CO2 diffusion is essential to enhancing oil recovery during CO2 huff-and-puff processes. During hydraulic fracturing, a considerable amount of fracturing fluid invades the reservoir through imbibition, which weakens the direct mass transfer between CO2 and crude oil. The diffusion behavior of CO2 in the CO2-water-oil system remains unclear. This study develops a CO2-water-oil diffusion model with variable diffusion coefficients to estimate the effective diffusion coefficient of the system under different water saturations and to analyze the effects of various factors on the diffusion behavior of CO2 in porous media. CO2-water-oil diffusion experiments are conducted and the experimental results verify the accuracy of the proposed model. On this basis, sensitivity analyses are performed to evaluate the effects of miscibility, imbibition duration, and diffusion time on CO2 diffusion behavior, in terms of system pressure response and diffusion distance within the core. The results show that the overall effective diffusion coefficient decreases by 14.38%-36.11% as water saturation increases. As the miscibility degree increases, the pressure in the CO2-water-oil diffusion system declines more rapidly, the pressure-drop amplitude becomes larger, and the penetration distance of CO2 into the core correspondingly increases. After 72 h of diffusion under immiscible, near-miscible, and miscible conditions, the CO2 diffusion distances are 1.87 cm, 2.24 cm, and 2.71 cm, respectively. Extending the imbibition time weakens the pressure decline rate, reduces the pressure-drop magnitude, and shortens the CO2 diffusion distance in the core. Under miscible conditions, when the imbibition time increases from 0 h to 72 h, the diffusion distance after 72 h decreases from 3.10 cm to 2.71 cm, representing a reduction of 12.6%, which demonstrates that the water phase suppresses the inward diffusion of CO2. As diffusion time increases, the diffusion distance of CO2 in the core continues to grow, although the increment gradually diminishes. Under miscible conditions, increasing the diffusion time from 12 h to 72 h enlarges the diffusion distance from 1.03 cm to 2.71 cm. This study deepens the understanding of CO2 huff-and-puff recovery mechanisms and provides a theoretical reference for CCUS scheme design.
Radical upheavals in the external environment often disrupt the status quo. Understanding how employees navigate uncertainty and disruption is essential to effective strategic change management. Despite its importance, the body of research on employees’ psychological responses to economic reforms and their subsequent effects on work-related outcomes remains underdeveloped. This study explores why and how employees’ appraisals of sweeping shifts trigger distinct coping mechanisms that impact their work outcomes, and under what conditions this pathway functions more effectively. Drawing on data from China, our findings reveal that a favorable appraisal of economic reforms exerts both direct and indirect effects on work commitment through two mediators—increased recognized pressure and reduced perceived social alienation. Furthermore, confidence in one’s future strengthens the positive relationship between favorable appraisal and recognized pressure, while simultaneously reinforcing the negative relationship between favorable appraisal and perceived social alienation. Finally, the significant moderated mediation effects uncover additional pioneering insights, indicating that the mediating pathways are amplified as employees’ confidence in their future increases.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to support decision-making in transport logistics, yet prior research has focused mainly on predictive accuracy and computational performance, with limited attention to how AI systems operate within real decision processes. In particular, the role of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in supporting human judgment, accountability, and organizational decision-making remains fragmented. This study presents a structured narrative review of 51 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2026, retrieved from Scopus, and examines AI-enabled decision support in transport logistics from a decision-centered perspective. Rather than organizing studies only by modeling techniques, the review synthesizes the literature across decision level, authority allocation, temporal structure, functional AI roles, and explanation design. The findings show a strong emphasis on operational, high-frequency predictive decision support, with explainability primarily implemented as post hoc feature attribution. The review identifies key gaps and proposes directions to better align explainable AI with real-world transport logistics decision-making.
Produced water from oil and gas operations contains extremely high salinity (100,000-300,000 mg/L), far exceeding the treatment limits of conventional reverse osmosis systems. This study presents a techno-economic analysis of four clathrate hydrate-based desalination (CHD) configurations treating 750 ton/h of produced water (10 wt % salinity, 40% recovery): (1) Methane (No Recycle), (2) HFC-152a (No Recycle), (3) HFC-152a (Recycle), and (4) HFC-152a Recycle with Cold Energy Integration. Substituting HFC-152a for methane reduces the fixed capital investment (FCI) from $227.44 million to $96.80 million (-57.4%) due to a decrease in formation pressure from 8.0 to 0.25 MPa. Incorporating gas recycling further lowers the FCI to $71.93 million (-25.7%) by eliminating the need for fresh gas compression. Integrating LNG cold energy yields the largest reduction, achieving an FCI of $17.97 million (-75.0%) by replacing mechanical refrigeration with passive cryogenic heat exchange. The levelized cost of water (LCOW) decreases from $28.74/m3 to $1.66/m3 (92% reduction), approaching costs typical of seawater desalination despite treating water with triple the salinity. Equipment-level analysis reveals that compression systems dominate capital costs (72-79%) in conventional CHD configurations. LNG cold energy integration eliminates 21,282 kW of refrigeration compression, reducing total compression power by 99.6%. This work provides the first comprehensive techno-economic assessment of produced-water desalination using HFC-152a, establishing a realistic cost basis for commercialization. The findings demonstrate that integrating CHD with existing LNG regasification facilities can dramatically reduce the energy demand and operating costs, positioning hydrate-based desalination as a scalable and economically competitive alternative to conventional technologies.
