University of Santa Monica

Recent studies report that 40%-90% of physiotherapists globally experience work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) due to repetitive movements and sustained non-neutral postures during manual rehabilitation. This study evaluated the effectiveness of collaborative robots (cobots) in reducing ergonomic risk and WMSD exposure during lower-limb rehabilitation tasks. Seven male participants, acting as simulated physiotherapists, performed passive range-of-motion exercises for the lower extremity with and without cobot assistance. Full-body kinematics were captured using seventeen inertial measurement units, while muscle activity was recorded via surface electromyography. A UR16e cobot supported the patient's limb during rehabilitation, with synchronized biomechanical data acquired from a force plate and motion-tracking system. Ergonomic risk was quantified using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), and spinal loading was estimated using the 3D Static Strength Prediction Program. Comparisons between conventional and cobot-assisted conditions were conducted using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Cobot assistance reduced left biceps brachii activation during hip abduction-adduction from 63.95 +/- 26.10 %MVIC to 6.09 +/- 5.13 %MVIC and right erector spinae activation during hip flexion from 54.97 +/- 27.82 %MVIC to 8.35 +/- 5.03 %MVIC. REBA scores decreased from 8.77 +/- 1.50 to 3.68 +/- 0.35 during knee flexion-extension, while lumbar compression forces (L5-S1) were reduced from 3276.57 +/- 109.90 N to 1176.29 +/- 40.87 N. All outcomes showed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that cobot-assisted rehabilitation substantially reduces muscle load, ergonomic risk, and spinal loading, highlighting its potential to mitigate WMSD risk among physiotherapists.

This study investigates how private capital participation affects commercial bank risk-taking, emphasizing the mediating role of ownership concentration. The study utilizes a panel data of 171 registered Chinese banks spanning between 2013 to 2022. A two-way fixed effects econometric technique in the analysis, the study finds that, private capital significantly reduced risk-taking by enhancing governance and monitoring incentives. But, ownership concentration partially offsets this effect, with moderate concentration strengthens monitoring, and excessive concentration heightens dominant shareholder control and risk exposure. From the findings, it can be concluded that there is dual impact of private shareholders and ownership structure on risk behavior, thereby enriching the banking governance literature. The results show an extension of corporate governance policy theory by demonstrating how ownership balance shapes monitoring efficiency. From the practical perspectives, the results suggest the need for policies that encourage private capital participation which could safeguards against excessive ownership concentration to preserve governance benefits and maintain financial stability.

The Bessarabian Question emerged as a significant topic in Western political and diplomatic discourse during the final years of the Crimean War (1855–1856). Western memoir literature from this period reflects the growing interest of the major European powers in limiting Russian influence in Eastern Europe and securing strategic control over the Lower Danube and the Black Sea region. In the memoirs of Greville, Malmesbury and A. Hübner Bessarabia is primarily portrayed as a geopolitical and strategic space rather than as a territory defined by a distinct national identity. The retrocession of Southern Bessarabia to Moldova, established by the Treaty of Paris (1856), is presented as a diplomatic instrument aimed at weakening the Russian Empire and reshaping the regional balance of power.

Objective - Human governance (HG) adopts an inside-out approach to leadership, emphasizing self-regulation, moral accountability, and ethical decision-making beyond compliance with policies. Ethical leadership, in turn, is grounded in values such as integrity, fairness, and transparency, which are essential for fostering a trustworthy and effective school environment. Methodology/Technique - This qualitative study explores the impact of human governance on ethical leadership among school leaders using an open-ended survey. Reflective responses from 24 school leaders in public schools within Lembah Kinta, Perak, Malaysia, who had just completed an integrity-based leadership training that introduced HG were analysed thematically. Findings – Five dominant themes emerged: integrity, accountability, transparency, efficiency, and effectiveness. Leaders who articulated these values were more likely to be perceived as ethical, reinforcing HG as a viable approach to fostering ethical governance in schools. Novelty - The study contributes to the discourse on leadership integrity by demonstrating how HG can cultivate a school culture that prioritises ethical behaviour, trust, and responsible governance. Implications for policy, practice, and research are presented, along with limitations and future directions. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: M14, M54. Keywords: Ethical Leadership; Governance in Education; Human Governance; Integrity and Accountability; School Leadership Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Noor, N.A.M, Mohsin, A.M.A. (2026). Promoting Ethical Leadership in School Leaders Through Human Governance, J. Mgt. Mkt. Review, 11(2), 63 – 68. https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2026.11.2(2)

During the interwar period, the sovereigns of the Romania Royal House have undertakenof five official visits to Bessarabia. As for Queen Maria, she visited Chișinău three times. The visits were undertaken in 1920, 1925 and 1927, on the occasion of certain events, the queen accompanying King Ferdinand I, but also being accompanied (on her last trip) by Princess Ileana, the younger daughter of the sovereigns. With reference to Queen Maria’s impressions from the three visits to Bessarabia, these do not seem to be unilateral. If the territory, without a doubt, was Romanian (with a Romanian population), certain localities of Bessarabia taking her mind to the expanses of Iași, then the habitat of the Bessarabians reminded the queen of Russian novels. At the same time, although Chisinau impressed her with its large and beautiful buildings in the Russian style, it still had, according to the sovereign, the appearance of a small provincial town. At the same time, the worst impressions left the queen with the several banquets, of provincial origin, organized by the local authorities in honor of the royal family arriving in Chisinau.