Background: Dietitians play an important role in improving residents' health and quality of life in long-term care (LTC) homes. However, dietitians' global role is not well understood. Objective: To explore the role and involvement of dietitians in LTC homes globally, according to legislation, standards, guidelines and role statements. Methods: A cross-sectional document and website analysis was conducted. Countries listed on international dietetic websites were included, with documents eligible if dietitians were referenced in legislation, guidelines, or standards, or if role statements focused on LTC homes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, qualitative content analysis and quantitative comparative analysis. Results: Sixty-eight countries were identified, of which 37 (54%) had at least one document type. Role statements (n=28) were the most common type, followed by standards (n=10), legislation (n=8) and guidelines (n=6). Japan was the only country with all document types, followed by Australia, T & uuml;rkiye and Northern Ireland with three. Fourteen core topic areas were identified; dietitian services, nutrition care plans, nutrition support, malnutrition screening/diagnosis, food provision, menus, foodservice management, mealtime experience/dining environment, multidisciplinary collaboration, staff training, compliance, developing documents, quality improvement projects and committee involvement. Conclusion: Dietitian roles in LTC homes differ globally, reflecting variations in policy and practice. Many countries lack formal guidance, while others provide detailed frameworks. These disparities are shaped by demographic, cultural, systemic, economic and workforce factors that influence how LTC is structured. Stronger international coordination and national advocacy are needed to improve recognition of dietitians' roles and guide future policy supporting high-quality resident nutrition care and foodservice systems.
Despite sustained investment in gender-equity initiatives, hierarchies of authority, legitimacy and reward remain entrenched in higher education. This paper synthesises two staff surveys conducted in Athena Swan-accredited institutions in the United Kingdom and SAGE Athena Swan-accredited institutions in Australia. We develop a processual account of how gendered advantage is accumulated and defended within institutions recognised for equity progress. Across the studies, encouragement, sponsorship, workload protection and recognition operated as informal judgements of deservingness that shaped who entered formal evaluation with credibility and institutional momentum. Resistance became more visible when equity initiatives rendered these arrangements contestable, appearing through appeals to merit, reverse-discrimination claims and institutional withdrawal. We theorise these mechanisms as operating at different organisational speeds: deservingness is slow, cumulative and ordinarily obscured, whereas backlash is faster, reactive and more visible. Backlash is therefore treated as diagnostic evidence of the status, resources and authority being defended. This framework explains how accreditation can generate substantial activity while leaving informal distributions of legitimacy comparatively intact.
Sustaining mental health capability in undergraduate nursing education requires an academic workforce able to teach, interpret and steward that knowledge over time. In Australia, however, the pathway from specialist mental health practice to academia is increasingly fragile: it is narrowed at multiple stages, weakly replenished, and vulnerable to further erosion when specialist expertise is valued but not structurally required. The problem extends beyond broader nurse academic shortages or individual reluctance to enter university work. It reflects the interaction of transition disincentives with distinctive vulnerabilities in mental health nursing, including the long shadow of generic nurse education, a shrinking pool of practitioners with strong specialist identity, and curriculum structures that distribute responsibility for mental health knowledge while obscuring the need for specialist stewardship.The fragility of this pathway is therefore shaped by both workforce conditions and the positioning of mental health knowledge within undergraduate nursing education. When mental health is treated as broadly embedded across generalist roles, specialist expertise may be valued without being rendered structurally essential. This can weaken the rationale for deliberate academic replenishment and create a cycle in which specialist formation and specialist stewardship progressively erode one another. Understanding that cycle requires attention to three connected issues: the specialist formation pipeline, the curricular positioning of mental health knowledge, and the conditions under which specialist academic labour is rendered necessary or overlooked.
Aims Escherichia coli sequence type (ST)131 is a globally disseminated multidrug-resistant pathogen, yet public genome collections are skewed by uneven sampling and repeated sequencing of genetically near-identical isolates. Rather than another reconstruction of ST131 evolution, we quantified redundancy, reassessed population structure, and tested how sampling bias affects estimates of phylogenetic diversity, clade-specific dating, and fluoroquinolone-resistance-associated diversification. Methods EnteroBase core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) hierarchical clustering was used to reduce redundancy among 16,713 public ST131 complex genomes. Representative public genomes were combined with 390 unpublished New Zealand ST131 surveillance genomes from 1999 to 2019. Clade-specific phylogenetic and temporal analyses were performed for Clades A, B, and C, with sensitivity analyses using stricter cgMLST clustering and phylogenetic-diversity-guided subsampling. Results Public genomes were highly redundant: just 2/409 cgMLST groups contained 85.2% of public genomes. After redundancy reduction, dated Clades A, B, and C phylogenies spanning 1999–2023 (n = 113), 1982–2025 (n = 240), and 1999–2025 (n = 614), respectively, were constructed. Clades A and B showed distinct temporal histories and evolutionary rates. Date-randomization supported temporal information in Clade C, although incomplete convergence of the observed-date relaxed-clock and Bayesian Skyline analyses means that exact Clade C molecular-date and demographic estimates should be interpreted cautiously. The broad Clade C reconstruction nevertheless indicated expansion of the dominant fluoroquinolone-resistant lineage in the late 1990s/early 2000s and again in the mid-2000s. Conclusions Public ST131 datasets reflect sampling distribution as well as number of available genomes. Redundancy in dominant cgMLST groups can obscure uncommon lineages and blur emergence with later expansion. In Clade C, redundancy-aware analysis was broadly consistent with previous estimates placing major fluoroquinolone-resistant diversification in the early 1990s, while indicating that early resistance diversification preceded later amplification of resistant sublineages.
Emotion is not peripheral, but rather foundational to tourism's appeal. It shapes imagination and transforms destinations into meaningful experiences. Yet, while the tourism industry increasingly leverages emotional storytelling to inspire action, academic research has not kept pace. This systematic literature review examines how emotion has been theorised, measured and modelled. Despite decades of critique, a limited emotional repertoire persists, with generalised constructs, such as satisfaction, continuing to dominate at the expense of tourism-relevant emotions, such as romance, awe, boredom, amusement and envy. Theoretical integration remains weak, and emotion is typically examined in post-travel contexts, overlooking the pre-travel, acquisition stage where industry campaigns concentrate their emotional appeals and investment. In response, the article advances six propositions that reposition emotion as a core construct in tourism marketing. Together with the Tourism Emotion Framework, these contributions offer a practical and theoretical foundation for designing, measuring and mobilising emotion across the travel journey.
