This paper presents the design and simulation of a high-efficiency, environmentally friendly thin-film solar cell based on a Cu 2 MnSnSe 4 (CMTSe) absorber integrated with a SnS 2 buffer layer, a MoSe 2 interfacial layer, and an Al-doped ZnO (AZO) window layer. The substitution of conventional toxic CdS or Cd 0.4 Zn 0.6 S buffer layers with SnS 2 yields superior lattice matching, higher optical transparency, and reduced interface recombination, thereby enhancing short-circuit current density ( J sc ) and overall device performance. Unlike previous studies that treated MoSe 2 as an unintentional byproduct, this work deliberately incorporates MoSe 2 as an engineered interfacial layer to improve open-circuit voltage ( V oc ), fill factor ( FF ), and efficiency by passivating defects and optimizing band alignment. The simulated device achieves a remarkable efficiency of 33.6%, significantly outperforming earlier CMTSe-based structures (25%–28%). A comprehensive parametric study was conducted to examine the effects of layer thickness, band gap, doping concentration, and defect density on device performance. The results reveal that an optimized MoSe 2 thickness and moderate acceptor concentration substantially enhance carrier transport while minimizing recombination losses. Although variations in SnS 2 buffer thickness show limited influence on J sc , slightly thicker layers improve current extraction. Conversely, the AZO window thickness strongly affects J sc , with thinner layers enabling higher photon transmission. External Quantum Efficiency ( EQE ) analysis confirms that the SnS 2 /MoSe 2 interface combination facilitates superior photocarrier generation and collection compared to conventional configurations. Overall, this study demonstrates the synergistic role of SnS 2 and MoSe 2 in boosting the photovoltaic performance of CMTSe-based devices and provides valuable design insights for developing safer, cost-effective, and high-efficiency thin-film solar cells.
Background Smartphone addiction is a behavioral health issue prevalent worldwide, especially among adolescents. Although the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) is commonly used, its psychometric characteristics have not been determined among Arab adolescents. This study examined the psychometric characteristics of the SPAI among Jordanian adolescents, particularly its internal consistency, construct validity, and factor structure. Methods A cross-sectional survey involved 960 high school students aged 13–17years. Respondents were randomly assigned to two subsamples. Latent structure was tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n=480) and model fit using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n=480). Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. Convergent and discriminant validity were tested through average variance extracted (AVE), composite reliability (CR), and heterotrait-monotrait ratios (HTMT). Results EFA supported a four-factor structure comprising tolerance, withdrawal, compulsive behavior, and functional impairment. CFA indicated acceptable model fit, χ2(146)=288.73, CFI=0.943, TLI=0.933, RMSEA=0.045, and SRMR=0.041. AVE values were below the conventional threshold of 0.50 across all four domains, while HTMT ratios showed good discriminant validity. Conclusion The findings support the multidimensional structure of the SPAI-A and provide evidence of its psychometric properties among Jordanian adolescents. The SPAI-A may be useful for assessing problematic smartphone use; however, further research is needed to establish its clinical screening performance and applicability in pediatric nursing practice.
Decarbonizing decentralized power networks requires autonomous hybrid renewable microgrids equipped with sustainable bulk energy storage. Tower-based solid gravity energy storage is emerging as a promising alternative to electrochemical batteries, but its techno-economic and environmental viability within off-grid systems has not been comprehensively assessed at a global geospatial scale. This study maps the global boundaries of gravity storage integration by evaluating its specific cost, life-cycle carbon footprint, and optimal sizing dynamics across diverse climatic conditions. The modeled district comprises commercial and residential buildings with typical dimensions, schedules, and specifications, and its electricity demand is dynamically captured through annual hourly simulations based on local weather data and responsive air conditioning, lighting, and equipment load calculations. A high-resolution, multi-objective optimization framework was applied to 6017 worldwide sites, using country-and region-specific cost and emission data, to size autonomous systems comprising solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, backup diesel generators, and solid gravity storage. The algorithm minimized the demand-based levelized cost of energy and life-cycle carbon intensity while enforcing near-perfect grid reliability, and structural robustness was validated through a multidimensional Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. Gravity storage is universally indispensable for autonomous reliability, with optimal capacities ranging from 7.77 MWh in equatorial zones to nearly 79 MWh in extreme high latitudes. Except for extreme-climate sites, gravity storage offers a highly competitive (either comparable or clearly superior) alternative to conventional battery storage, with drastically lower environmental implications. In favorable climates, the technology achieves a median specific storage cost of similar to 0.10 USD/kWh. The optimized microgrids exhibit strong performance globally, yielding an interquartile demand-based cost range of 0.058 to 0.120 USD/kWh. However, extreme northern climates impose severe economic and carbon penalties due to the massive infrastructural oversizing required for extended periods of resource deficits. These findings provide a generalizable guide for siting and sizing gravity-based off-grid networks and advancing the commercial deployment of the technology.
