis-associated morphology and characterization trends, including dispersion uniformity, interface contact quality, defect density, and surface functional groups, are correlated with photocatalytic performance to support clearer structure-performance understanding across studies. In addition, an accompanying synthesis-mechanism-performance perspective is provided to support perceptive selection of graphene form and fabrication route for pollutant-specific removal under visible light. Graphene-based materials usually provide high surface area, good electrical conductivity, and rapid electron transport, offering a robust platform for BiVO4 to enhance charge transfer and suppress electron-hole recombination during photocatalytic reactions. In addition to these advantages, BiVO4-graphene composites exhibit efficient degradation of organic and inorganic chemicals, dyes, heavy metals, pharmaceutical residues, and other emerging pollutants under visible-light illumination. Their enhanced performance arises from improved light harvesting, better heterojunction formation, and strengthened interfacial electron pathways. Furthermore, hybrid structures incorporating additional semiconductors, carbonaceous materials, or catalysts have shown even better photocatalytic properties. Finally, challenges and future prospects related to material stability, practical deployment, scalability of synthesis routes, and performance under real wastewater conditions are highlighted. Collectively, this article aims to provide updated and significant insights into BiVO4-graphene composites and their role as promising advanced materials for photocatalytic environmental remediation.
