University of Bielsko-Biała

Introduction: Self-care in type 2 diabetes refers to the daily management of the disease by the patient, that is, the actions patients take to control the disease and maintain their health. It includes, among other things, glucose monitoring, following a diet, taking medications, engaging in physical activity, and attending regular medical visits and follow-up examinations. Life satisfaction, on the other hand, is a subjective sense of contentment with one’s own life. Among people with type 2 diabetes, it depends on health status, disease control, mental well-being, and social support. Objective of the Study: The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between life satisfaction and the level of engagement in self-care among patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a group of 100 patients at the “Vita” Health Clinic in Kamesznica between September of 2025 and January of 2026. The study was conducted using a diagnostic survey method. The researchers used a self-designed questionnaire and standardized Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Results: It was demonstrated that patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit greater autonomy in self-care with regard to self-confidence, and the lowest level of autonomy in terms of controlling their health status. The extent of glucose control and health behaviors are at a moderate level. In the study group, life satisfaction was average, with a tendency toward lower scores. The results also showed that the higher the level of life satisfaction, the higher the level of self-care among patients in all areas—namely, health behaviors, health status control, and glucose control—as well as a higher level of self-confidence. Conclusions: A higher level of life satisfaction promotes good self-care in type 2 diabetes. Both sociodemographic and clinical factors influence patients’ life satisfaction and engagement in self-care.

The conclusions presented in this article are based on original empirical research conducted in response to reports submitted by professional court probation officers concerning difficult workplace situations, including experiences related to (potential) mobbing and dysfunctional professional relationships. The aim of the study was to identify the scale and nature of mobbing and other inappropriate behaviours occurring in the professional environment of court probation officers. The research was carried out on a sample of 747 professional probation officers employed in 46 judicial districts across Poland. The findings clearly indicate that participants were exposed to various forms of symbolic and psychological violence, including behaviours that meet the criteria of mobbing, perpetrated by both colleagues and superiors. The data point to an urgent need for the implementation of effective mechanisms for monitoring workload and rationalising the scope of professional duties. The results also highlight the necessity of introducing measures aimed at improving workplace climate, developing effective intervention procedures, and ensuring adequate legal protection for individuals exposed to symbolic, psychological and institutional violence in the workplace.

The paper explores the growing importance of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) performance in the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector, with particular attention to instant beverage producers. It highlights how ESG has evolved from a voluntary initiative to a strategic imperative under increasing regulatory, market and societal expectations. Drawing from sustainable development frameworks and strategic management theories, including stakeholder theory, the resource-based view and institutional theory, the paper outlines how companies can align ESG with competitive advantage, risk management and long-term value creation. Emphasis is placed on the need for robust key performance indicators (KPIs) to evaluate ESG outcomes across operations and value chains. The author argues that ESG integration enables businesses to adapt to evolving consumer demands, regulatory pressures and global sustainability transitions. The paper concludes that credible, measurable and theoretically grounded ESG practices are essential for business resilience and sustainable growth in the FMCG industry.

This study considers the dynamic stability of a three-layered annular plate, whose facings are made of functionally graded material in the radial direction. The plate is subjected to linearly increasing in-plane forces applied at either the inner or outer edge. The effect of the heterogeneity of the plate-facing material on the dynamic response is analyzed in detail. The main parameters defining the stability state-such as critical dynamic load, critical time, maximum deflection, and buckling mode-are specifically evaluated. The problem is analyzed using two approximation methods: the finite difference method and the finite element method. Numerical calculations were carried out using two approaches: the author's program following analytical calculations, and the ABAQUS system. The results show the importance of modeling the plate with an appropriate material function describing the radial gradation, which significantly affects the plate's dynamic stability response and critical parameters.

Introduction. Globally, the incidence of stroke varies considerably. However, the majority of stroke survivors are able to continue their daily activities only with the assistance of others. Both patients and their families may experience psychological problems as a consequence. Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of caregiver burden on the mental state of individuals caring for patients after stroke. Material and Methods. The study was conducted between 2024 and 2025 and included 108 patient–caregiver pairs. A diagnostic survey method was employed. Data were collected using a questionnaire-based survey. Results. All domains of the caregiver burden scale, including high levels of general burden, social isolation, disappointment, emotional involvement, environmental burden, and total burden, had a statistically significant impact on the emotional state of caregivers, who demonstrated symptoms of depression. Conclusions. Increased caregiver burden was associated with significantly poorer mental health among informal caregivers of stroke survivors. As caregiver burden increases, caregivers are more likely to experience depression. (JNNN 2026;15(1):3–10)