Context: AI systems increasingly support requirements, coding, testing, security review, release, and project coordination. Existing AI-governance guidance is useful, but often too general to specify how much authority AI should have in concrete software engineering decisions. Objective: This study develops and evaluates SE-AIGov, a governance matrix that links SE decisions to AI autonomy, human approval, audit needs, escalation triggers, reversibility, and risk. Method: We derived a 35-row candidate matrix from AI-governance, software-engineering, secure-development, DevOps/change-governance, human-AI oversight, and LLM-security sources. It was refined through a survey of 73 respondents, blind scenario review by eight role-specialized experts, a neutral re-check of domain-sensitive scenarios, and evaluation by six additional domain-aware experts. Results: The process produced an 18-row matrix and a domain-sensitive escalation overlay for healthcare/ safety-critical software, regulated finance, education/minor data, public-sector accessibility and language inclusion, critical infrastructure, and legal/procurement commitments. Expert judgments showed strongest agreement on risk, reversibility, approval, and audit requirements. Autonomy required more conditional wording, especially at the transition from review and recommendation to human-authorized execution. Conclusions: The evidence supports SE-AIGov as an understandable artifact for formative review and structured governance discussion. Respondents and experts could apply the matrix and identify cases needing stricter rules. The study does not establish that its autonomy levels are objectively correct or that SE-AIGov improves organizational outcomes. Field evaluation is still needed.
Treatment of cancer presents significant challenges due to high drug resistance, necessitating the development of new anticancer drugs that exhibit better efficacy and fewer side effects. Current research is focused on Schiff base compounds as bases generate significant interest in medicinal chemistry due to their considered significant physiological effects in numerous metabolic reactions. They exhibit a fascinating range of bioactivities, encompassing antioxidant, anticancer properties and are perceived as a versatile pharmacophore group. New benzoxazolinone (BOA) Schiff bases were synthesized by the condensation of primary amine from (BOA) nucleus (2a, 2b) with 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde to evaluate their antioxidant and anticancer activities, as well as molecular docking and physicochemical property studies. The compounds were characterized using FT-IR, 1H- NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. The antioxidant activity of the Schiff bases was evaluated by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. In the DPPH assay, both molecules (3a, 3b) showed good activity with (66.05+0.65) & micro;M and (58.55+2.70) & micro;M, respectively, compared to the standard antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) with (54.15+1.48) & micro;M. Furthermore, the evaluated substances (3a, 3b) showed moderate to good antioxidant activity in comparison to ascorbic acid, especially against DPPH radicals. The antiproliferative activity of compounds (3a, 3b) was evaluated against colorectal, prostate, breast cancer cell lines, and normal fibroblasts (NF). Specifically, compound 3a, demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects on all three on tested cancer cell lines, with an IC50 values of 10 & micro;M, 11 & micro;M, and 12 & micro;M against (HCT116), (DU145), and (MCF7), respectively. In contrast, N-methylated homolog product 3b exhibited markedly weaker anticancer activity, with an IC50 values significantly higher than those of compound 3a. Additionally, molecular docking revealed that the synthesized compounds exhibit strong binding affinity toward HSP90. ADMET analysis indicated favorable pharmacokinetic properties profiles. Molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns) confirmed the stability of the formed complexes. These findings suggest that the two compounds may effectively inhibit HSP90 and represent promising anticancer candidates.
