Background:Inappropriate antibiotic use is a major driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where over-the-counter antibiotics are readily available without a prescription. This study assessed antibiotic dispensing practices in community pharmacies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methodology:From February to March 2025, a point prevalence survey was conducted in 100 community pharmacies in Dar es Salaam. Researchers approached existing customers, obtained consent, and conducted confidential interviews. Five participants were enrolled per pharmacy, for a total of 500 participants. Results:Overall, 64% (320/500) of community pharmacy attendees were dispensed antibiotics, of whom 71% (227/320) received them without a prescription. Access-group antibiotics were most frequently dispensed (56%, 201/356), followed by Watch (32%, 115/356) and Reserve groups (3%, 10/356), with metronidazole (15%, 53/356) and azithromycin (12%, 44/356) being the most commonly dispensed antibiotics. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was the leading indication (37%, 119/320), mainly treated with azithromycin (25%, 35/138), ciprofloxacin (12%, 16/138), and nitrofurantoin (7%, 9/138). Among antibiotic recipients, 44% (140/320) received antibiotics based on dispensers' recommendations. Ceftriaxone was commonly dispensed with prescriptions, while all Reserve antibiotics were dispensed without prescriptions. Participants with technical/vocational education (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.38, 95% CI: 1.13-1.68, p = 0.001) were more likely to be dispensed antibiotics than those with no formal education or primary and secondary education, and a borderline association was found for college/university education (aPR, 1.22, 95% CI: 0.99 - 1.48, p = 0.05). The presence of an underlying medical condition was an independent protective factor against antibiotic dispensing (aPR, 0.70; 95% CI: 0.49-0.88; p = 0.005). Conclusion:Most clients attending community pharmacies in Dar es Salaam receive antibiotics without prescriptions, often based on dispensers' recommendations. The widespread use of Watch and Reserve antibiotics without oversight highlights major regulatory gaps and the urgent need for stronger policy enforcement and antimicrobial stewardship.
Background With modern technology ever more entrenched in tertiary schooling, digital change has become an urgent necessity to enhance both the educational and administrative processes within universities. Anbar, Fallujah, and Maarif Universities now aim to adopt digital transformation strategies to improve academic and administrative efficiency while developing services provided to students and faculty. Within this framework, savvy governance plays a pivotal role in ensuring the application of principles like transparency, accountability, and participation, which are core factors for boosting the effectiveness of digital change. Literature indicates that integrating smart governance practices into higher education institutions contributes to achieving a modern and flexible educational environment with the dexterity to keep pace with technological progress. Methodology The research followed a descriptive and analytical approach. The method used was a questionnaire administered to a sample of 83 employees in positions (dean, assistant dean, department head) at the universities under study (Anbar University, Fallujah University, and Al-Maarif University). The study will be conducted over the period from April 7, 2025, to September 1, 2025. Results The descriptive results reveal that the university has consistently adopted smart governance tools, particularly the efficient use of the dimensions of transparency, participation, accountability, collaboration, and innovation, which have contributed to the universities’ transformation into a digital system. The study also demonstrated a high positive correlation of 0.93 between smart governance and digital transformation in the universities in the study area, confirming the close relationship between the studied variables. Conclusions Integrating smart governance with digital transformation plays a pivotal role in enhancing institutional efficiency by promoting transparency, accountability, and innovation. This contributes to improving service quality, increasing beneficiary satisfaction, and supporting sustainable development.
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their tributaries are the lifeline of Iraq and parts of Syria, and they are significant water resources in Türkiye and Iran. Iraq is known in historical texts as the land between two rivers, or Mesopotamia, which illustrates the importance of the rivers to this country. Recent hydraulic structures in upstream states, along with climate change factors, have caused interruptions to the flow of the rivers and reduced their waters, thereby creating a huge water deficit in downstream Iraq. This paper reviews the profound significance of the rivers for Iraq. It argues that state sovereignty, political instability, and increasing fluctuations in precipitation because of climate change pose considerable challenges to the natural flow of the rivers, making short-term bilateral solutions more practical.
Background With modern technology ever more entrenched in tertiary schooling, digital change has become an urgent necessity to enhance both the educational and administrative processes within universities. Anbar, Fallujah, and Maarif Universities now aim to adopt digital transformation strategies to improve academic and administrative efficiency while developing services provided to students and faculty. Within this framework, savvy governance plays a pivotal role in ensuring the application of principles like transparency, accountability, and participation, which are core factors for boosting the effectiveness of digital change. Literature indicates that integrating smart governance practices into higher education institutions contributes to achieving a modern and flexible educational environment with the dexterity to keep pace with technological progress. Methodology The research followed a descriptive and analytical approach. The method used was a questionnaire administered to a sample of 83 employees in positions (dean, assistant dean, department head) at the universities under study (Anbar University, Fallujah University, and Al-Maarif University). The study will be conducted over the period from April 7, 2025, to September 1, 2025. Results The descriptive results reveal that the university has consistently adopted smart governance tools, particularly the efficient use of the dimensions of transparency, participation, accountability, collaboration, and innovation, which have contributed to the universities’ transformation into a digital system. The study also demonstrated a high positive correlation of 0.93 between smart governance and digital transformation in the universities in the study area, confirming the close relationship between the studied variables. Conclusions Integrating smart governance with digital transformation plays a pivotal role in enhancing institutional efficiency by promoting transparency, accountability, and innovation. This contributes to improving service quality, increasing beneficiary satisfaction, and supporting sustainable development.
تُعدّ تقنيات الاتصالات ركيزة أساسية للتقدم الاجتماعي والعلمي في العالم، إذ تلعب دورًا هامًا في تسهيل الحياة وتحسينها. ويرغب الناس، دون تمييز، في استخدام هذه التقنيات، وتسعى الدول جاهدةً لتوفيرها لمواطنيها بشكل قانوني. وعلى الرغم من فوائدها وأهميتها، فإن هذه التقنيات لا تخلو من مخاطر تهدد خصوصية الأفراد عمومًا والأطفال خصوصًا، لذا يجب على النظام القانوني للدولة ضمان الاستخدام الآمن لهذه التقنيات من خلال قوانين صارمة تنظم استخدامها. بإمكان الدولة حماية خصوصية الأطفال من خلال القوانين وأجهزة إنفاذ القانون، لكن النظام القانوني العراقي، على الرغم من وجود قوانين حماية الطفل، لا يوفر نظاماً قانونياً قوياً لحماية خصوصية الأطفال. ومع ذلك، فإن تقديم هذه الخدمات لم يحدد بشكل كافٍ نطاق مسؤولياتها في حماية الأطفال، كما أن نطاق مسؤوليات الآباء والأوصياء في حماية أطفالهم وخصوصيتهم لم يكن محدداً بوضوح. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف، استخدمنا نهج بحث أساسي يعتمد على جوهر مشكلة البحث الرئيسية لدينا، حيث قمنا بتحليل المبادئ القانونية وتحديد مدى ملاءمة هذه المبادئ لتحقيق الهدف الرئيسي المتمثل في حماية الأطفال في مجال الأمواج. قسمنا بحثنا إلى ثلاثة محاور كما يلي: المحور الأول: الغرض من الفضاء الإلكتروني والاختلافات القانونية المتعلقة به. المحور الثاني: الأساس القانوني لحماية خصوصية الأطفال في الفضاء الإلكتروني. المحور الثالث: المسؤولية القانونية عن حماية خصوصية الأطفال.