Carotenoid-based coloration is a well-documented example of a condition-dependent trait, but much of the evidence supporting condition dependence of red carotenoid coloration comes from species that color their feathers primarily with 3-hydroxyechinenone, a red carotenoid produced from yellow dietary carotenoids via an unknown pathway. The condition dependence of red plumage in species that use the more common CYP2J19 and BDH1L enzymes to modify dietary yellow carotenoids into red ketocarotenoids is less well studied. We tested the hypothesis that captivity would negatively affect production of red pigments by male Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal), a songbird with extensive red coloration produced via the CYP2J19/BDH1L pathway. We confined a group of wild-caught male cardinals in cages during molt, using captivity as a physiological challenge, and compared them to free-living cardinals. We provided captive birds with abundant zeaxanthin and lutein, the dietary yellow pigments that cardinals enzymatically convert into the red ketocarotenoids astaxanthin and alpha-doradexanthin, to ensure that insufficient carotenoid access would not limit production of red pigments. During molt, we measured concentrations of carotenoid pigments in the plasma and growing feather follicles of both captive and free-living cardinals. Compared to free-living cardinals, captive birds had significantly lower relative concentrations of red carotenoids in both follicles and plasma. The observation that, compared to free-living cardinals, captive male cardinals showed reduced production of red carotenoids with lower quantities in feather follicles supports the hypothesis that red coloration produced via the CYP2J19/BDH1L pathway is a condition-dependent trait. Red carotenoid-based coloration is widely recognized as a condition-dependent signal of quality that has been found to be sensitive to environmental challenges, but questions remain as to the specific effects of such challenges on mechanisms of red carotenoid production. Birds captured from the wild are under physiological challenge when held in captivity. We tested the hypothesis that the environmental challenge of captivity would cause Cardinalis cardinalis (Northern Cardinal) to grow feathers with lower concentrations of red ketocarotenoid pigments compared to birds growing feathers in the wild. Compared to cardinals molting in the wild, captive cardinals had lower levels of red ketocarotenoid pigments circulating in their blood with reduced concentrations in growing feathers. These observations support the hypothesis that the challenge of captivity inhibits expression of red coloration in C. Cardinalis. La coloraci & oacute;n basada en carotenoides es un ejemplo bien documentado de un rasgo dependiente de la condici & oacute;n, pero gran parte de la evidencia que respalda que la coloraci & oacute;n roja depende de la condici & oacute;n proviene de especies que pigmentan sus plumas principalmente con 3-hidroxiechinenona, un carotenoide rojo producido a partir de carotenoides amarillos de la dieta mediante una v & iacute;a metab & oacute;lica a & uacute;n desconocida. La dependencia de la condici & oacute;n del plumaje rojo en especies que utilizan las enzimas m & aacute;s comunes CYP2J19 y BDH1L para modificar carotenoides amarillos de la dieta en cetocarotenoides rojos ha sido menos estudiada. Evaluamos la hip & oacute;tesis de que el cautiverio afectar & iacute;a negativamente la producci & oacute;n de pigmentos rojos en machos de Cardinalis cardinalis, un paseriforme con extensa coloraci & oacute;n roja producida mediante la v & iacute;a CYP2J19/BDH1L. Confinamos en jaulas, durante la etapa de la muda, a un grupo de machos capturados en la naturaleza, utilizando el cautiverio como un desaf & iacute;o fisiol & oacute;gico, y los comparamos con cardenales en libertad. Proporcionamos a las aves en cautiverio abundante zeaxantina y lute & iacute;na, los pigmentos amarillos de la dieta que los cardenales convierten enzim & aacute;ticamente en los cetocarotenoides rojos astaxantina y alpha-doradexantina, para asegurar que una disponibilidad insuficiente de carotenoides no limitara la producci & oacute;n de pigmentos rojos. Durante la muda, medimos las concentraciones de pigmentos carotenoides en el plasma y en los fol & iacute;culos de plumas en crecimiento tanto de cardenales en cautiverio como de cardenales en libertad. En comparaci & oacute;n con los cardenales en libertad, las aves en cautiverio presentaron concentraciones relativas significativamente menores de carotenoides rojos tanto en los fol & iacute;culos como en el plasma. La observaci & oacute;n de que, en comparaci & oacute;n con los cardenales en libertad, los machos en cautiverio mostraron una producci & oacute;n reducida de carotenoides rojos y menores cantidades en los fol & iacute;culos de las plumas respalda la hip & oacute;tesis de que la coloraci & oacute;n roja producida mediante la v & iacute;a CYP2J19/BDH1L es un rasgo dependiente de la condici & oacute;n.
