The Independent Curriculum positions character development as the core of learning aimed at fostering students’ holistic growth. Nevertheless, physical education instruction in elementary schools continues to focus predominantly on motor skills and physical fitness, with limited emphasis on systematically embedding character values within learning models. This situation highlights the need for a physical education learning model that can meaningfully and structurally internalize character values through planned physical activities. This research seeks to develop and evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a character-based physical education learning model aligned with the Independent Curriculum for elementary school students. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) design adapted from the Borg and Gall framework, encompassing the stages of needs assessment, model development, expert review, small-scale trials, field implementation, and effectiveness evaluation. A total of 50 elementary school students participated and were assigned to experimental and control groups. Research instruments included expert validation forms, character evaluation questionnaires, and learning achievement tests. Data were analysed using a pretest–post-test design with paired-sample t-tests and independent-sample t-tests. Expert judgement indicated that the developed model achieved a feasibility score of 91.3%, categorised as very good. Effectiveness testing demonstrated significant gains in both character development and learning outcomes among students in the experimental group compared with those in the control group (p < 0.05). The character-based physical education learning model is both feasible and effective in enhancing students’ character formation and learning competencies, supporting the objectives of the Independent Curriculum at the elementary school level.
Feature selection plays an important role in improving the performance and efficiency of electrocardiogram (ECG)-based arrhythmia classification. High-dimensional ECG data may contain redundant and irrelevant information that can reduce classification performance and increase computational complexity. This preliminary study presents a comparative evaluation of three metaheuristic algorithms for ECG feature selection: Hunger Games Search (HGS), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). The feature selection problem was formulated as a binary optimization task to select informative ECG features for arrhythmia classification. The processed MIT-BIH ECG dataset used in this study consisted of 187 numerical ECG attributes for each beat sample. All algorithms were evaluated under identical preprocessing, classifier, and evaluation settings using a fixed Linear Support Vector Classifier (LinearSVC). Experimental results showed that PSO achieved the highest classification accuracy of 0.9078, while GWO achieved comparable performance with substantially fewer selected features, reducing the feature space from 187 to 59 features. HGS produced competitive performance but selected more features than GWO under the current configuration. These findings indicate that GWO provided the best balance between classification performance and feature selection efficiency. However, since the current evaluation was conducted as a preliminary single-run experiment, further validation using repeated experiments, statistical significance testing, larger ECG datasets, and feature interpretability analysis is required to confirm the robustness and generalizability of the proposed framework.
The use of web-based virtual laboratories in physics learning is considered capable of supporting the improvement of students’ science process skills and conceptual understanding. This study aims to: (1) examine the effect of implementing an interactive web-based virtual laboratory on physics learning activities, and (2) describe students’ perceptions of the use of the virtual laboratory. The study employed a pre-experimental method with a one-shot case study design. The research population consisted of all twelfth-grade students divided into four classes, with a sample of 24 students. Data collection was carried out through observations of science process skills to determine the impact of the intervention, as well as questionnaires distributed after the learning process to measure students' perceptions regarding their Science Process Skills (SPS) activities during the implementation. The results of the observational analysis showed an average percentage of science process skills activities of 89.9%, indicating that the interactive web-based virtual laboratory effectively supports virtual practical learning. Meanwhile, the analysis of students’ perceptions obtained an average score of 93.6%, categorized as very good. These findings indicate that virtual laboratories have the potential to become an effective innovation in physics learning. Nevertheless, further development in operational aspects is still needed to address various existing challenges.
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the global system, influencing individuals, companies, and financial institutions, including Islamic banking. The World Health Organization has classified the outbreak as an international emergency due to its significant economic implications, necessitating prompt intervention to prevent a more extensive financial crisis. This study systematically examines the performance of Islamic banking during the COVID-19 pandemic, focussing on both pre- and post-closure stages. Despite the negative impact on the financial performance of Islamic banks before the restrictions, the closure phase revealed the sector’s resilience and adaptability. This study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology and adheres to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. This study utilizes peer-reviewed articles from the Web of Science (WoS) database, covering the years 2020–2023. A systematic screening process identified 26 pertinent studies according to specified keywords and inclusion criteria. This study aims to achieve three objectives: (i) to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on Islamic banking performance, (ii) to analyse the responses of Islamic banks to the crisis, and (iii) to identify research gaps and propose directions for future research. The findings indicate that Islamic banks are progressing incrementally, notwithstanding intermittent disruptions resulting from government intervention and adaptation strategies. Additional investigation into the long-term effects of the pandemic on Islamic finance is crucial, especially concerning risk management, digital transformation, and regulatory frameworks.
This systematic review analyzed 50 studies from the Scopus database to determine the relative contributions of psychological, technical, and physical determinants to competitive sports performance, examining how these relationships vary across sport types, competitive levels, age, and sex. Utilizing a narrative synthesis approach in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, the review found that no single domain universally dominates; rather, performance relies on an integrated, context-dependent model. Specifically, physical fitness attributes proved most prominent in team and endurance sports, technical proficiency acted as a key mediator in open-skill and precision disciplines, and psychological constructs demonstrated the highest explanatory power in high-pressure, elite individual contexts. However, the validity and generalizability of these findings are constrained by several methodological limitations identified within the literature. These include a predominance of cross-sectional designs that limit causal inference, high outcome measurement heterogeneity that precluded meta-analytic synthesis, single-reviewer screening risks, and a notable demographic bias favoring male, adult, able-bodied team-sport samples over female, youth, and Para-sport populations. To advance the field, future investigations must prioritize longitudinal, multi-domain tracking designs using standardized measurement batteries and actively incorporate underrepresented athletic populations.
