S. state of California. The system is composed of the campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and Santa Cruz, along with numerous research centers and academic abroad centers. The system is the state's land-grant university.The University of California was founded on March 23, 1868, and operated in Oakland before moving to Berkeley in 1873. Over time, several branch locations and satellite programs were established. In March 1951, the University of California began to reorganize itself into something distinct from its campus in Berkeley, with UC President Robert Gordon Sproul staying in place as chief executive of the UC system, while Clark Kerr became the first chancellor of UC Berkeley and Raymond B. Allen became the first chancellor of UCLA. However, the 1951 reorganization was stalled by resistance from Sproul and his allies, and it was not until Kerr succeeded Sproul as UC President that UC was able to evolve into a university system from 1957 to 1960. At that time, chancellors were appointed for additional campuses and each was granted some degree of greater autonomy.The University of California currently has 10 campuses, a combined student body of 285,862 students, 24,400 faculty members, 143,200 staff members and over 2.0 million living alumni. Its newest campus in Merced opened in fall 2005. Nine campuses enroll both undergraduate and graduate students; one campus, UC San Francisco, enrolls only graduate and professional students in the medical and health sciences. In addition, the UC Hastings College of the Law, located in San Francisco, is legally affiliated with UC, but other than sharing its name is entirely autonomous from the rest of the system. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-system public higher education plan, which also includes the California State University system and the California Community Colleges system. UC is governed by a Board of Regents whose autonomy from the rest of the state government is protected by the state constitution. The University of California also manages or co-manages three national laboratories for the U.S. Department of Energy: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).Major publications generally rank most UC campuses as being among the best universities in the world. Eight of the campuses, Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Diego, Santa Cruz, and Riverside, are considered Public Ivies, making California the state with the most universities in the nation to hold the title. UC campuses have large numbers of distinguished faculty in almost every academic discipline, with UC faculty and researchers having won 71 Nobel Prizes as of 2021.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.mw-parser-output .
We present a novel ground-state energy estimation algorithm that is robust under global depolarizing error channels. Building upon the recently developed Quantum Exponential Least Squares (QCELS) algorithm [Ding, Lin, PRX Quantum, 4, 020331, 2023], our new approach incorporates significant advancements to ensure robust estimation while maintaining a polynomial cost in precision. By leveraging the spectral gap of the Hamiltonian effectively, our algorithm overcomes limitations observed in previous methods like quantum phase estimation (QPE) and robust phase estimation (RPE). Going beyond global depolarizing error channels, our work underscores the significance and practical advantages of utilizing randomized compiling techniques to tailor quantum noise towards depolarizing error channels. Our research demonstrates the feasibility of ground-state energy estimation in the presence of depolarizing noise, offering potential advancements in error correction and algorithmic-level error mitigation for quantum algorithms.
Models describing dark matter as a novel particle often predict that its annihilation or decay into Standard Model particles could produce a detectable neutrino flux in regions of high dark matter density, such as the Galactic Center. In this work, we search for these neutrinos using $\sim$9 years of IceCube-DeepCore data with an event selection optimized for energies between 15 GeV to 200 GeV. We considered several annihilation and decay channels and dark matter masses ranging from 15 GeV up to 8 TeV. No significant deviation from the background expectation from atmospheric neutrinos and muons was found. The most significant result was found for a dark matter mass of 201.6 GeV annihilating into a pair of $b\bar{b}$ quarks assuming the Navarro-Frenk-White halo profile with a post-trial significance of $1.08 \;σ$. We present upper limits on the thermally-averaged annihilation cross-section of the order of $10^{-24} \mathrm{cm}^3 \mathrm{s}^{-1}$, as well as lower limits on the dark matter decay lifetime up to $10^{26} \mathrm{s}$ for dark matter masses between 5 GeV up to 8 TeV. These results strengthen the current IceCube limits on dark matter masses above 20 GeV and provide an order of magnitude improvement at lower masses. In addition, they represent the strongest constraints from any neutrino telescope on GeV-scale dark matter and are among the world-leading limits for several dark matter scenarios.
Extractive agrarian capitalism has exploded across the globe, gobbling up land to turn into plantations. These massive land acquisitions both generate and redirect the mobilities of labourers-men and women-living on and around plantations. In this Special Issue, we target the varied means by which plantations and migration converge and shape one another, in order to understand their diverse entanglements through the grounded experiences of plantation workers and their families in Indonesia. The concept of Plantation-Migration Nexus (PMN) theorizes the dynamic relationship between migration and plantations as it hinges on social reproduction and survival. The intensification of agrarian capitalism has involved the large-scale expansion and accelerated the development of plantations alongside rising numbers of labour migrants participating in an increasingly wide range of migration modalities. Contributors to this Special issue examine shifting social reproduction practices to ground their analyses in historically and geographically specific plantation-migration nexuses. We focus on the lives of workers and their families, targeting their struggles to socially reproduce themselves, their families, and their communities.
This paper argues for greater conceptual precision in citizenship studies, particularly as the field expands to include cases both globally and over time. It begins by defining citizenship as a formal arrangement of status, rights, and identity between an individual and the state, to illustrate how core components are related but not systematically and how interdisciplinary usage has overstretched the concept beyond precision. It then addresses the challenge of differentiation, where democratic and authoritarian citizenship exhibit meaningful variation along three dimensions: the relationship between status and rights, the scope of rights (universal vs. particularistic), and the mechanism of rights conveyance. As such, I argue democratic and authoritarian citizenship represent differences of type, not degree. This framework for categorising citizenship supports theoretical development and global comparative research, including changes linked to democratic erosion where citizenship may evolve rather than simply diminish.
Although knowledge of grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) biology has grown substantially, uncertainty remains regarding the optimal timing of qPCR testing to detect newly positive vines before they contribute to secondary spread. Using 400 Cabernet franc sentinel vines planted in a vineyard with high GRBV incidence, we evaluated how early new positive vines can be detected by qPCR using petiole tissue and whether spring testing captures most new positives observed within a growing season. A single sentinel vine tested positive 1 year after planting. Across 2022 to 2025, nearly all newly positive vines were detected in spring, with few additional detections in summer or fall. Spring-positive vines exhibited high, uniformly distributed virus titers but remained asymptomatic for 4 months. These findings indicate that spring qPCR testing reliably identifies most newly GRBV-positive vines within a growing season and may enable timely removal of infected vines before peak Spissistilus festinus activity, thereby potentially reducing secondary spread.
