The University of Bonab was previously a faculty of the University of Tabriz, Iran, and now, since 2011, is an independent University located in Bonab. The institute has ten technical departments — electrical engineering, computer engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, optical engineering, architectural engineering, Textile engineering and so on. About 3000 students study there.University of Bonab offers over 20 B.Sc programs in engineering and more than 100 graduate programs of engineering, science, and high technology. A central lab facility serves the research needs of the university as well. Dormitories distinctly for men and women in two on-campus and off-campus buildings serve students all year round. Contributing to the great diversity of university of Bonab's academic staff are academicians with Ph-D’s obtained all around the world as well as in other top universities in IRAN.
A key challenge in developing fiber–wireless (FiWi) access networks is determining the optimal positions of optical network units (ONUs) to maximize network performance and minimize development costs. This paper introduces backtracking search-based weighted fuzzy C-means (BWFCM), an optimized unsupervised method for ONU placement in FiWi. The proposed method integrates the local refinement strength of weighted fuzzy C-means (WFCM) with the global exploration capability of the power mutation-based backtracking search algorithm (PBSA). It is enhanced by an adaptive weighting mechanism that dynamically balances load imbalance and average communication distance without manual parameter configuration. The objective is to minimize the average Euclidean distance between ONUs and their primary wireless users while ensuring fair load distribution. Extensive simulations on standard test cases demonstrate BWFCM’s superiority over state-of-the-art ONU placement algorithms, including chaotic local search-based Levy flight distribution (CLSLFD), Harris-Hawks optimization (HHO), marine predators algorithm (MPA), and arithmetic optimization combined with fuzzy c-means (AOFCM). BWFCM achieves competitive load balance across all test cases and reduces the total combined cost compared to its counterparts, with the minimum improvement (0.24%) over MPA and the maximum (12.17%) over HHO. Scalability and complexity analyses confirm BWFCM as a tractable, competitive, and parameter-free solution for ONU placement in next-generation broadband access networks.
This study investigated the effect of fiber type on the mechanical behavior of sandwich composite structures with a rubberized cork core. The specimens were fabricated using Kevlar/epoxy and glass/epoxy as face sheets, while a low-density, energy-absorbing rubberized cork was used as the core material in all samples. The manufacturing process was carried out through hand lay-up, followed by pressing and oven curing to ensure proper bonding and final mechanical strength. To evaluate the mechanical performance, the samples underwent standard three-point flexural and low-velocity impact tests. The flexural test results indicated that although both types of composites exhibited suitable elastic behavior in the initial stages, their ultimate flexural strength was relatively low, with failure occurring under moderate loads. In impact tests, Kevlar/epoxy face sheet samples demonstrated higher impact resistance and suffered relatively less damage, whereas glass/epoxy samples showed greater vulnerability and experienced larger deformations. Analysis of force-time, force-displacement, and energy absorption curves revealed that the cellular structure of cork played a crucial role in preventing full penetration and effectively absorbing part of the impact energy.
This study investigates the catastrophic failure of a connecting rod from a 2.4-L four-cylinder engine using an integrated experimental and numerical methodology. The three-dimensional geometry of the connecting rod was developed in CATIA and imported into ANSYS Workbench for static structural and fatigue finite-element analyses under realistic engine operating conditions. The applied loads were calculated based on combined gas pressure and inertia forces, resulting in a peak cyclic load of approximately 23.6 kN. Numerical results revealed a pronounced stress concentration, minimum fatigue life, and maximum damage accumulation at the big-end fillet region. Mechanical testing confirmed that the connecting rod steel exhibits high strength and ductility (UTS ≈ 965 MPa, elongation ≈ 18
In the present study, fructose molecules were employed both as a fuel and a bioactive agent within a green synthesis approach to prepare cluster-like Ag2WO4 nanoparticles (CL-Ag2WO4 NPs). A novel sensor for ciprofloxacin (CFX) determination was fabricated by modifying a screen-printed electrode (SPE) with the synthesized CL-Ag2WO4 nanoparticles (CL-Ag2WO4/SPE). The key electrochemical characteristics of the CL-Ag2WO4/SPE for CFX detection were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. Notably, the CL-Ag2WO4/SPE demonstrated superior electrical conductivity and excellent electrochemical performance for the electrooxidation of CFX in a neutral medium compared to the bare SPE. The developed sensor exhibited a broad linear detection range of 0.05-130 mu M, with a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.047 mu M. Additionally, the CL-Ag2WO4/SPE enabled the determination of ciprofloxacin in the presence of metoclopramide (MET), with well-separated oxidation peak potentials. The practicality and reliability of the fabricated sensor for CFX and MET detection were further validated in real samples. The CL-Ag2WO4/SPE electrochemical sensor offered a simple, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective solution, presenting a promising strategy for the accurate quantification of CFX in urine and tablet samples.
This study aims to achieve the complete recycling of post-demolition autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) and to develop sustainable, energy-efficient, and high-performance geopolymer construction materials. Recycled AAC powder with different particle sizes was used as the aluminosilicate precursor and mixed with alkaline activators consisting of water glass and sodium hydroxide at concentrations of 4, 8, 12, and 16 mol. The effects of alkaline concentration, activator ratio, curing temperature, and precursor particle size on the mechanical properties and bulk density of the synthesized geopolymer materials were systematically evaluated. Increasing sodium hydroxide concentration and the water glass-to-sodium hydroxide ratio enhanced mechanical strength, while higher curing temperatures decreased bulk density. Under optimal conditions (12 molar sodium hydroxide, activator ratio of 2, curing at 85 °C, and a particle size of 150 µm), the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths reached 27.03, 3.51, and 2.73 MPa, respectively. Water absorption after 24 h was measured at 11.9 wt.%, and chemical/microstructural analyses revealed a dense and homogeneous matrix consistent with complete geopolymerization. A life cycle assessment demonstrated an 86% reduction in climate-change impact, along with lower resource consumption, water use, and toxicity compared to ordinary Portland cement, confirming the environmental advantages of the proposed approach. Overall, the findings demonstrate that post-demolition AAC can be fully upcycled into structurally efficient and environmentally responsible geopolymer materials, with strong potential for application in sustainable construction products including high-performance precast elements and masonry units.
