Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences

Introduction Scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology is a source of radiation exposure to medical staff. It mostly originates from patient interaction during X-ray exposure. Its intensity is determined by technical conditions, including kilovoltage (kVp), phantom thickness, and field size. This research endeavors to quantify scatter radiation with an ionization chamber-based survey meter for different conditions of kVp and phantom thickness to assess its effect in a digital radiographic room. Materials and Methods A GE Definium XR-8000 digital X-ray machine served as the source of radiation. Scattered radiation at a standard distance and angle was measured with the help of the Fluke 451P ionization chamber-based survey meter. Both a basic water phantom and a general radiographic polymethyl methacrylate phantom were employed with varying thicknesses (5-25 cm and 10-40 mm, respectively). Scattered radiation was measured across different tube voltages (50-125 kVp), while mAs and source-to-image distance were kept constant. Results Scattered radiation was proportional to both tube voltage and phantom thickness. In 25-cm water phantom thickness, scatter went from 0.38 mR at 50 kVp to 2.05 mR at 125 kVp. A rise in water phantom thickness from 5 to 25 cm at 80 kVp revealed a rise in scatter from 1.67 to 1.9 mR. The radiographic phantom exhibited a similar trend. Present values were higher as compared with values in literature, because the mAs setting was higher for this investigation. Conclusion This study shows increased scatter with higher kVp and phantom thickness, emphasizing optimized parameters and ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) for radiation safety.

Diabetic wounds remain chronically non-healing due to impaired angiogenesis, persistent inflammation, and defective extracellular matrix remodelling. In recent years, stem cell-derived exosomes have emerged as a potent cell-free regenerative strategy capable of recapitulating the therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stem cells while avoiding risks associated with direct cell transplantation. This review critically evaluates the preclinical evidence supporting the use of exosomes derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord, and induced pluripotent stem cells for diabetic wound repair. These exosomes deliver bioactive cargos such as microRNAs, proteins, lipids, and cytokines that modulate key signalling pathways, including Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase (PI3K/Akt), Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β/Smad), and Hypoxia inducible factor-1α/Vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF-1α/VEGF), thereby promoting angiogenesis, accelerating fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, facilitating re-epithelialization, and restoring immune balance through M2 macrophage polarization. A central focus of this review is the recent advances in exosome-based delivery systems, including hydrogels, microneedles, 3D scaffolds, and decellularized extracellular matrix composites, which significantly enhance exosome stability, retention, and targeted release at wound sites. Comparative insights between stem cell therapy and exosome therapy highlight the superior safety, scalability, and regulatory advantages of exosome-based approaches. We also summarize progress in exosome engineering, manufacturing, quality control, and ongoing clinical investigations, along with challenges related to standardization, dosage, and translational readiness. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive mechanistic and translational framework that positions stem cell-derived exosomes as a next-generation, cell-free regenerative strategy with the potential to overcome current therapeutic limitations and redefine clinical management of diabetic wound healing.

Digital dentistry has rapidly evolved through the integration of advanced imaging, computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM), and data-driven workflows, creating opportunities for artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled clinical support across multiple dental domains. Although numerous studies have explored AI in isolated diagnostic or restorative applications, a comprehensive synthesis spanning diagnosis, treatment planning, and prosthodontics remains limited, leaving uncertainty regarding the overall scope and maturity of current evidence. This systematic review aimed to consolidate and evaluate published research on AI applications within digital dentistry, with emphasis on data modalities, algorithmic tasks, and reported clinical outcomes. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-compliant search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible peer-reviewed studies reporting quantitative outcomes were systematically screened, extracted, and synthesized descriptively. The review identified a predominance of image-based diagnostic applications, particularly for caries detection and anatomical segmentation, with fewer studies addressing treatment planning and prosthodontic workflows. Deep learning models were most frequently employed, and reported outcomes commonly focused on accuracy, segmentation performance, and spatial agreement. The findings indicate that AI is increasingly embedded within digital dental workflows, primarily as a decision support tool rather than a standalone system. This synthesis clarifies current research trends, highlights the relative maturity of diagnostic applications, and underscores the expanding but uneven integration of artificial intelligence across interconnected stages of digital dentistry, providing a consolidated evidence base to inform clinicians and researchers.

Introduction:Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare and aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, commonly affecting lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract. Salivary gland involvement, especially in the parotid gland, is unusual and often mimics benign conditions, complicating diagnosis. Case Report:A 58-year-old male presented with a painless, progressively enlarging swelling in the right preauricular region without facial nerve involvement. Imaging revealed a mass within the parotid gland, leading to superficial parotidectomy. Histopathology confirmed mantle cell lymphoma. Immunohistochemical studies showed positivity for CD20, BCL2, CD5, and Cyclin D1; negativity for CD23, CD10, BCL6, and MUM1; and scattered CD3-positive T lymphocytes. The Ki-67 proliferation index was approximately 40%, indicating intermediate proliferative activity. Whole-body PET-CT revealed additional metabolically active lesions suggestive of systemic disease. The patient was started on bendamustine and rituximab chemotherapy. Conclusion:This case highlights that parotid swellings may conceal systemic lymphomas, and misleading cytology can delay diagnosis. Clinicians should consider MCL in atypical parotid lesions to ensure early systemic therapy.

INTRODUCTION:The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic provided critical insights into pandemic preparedness. The community spread can be slowed down or contained through effective, rapid, and robust diagnosis of infected individuals. AREA COVERED:During the pandemic, substantial advances were made in developing rapid and cost-effective diagnostic approaches. Self-collected gargle samples offer clear advantages over conventional NSP/OPS methods by reducing reliance on trained personnel and personal protective equipment. Colorimetric assays further improve accessibility, enabling rapid, instrument-free, and visually interpretable detection at low cost. CRISPR-based diagnostics present a promising alternative to RT-PCR, facilitating scalable mass screening with reduced technical dependence. Concurrently, optimization of RT-PCR workflows-particularly through minimization of pre-PCR steps-can enhance speed and affordability. The integration of digital technologies and artificial intelligence further leverages diagnostic capabilities. Despite this, improved regulatory frameworks and resilient supply chains are critical for ensuring scalable, equitable access, and effective pandemic preparedness. EXPERT OPINION:Global efforts were made to develop sensitive, rapid, cost-effective, and noninvasive technologies to identify the pandemic virus; however, variations in sensitivity/specificity and limited sample size validation hampered their utility in routine diagnostics. The COVID-19 pandemic has ended, but global efforts are still needed to combat the early infection of subsequent waves or similar disease waves.