The continuous progress and distinct capabilities have led the Internet of Drones (IoD) to be a persuasive paradigm that offers promising advantages across various applications, spanning from defense to civilian uses. Despite its manifold benefits, it is essential to highlight that it also faces several challenges, and security remains a critical concern that can hold back its widespread adoption. Stringent authentication mechanism design has appeared as one of the favorable techniques for tackling distinct security attacks in IoD networks. This survey presents a detailed review of existing literature, focusing on authentication protocols explicitly designed for securing communication in IoD networks. Recognising the growing complexity and diversity of communication, we present a novel multi-layered taxonomy that offers a comprehensive roadmap for classifying authentication mechanisms across the IoD stack. The presented taxonomy interactively maps each authentication technique to its system roles, cryptographic foundations, and operational context within the IoD network to demonstrate a more holistic understanding of prevalent authentication mechanisms. Drawing from our presented taxonomy, we highlight the compelling contributions and acknowledge the potential limitations of the recent literature. We compare the security and resistance to common attacks of prevalent protocols while highlighting their advantages and limitations. Based on the security analysis, we shortlist protocols for full-scale implementation that exhibit the highest security coverage. We then present a detailed experimental analysis of these selected protocols against various metrics (i.e., CPU execution time, memory consumption, etc.) using a Holybro QAV250 quadcopter drone-based testbed setup. Finally, we discuss future challenges that require joint efforts from academia and industry.
The Climate Adaptation Reporting Power (ARP) established adaptation reporting requirements for critical national infrastructure in the United Kingdom to inform the 5-yearly UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA). This paper presents the first comprehensive analysis of the reports submitted by ten airports across the four ARP rounds to date (ARP1- ARP4, 2011-2024). Classifying over 900 reported risks, it provides the first complete synthesis of the climate risks and adaptation actions reported by the airports and the first complete mapping of airport climate risks since the second UK CCRA in 2017. Findings demonstrate that the initial mandatory round catalysed engagement: all airports embedded climate risks into corporate risk registers, identified adaptation actions, and nine established monitoring processes. Subsequent voluntary rounds show sustained participation and improved reporting quality, although inconsistencies in timeframes, climate scenarios, and risk classifications hinder comparability. Four recommendations for the ARP fifth round are identified: (1) provide clear templates and guidance identifying what good-quality reports should contain; (2) adopt sector-specific risk classifications to support network-level comparability; (3) broaden reporting to a wider set of UK airports, particularly smaller regional and local airports; (4) consider a mandatory approach to ensure thorough identification of climate risks, adaptation actions and gaps, and interdependencies. The study demonstrates the clear value of regulatory mandates in driving climate adaptation at airports and highlights lessons for other countries considering similar initiatives: the need for strong support and guidance, and early standardisation of inputs such as timeframes, climate scenarios, and risk categories. Adopting comparable measures internationally would strengthen resilience across the global aviation network.
Belief in conspiracy theories represents a common and potentially rigid belief system that may be influenced by perceived social consensus. It remains unclear whether perceived social norms predict changes in personal conspiracy belief, or whether such associations reflect projection processes whereby individuals infer consensus from their own views. In a two-wave study of UK adults (N = 1430) conducted six weeks apart, we examined whether perceived conspiracy belief norms prospectively predicted residualised change in conspiracy belief. Hierarchical regression analyses controlled for baseline belief levels and demographic covariates, and reciprocal analyses tested whether beliefs predicted subsequent norm perceptions. Parallel analyses were conducted for paranormal beliefs as a secondary test of domain generality. Conspiracy beliefs demonstrated high temporal stability. However, perceived conspiracy norms at Time 1 predicted increases in conspiracy beliefs at Time 2, even after accounting for baseline beliefs. Reciprocal effects were observed but were smaller in magnitude. Normative effects for paranormal beliefs were substantially weaker. These findings suggest that even relatively stable belief systems remain partially responsive to perceived social consensus, highlighting the potential value of normative feedback interventions aimed at correcting exaggerated perceptions of conspiratorial consensus.
The extant literature remains inconclusive regarding the mechanisms through which anthropomorphism operates and the conditions that shape its effectiveness. Building on the three-factor theory of anthropomorphism, this research develops a conceptual model to examine how four anthropomorphic dimensions-(1) appearance, (2) moral virtue, (3) cognitive experience, and (4) conscious emotionality-differentially influence consumers' brand perceptions, considering both linear and nonlinear patterns. We test the mediating role of processing fluency and the moderating roles of self-congruity and anthropomorphic advertising receptivity. Evidence comes from 595 U.S. consumers (Study 1) and 412 U.K. consumers (Study 2), analyzed through hybrid partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), importance-performance map analysis (IPMA), and artificial neural network (ANN) methods. ANN architectures achieve 78.24% predictive accuracy in Study 1 and 79.13% in Study 2, designating the differential influence of anthropomorphic dimensions on brand perceptions. Study 2 enhances external validity while capturing a downstream behavioral outcome: purchase behavior toward a real anthropomorphized brand, accounting for the role of psychological closeness and alternative serial mediation pathways. This research advances brand anthropomorphism literature by signifying a hierarchy of importance among anthropomorphic dimensions and provides recommendations for global marketers developing effective anthropomorphic communication strategies.
Sleep is a naturally recurring process bidirectionally related to psychology, physiology, and environment. Individuals’ experiences of sleep vary widely, yet research exploring sleep experiences tends to focus on clinical populations, and when conducted in the general population, heavily relies on quantitative measures. This exploratory study represents a novel approach by exploring how adults in the general population experience sleep via free-text survey. Responses (n = 24) were analysed via reflexive thematic analysis. Three over-arching themes were co-constructed: (1) sleep as a dynamic phenomenon; (2) barriers to sleep and potential technological solutions; and (3) the strange machinations of sleep. Overall, sleep was experienced as heterogeneous and complex, with participants reporting changes in sleep, disruptions to sleep, and unusual experiential phenomena surrounding sleep. Coping strategies, wavering sleep-wake boundaries, and variations in dreaming were also explored. These findings contribute novel evidence from a non-clinical sample, foregrounding the experience of sleep, rather than its quantification or physiological correlates. Future investigations might utilise mixed methods to examine how subjective experiences interact with sleep physiology, or more deeply explore the emerging role of sleep technology in individuals’ experiences of sleep.
