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Введение. Современная лесозаготовительная отрасль характеризуется высокой степенью зависимости производственных процессов от человека, что обусловливает повышенные риски травматизма и снижение эффективности при выполнении технологических операций. В статье рассматривается проблема высокого уровня травматизма и зависимости производительности от человеческого фактора в лесозаготовительной отрасли. Цель исследования – проанализировать особенности перехода к автономным системам в лесозаготовительной технике, определить ключевые направления автономизации и оценить возможности снижения влияния человеческого фактора. Материалы и методы. Исследуются технологические процессы функционирования лесозаготовительных машин, включая взаимодействие оператора и технических средств в процессе проведения лесозаготовительных работ. Применены методы системного анализа и классификации, эргатическое моделирование взаимодействия «человек –машина», а также сравнительный анализ существующих уровней автоматизации. Результаты. На основе системного анализа и эргатического моделирования выделены три ключевых направления автономизации: интеллектуальные системы поддержки принятия решений, роботизация рабочих органов (харвестерных головок, манипуляторов) и автономная навигация лесозаготовительных машин. Разработана классификация уровней автономности (от 0 до 5) применительно к технологическим процессам лесосеки. Приведены функциональные схемы взаимодействия в системе «оператор – машина – среда». На основе анализа опыта ведущих производителей лесозаготовительной техники и данных прогнозных исследований обоснована потенциальная эффективность внедрения. Выводы. Эволюционный переход к автономным системам, основанный на технологиях машинного зрения и ИИ, является стратегическим направлением повышения конкурентоспособности и безопасности лесозаготовок в России. Introduction. The modern logging industry is characterized by a high degree of dependence of production processes on humans, which causes increased risks of injury and reduced efficiency when performing technological operations. The article addresses the problem of high injury rates and the dependence of productivity on the human factor in the logging industry. The aim of the study is to analyze the features of the transition to autonomous systems in forestry equipment, identify key areas for autonomization, and assess the possibilities of reducing the influence of the human factor. Materials and methods. Technological processes of the functioning of logging machines are studied, including the interaction of the operator and the technical means during logging operations. The methods of system analysis and classification, ergatic modeling of human-machine interaction, as well as comparative analysis of existing levels of automation were used. Results. Based on system analysis and ergatic modeling, three key areas of autonomization have been identified: intelligent decision support systems, the robotization of working bodies (harvester heads, manipulators), and the autonomous navigation of forestry machines. A classification of autonomy levels (ranging from 0 to 5) has been developed in relation to the technological processes of the cutting area. Functional diagrams of the interaction in the “operator–machine–environment” system are presented. The potential effectiveness of implementation is substantiated based on an analysis of the experience of leading forestry equipment manufacturers and forecast research data. Conclusion. The evolutionary transition to autonomous systems based on machine vision and AI technologies is a strategic direction for increasing the competitiveness and safety of logging in Russia.
The article discusses the technological features of the functioning of forest harvester in the implementation of logging in various natural conditions. The primary objective of this research is to ascertain the influence of trees and shrubbery on the duration of the harvester's transit between operational sites. The research was implemented by computer modeling methods based on a computer program specially created by the authors of the article to simulate the operation of a forest harvester. During the simulation, the trajectory of the manipulator from each working position of the harvester, the dimensional characteristics and location of the trees assigned to the felling and the remaining trees were evaluated. The results can be used by research organizations when planning the production process of logging operations.
Введение. Внешний облик (габитус) деревьев – результат реализации их потенциальных возможностей в конкретных условиях среды. Детальная количественная оценка всех его параметров необходима для чёткого выделения в ценопопуляциях хозяйственно ценных особей для последующего их размножения, направленного на повышение эколого-ресурсного потенциала лесов. Цель исследования – оценка изменчивости и сопряжённости параметров габитуса плюсовых деревьев сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.), выделенных в лесном фонде Республики Марий Эл. Материалы и методы. Исходным материалом для анализа являлись паспорта 370 плюсовых деревьев, в которых отражены краткие сведения об их габитусе. Полученный цифровой материал обработан на ПК с использованием стандартных методов математической статистики. Результаты. Установлены пределы изменчивости основных параметров ствола и кроны плюсовых деревьев. Показано, что особенно значительно варьирует в выборке величина объёма кроны деревьев, который является интегральным показателем поглощения ими солнечной энергии, величины транспирации и накопления фитомассы. Довольно велика также изменчивость у деревьев объёма их ствола и линейных размеров кроны, а наименее изменчива у них высота. Изменение значений большинства параметров связано с возрастом деревьев, однако вклад его в дисперсию каждого из них неодинаков. