Al-Balqaʼ Applied University (BAU) (Arabic جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية) is a government-supported university located in Salt, Jordan, was founded in 1997, a distinctive state university in the field of Bachelor and associate degree Applied Education, at the capacity of more than 21,000 student distributed into 10,000 at the bachelor's degree program and 11,000 at the associate degree program.Balqa' Applied University was formed by merging several colleges distributed over almost all of the Jordanian provinces. The merger was the result of royal decree, under the auspices of his majesty the late King Hussein to provide qualified professionals who focus on applied technical studies.A recent stadium was constructed to hold official graduation and ceremonies and was finished in 2011.
The increasing demands for high spectral efficiency, low energy consumption, flexible deployment, and stringent reliability in beyond 5G/6G systems motivate integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with cognitive radio (CR) and multi-antenna (MIMO) technologies. In CR-MIMO UAV networks, CR improves spectrum efficiency by allowing secondary UAVs to opportunistically exploit underutilized licensed spectrum while protecting primary users (PUs). Furthermore, MIMO technology increases spectral and energy efficiency by using spatial multiplexing, diversity, and array/beamforming gains. Due to the UAVs’ limited battery capacity, a key challenge in enabling efficient CR MIMO UAV networking is to maximize the number of served UAVs while minimizing the required transmit power under a set of quality-of-service, power, and spectrum access constraints. To address this, we propose a reliability-aware, batch-based framework for power allocation and channel assignment in CR-MIMO UAV networks. Unlike traditional sequential methods, this batching paradigm assigns power/channels to multiple UAVs simultaneously, resulting in more power-efficient, concurrent UAV transmissions. Specifically, the joint power allocation and channel assignment problem for multiple contending UAVs is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program, which is known to be NP-hard. For a scalable solution, we introduce a two-stage, polynomial-time, batch-based framework that decouples power allocation from channel assignment. First, the framework formulates and solves a convex per-antenna power minimization problem for each UAV-channel pair, enforcing rate, reliability, and power budget constraints, which leads to a closed-form per-antenna power solution. Based on the computed powers, the second stage performs batch-based channel assignment to minimize required transmit power under exclusive-assignment and maximum-matching constraints. This is achieved by formulating and solving a totally unimodular binary linear program that corresponds to a minimum-weight maximum matching problem, which can be solved optimally using the Hopcroft-Karp algorithm. The polynomial-time complexity of the proposed algorithm is established through analytical computational analysis. Simulations in realistic indoor scenarios demonstrate that the proposed approach consistently satisfies the imposed constraints under varying PU traffic, serves more UAVs with higher success probability, and reduces the total transmit power compared to baseline methods with comparable computational complexity for practical network conditions.
Two types of solder alloys—96.5Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) and SAC305 with the addition of 3.3% bismuth (Cyclomax)—are thermally aged, and their comparison is carried out in terms of solder joint microstructure and mechanical performance variation. Samples of both solder compounds were bonded to copper pads, thermally aged at 150 °C and 100 °C for up to 1000 h, and compared to untreated samples. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microstructural investigation showed considerable differences between the two alloys. The Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC) layer in Cyclomax is more stable and homogeneous, enhancing joint integrity and mechanical performance compared to the bulkier and uneven layers in SAC305. Due to these structural changes, the ultimate shear strength (USS), modulus of elasticity, and thermal reliability of Cyclomax increase under aging. Although Cyclomax has the highest initial strength, its homogeneous IMC layer increases brittleness over time, as reflected in a significant loss of ductility and energy absorption capacity after 1000 h. Testing of shear strength demonstrated that Cyclomax outperformed SAC305, especially in the early phases of thermal aging, reaching peak stress of 76 MPa compared to 48 MPa for SAC305. The strain at fracture research indicated that SAC305 retains its ductility better with age and therefore is probably superior for flexible applications. Bi improves the solder junction's mechanical and thermal performance of SAC305, hence making Cyclomax a good option for high-reliability applications. This again underlines the relevance of alloy composition in solder joint design in cases of long-term temperature exposure, balancing strength, and ductility.
Composites are engineered materials widely used in marine applications due to their excellent durability, strength, practicality, and efficiency. However, prolonged exposure to seawater can cause irreversible degradation. In this study, the maximum stress, strain at break, and tensile modulus of composite materials made from unsaturated polyester reinforced with glass fiber (CMPG) are investigated. Tensile testing in accordance with EN ISO 527 was performed on samples fabricated with 1-layer and 3-layer fiber configurations and varying fiber areal densities (300, 450, 500, and 600 g/m²). Seawater immersion times of 3, 21, and 30 days were applied to assess environmental effects. The results showed that the mechanical properties deteriorated with increased immersion time. For example, the maximum stress decreased by up to 28
Nonverbal behaviors provide cues that illuminate the literal meaning of words, convey emotions, and help build rapport with others. This study explores how hotel trainees perceive nonverbal communication in hotel service encounters (HSEs). The purposively selected sample for this study consists of 12 student-trainees undergoing training in five-star hotel service encounters in Jordan. They were interviewed to gather their views on polite nonverbal behaviors in HSEs. The findings revealed that the trainees consider nonverbal channels as crucial as verbal behaviors. Elements such as smiles, eye contact, tone of voice, gazing, and posture instill confidence in guests, indicating the trainees' attention, care for the guests, and eagerness to provide excellent service. The trainees' responses reflected a range of beliefs influenced by Arabic social conventions and Islamic religious ideologies of polite behavior. Additionally, the trainees emphasized the importance of maintaining lubricant and impersonal relationships by paying attention to each other's faces.
Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) is transforming surgical practice globally; however, its integration in Jordan remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, barriers and ethical concerns of Jordanian medical students regarding RAS, given its growing relevance in surgical education and practice, and identify relevant gaps to future integration. A national cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students from six Jordanian universities using a structured self-administered online questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, barriers, and ethical concerns related to RAS. Data were analysed using descriptive and chi-square tests, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Subgroup analyses were performed by academic stage (preclinical vs. clinical years) and future career preference (surgical vs. non-surgical). Among 840 participants, 62.6
