The Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, formerly U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, is a medical school, hospital and medical research public university located at Saifai in the Etawah District of Uttar Pradesh, India. It came into being after the upgrade of UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (established in 2005) by Government of Uttar Pradesh under Act 15 of 2016.P.P.
Introduction Scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology is a source of radiation exposure to medical staff. It mostly originates from patient interaction during X-ray exposure. Its intensity is determined by technical conditions, including kilovoltage (kVp), phantom thickness, and field size. This research endeavors to quantify scatter radiation with an ionization chamber-based survey meter for different conditions of kVp and phantom thickness to assess its effect in a digital radiographic room. Materials and Methods A GE Definium XR-8000 digital X-ray machine served as the source of radiation. Scattered radiation at a standard distance and angle was measured with the help of the Fluke 451P ionization chamber-based survey meter. Both a basic water phantom and a general radiographic polymethyl methacrylate phantom were employed with varying thicknesses (5-25 cm and 10-40 mm, respectively). Scattered radiation was measured across different tube voltages (50-125 kVp), while mAs and source-to-image distance were kept constant. Results Scattered radiation was proportional to both tube voltage and phantom thickness. In 25-cm water phantom thickness, scatter went from 0.38 mR at 50 kVp to 2.05 mR at 125 kVp. A rise in water phantom thickness from 5 to 25 cm at 80 kVp revealed a rise in scatter from 1.67 to 1.9 mR. The radiographic phantom exhibited a similar trend. Present values were higher as compared with values in literature, because the mAs setting was higher for this investigation. Conclusion This study shows increased scatter with higher kVp and phantom thickness, emphasizing optimized parameters and ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) for radiation safety.
Diabetic wounds remain chronically non-healing due to impaired angiogenesis, persistent inflammation, and defective extracellular matrix remodelling. In recent years, stem cell-derived exosomes have emerged as a potent cell-free regenerative strategy capable of recapitulating the therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stem cells while avoiding risks associated with direct cell transplantation. This review critically evaluates the preclinical evidence supporting the use of exosomes derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord, and induced pluripotent stem cells for diabetic wound repair. These exosomes deliver bioactive cargos such as microRNAs, proteins, lipids, and cytokines that modulate key signalling pathways, including Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase (PI3K/Akt), Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β/Smad), and Hypoxia inducible factor-1α/Vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF-1α/VEGF), thereby promoting angiogenesis, accelerating fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, facilitating re-epithelialization, and restoring immune balance through M2 macrophage polarization. A central focus of this review is the recent advances in exosome-based delivery systems, including hydrogels, microneedles, 3D scaffolds, and decellularized extracellular matrix composites, which significantly enhance exosome stability, retention, and targeted release at wound sites. Comparative insights between stem cell therapy and exosome therapy highlight the superior safety, scalability, and regulatory advantages of exosome-based approaches. We also summarize progress in exosome engineering, manufacturing, quality control, and ongoing clinical investigations, along with challenges related to standardization, dosage, and translational readiness. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive mechanistic and translational framework that positions stem cell-derived exosomes as a next-generation, cell-free regenerative strategy with the potential to overcome current therapeutic limitations and redefine clinical management of diabetic wound healing.
Introduction:Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare and aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, commonly affecting lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract. Salivary gland involvement, especially in the parotid gland, is unusual and often mimics benign conditions, complicating diagnosis. Case Report:A 58-year-old male presented with a painless, progressively enlarging swelling in the right preauricular region without facial nerve involvement. Imaging revealed a mass within the parotid gland, leading to superficial parotidectomy. Histopathology confirmed mantle cell lymphoma. Immunohistochemical studies showed positivity for CD20, BCL2, CD5, and Cyclin D1; negativity for CD23, CD10, BCL6, and MUM1; and scattered CD3-positive T lymphocytes. The Ki-67 proliferation index was approximately 40%, indicating intermediate proliferative activity. Whole-body PET-CT revealed additional metabolically active lesions suggestive of systemic disease. The patient was started on bendamustine and rituximab chemotherapy. Conclusion:This case highlights that parotid swellings may conceal systemic lymphomas, and misleading cytology can delay diagnosis. Clinicians should consider MCL in atypical parotid lesions to ensure early systemic therapy.
Oncologic spine surgery carries a high risk of surgical site infection (SSI). We assessed the impact of intraoperative topical vancomycin on SSI rates and its economic impact in patients undergoing surgery for spinal metastases. We retrospectively reviewed 97 patients treated surgically for spinal metastases between 2022 and 2025. Local vancomycin powder was applied to the wound in 32 patients (32
INTRODUCTION:A scarred uterus has a high incidence of defective implantation of the placenta. This being a major cause of third-trimester haemorrhage, we undertook this study to compare the feto-maternal outcome in women with low-lying placenta and placenta previa having scarred and unscarred uterus. METHODS:Women with low-lying placenta and placenta previa at or after 28 weeks of gestation were recruited for the study. A pretested proforma meeting the objectives of the study was prepared, and a detailed history was taken. Maternal and foetal complications were noted and compared between the groups having scarred and unscarred uterus. RESULTS:The incidence of low-lying placenta and placenta previa was significantly lower in women with unscarred uterus (0.91%) compared to scarred ones (3.20%) (p<0.05). The overall blood loss (p≤0.05) and maternal complication rates, viz. placenta accreta syndrome (p=0.014), postpartum haemorrhage (p=0.002), surgical interventions (p=0.09) to manage these complications, and intensive care unit admission (p=0.009), were high in women with scarred uterus. A woman with a scarred uterus had an odds of 4.11 (95% CI: 1.30-13.56) to undergo massive blood transfusion (>5 units of blood) during delivery. There was a significant inverse linear correlation of blood loss during caesarean section and gestational age at delivery. CONCLUSION:Scarred uterus with placenta previa can independently increase the risk of placenta accreta spectrum, postpartum haemorrhage, blood transfusion, and admission to intensive care units. These women have higher odds of undergoing lifesaving interventions. Such interventions at a lower gestational age of delivery are associated with significant postpartum haemorrhage.
