Introduction: the context of the Covid-19 pandemic in the Brazilian North region is worrying. There is a lack of resources for Public Health, a low human development index, and poverty indicators above the national average.Objective: to analyze mortality and lethality from COVID-19 in the State of Roraima, Brazil.Methods: this is an ecological time-series study of secondary data on COVID-19 in Roraima, Northern Brazil, from March 2020 to July 2021. The incidence, mortality, and lethality rates due to COVID-19 were calculated. The Prais-Winsten regression model was used to calculate the time series trends. Trends were classified as increasing, decreasing, or stationary. The trend was considered static when the p-value was not significant (p>0.05).Results: in the state of Roraima, from March 2020 to July 2021, there were 123,125 cases and 1,903 accumulated deaths due to COVID-19. The first wave (March 2020 to October 2021) of COVID-19 recorded the incidence rate (2,995.30 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants - July 2020) and mortality (56.32 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants - June 2020) higher lethality. However, in the second wave (November 2020 to July 2021), the highest lethality rate was observed (3.47% - February 2021). It was observed that during the first wave, the incidence rate of COVID-19 showed increasing trends. During this period, the mortality rate had a stationary tendency (p>0.05) and the percentage lethality with a decreasing trend (p<0.05). During the second wave, there was a more aggravating scenario for lethality, which changed from a daily reduction rate of 0.90% to stationary trends.Conclusion: the pandemic in the state of Roraima is not yet under control, so it is necessary to strengthen strategies to mitigate the spread of the pandemic in the region and prevent the formation of new waves.
Introduction: the growth of coronavirus indices in the North region highlights the region’s historical social inequalities and the problems in accessing citizenship. Objective: to analyze the mortality and lethality of COVID-19 in the state of Pará, Brazil. Methods: this is an ecological study with a time series design of secondary data. All registered cases and deaths reported by COVID-19 in the period from March 2020 to June 2021, in the state of Pará, Brazil, were considered. The incidence and mortality and lethality rates were used. The daily percentage variation and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results: the total number of confirmed cases and deaths from COVID-19 in the state of Pará was 552,937 and 15,469, respectively, from March 2020 to June 2021. Incidence and mortality rates from March 2020 to June 2021 were, respectively, 6,407.9 and 179.3 per 100,000 inhabitants and the lethality was 43.3. Regarding the analysis of the daily trend of rates in the period from March 2020 to June 2021, both mortality and incidence increased. Conclusion: it was found that the behavior of the trend of rates in the first wave was increasing in the incidence of confirmed cases and the lethality decreasing, and in the second wave, the mortality and lethality rates were increasing.
Introduction: the new coronavirus (COVID-19) disease has been causing economic and health system impacts worldwide, triggering humanitarian crises in vulnerable regions, marked by high mortality rates of the disease. Brazil has been suffering an increase in the number of cases, characteristic of the formation of a second wave, with great epidemiological differences observed in the most diverse regions of the country. Many studies illustrate the behaviour of COVID-19 in the state of São Paulo, but there are gaps in the scientific literature on the epidemiology of COVID-19 in municipalities of the São Paulo metropolitan region that constitute an important industrial pole in Latin America, such as the region of Grande ABC. Objective: to evaluate mortality and lethality trends of COVID-19 during the period March 2020 to July 2021, in municipalities on region of Grande ABC, metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, divided into two periods (March to November 2020 and December to July 2021). Methods: we conducted an ecological time series study with population data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We collected the number of cases and deaths confirmed for COVID-19 in the municipalities that make up the region of Grande ABC (Diadema, Mauá, Rio Grande da Serra, Ribeirão Pires, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, and São Caetano do Sul) from March 2020 to July 2021. Prais-Winsten linear regression was performed, and the percentage of daily change was calculated. Differences were considered significant when p<0.05. Results: in region of Grande ABC, in the period analysed, 217,264 cases and 10,004 deaths of COVID-19 were recorded. Although the mortality rate remained stationary during the first wave (March to November 2020) and the second wave (December 2020 to July 2021); lethality transitioned from decreasing during the first wave to increasing during the second wave, with rates varying according to municipality. Conclusion: trend analyses in incidence, mortality, and lethality rates assist in understanding the behaviour of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the region known as Grande ABC. Efforts must be maintained throughout the region to control the Pandemic.
Introduction: Measles is an immunopreventable viral disease, acute exanthematous and extremely transmissible. Infection occurs directly, from person to person, through respiratory secretions. The measles vaccine is low-cost and effective, but measles still affects around 40 million people worldwide and is responsible for at least 800,000 deaths, mainly in developing countries.Objective: To analyze vaccination coverage and measles incidence in Northern Brazil.Methods: This is an ecological study. Secondary data were used regarding vaccination coverage of the viral double, viral triple and viral tetra and incidence of measles in residents in the States of the Northern Region, Brazil, from 2010 to 2018.Results: Confirmed measles cases in 2010 to 2018 in the Northern region of Brazil it registered 10,249, were reported in Amazonas (95.65%), Roraima (3.53%), Pará (0.80%) and Rondônia (0.02%). Outbreaks of measles cases in the Northern Region were reported in 2018, the highest incidence rate was in Amazonas with 237.7. Vaccination coverage in the North Region varied between the lowest rate in 2013 with 56.88% and the highest vaccination coverage achieved in 2010, with 104.02%.Conclusion: It was possible to observe a reduction in vaccination coverage during the study period, not reaching the percentage recommended by the Ministry of Health and increasing the incidence of measles in the Northern Region of Brazil and these indicators are important to determine the strategies to be carried out by the National Program for Immunization and Epidemiological Surveillance.
Climate and atmospheric changes are impacting forest function and structure worldwide, but their effects on tropical forest diversity are unclear. Nowhere is the scientific challenge greater than in the Andes and the Amazon, which together include the world’s most diverse forests. Here, using 406 permanent plots spanning four decades of intact lowland and montane forest dynamics, we test for long-term change in species richness and assess the influence of climate and other variables. We show that, at a continental scale, species richness appears stable, but this masks substantial regional variation. Species richness increased in Northern Andean and Western Amazon plots, yet declined in the Central Andes, Guyana Shield and Central-Eastern Amazon. Overall, warmer, drier and more seasonal forests lost species, while those at higher elevations, in less fragmented areas and with faster rates of tree turnover experienced increases. Region-specific drivers, particularly precipitation seasonality and demographic factors, modulated these trends. The results highlight the diverse ways in which Amazon–Andes forests are changing and underscore the critical need to preserve large-scale ecosystem integrity to maintain local tree diversity. By doing so, Northern Andean forests in particular could serve as an important refuge for species increasingly displaced by climate change. This study examines long-term changes in species richness across tropical forests in the Andes and Amazon. Hotter, drier and more seasonal forests in the eastern and southern Amazon are losing species, while Northern Andean forests are accumulating species, acting as a refuge for climate-displaced species.
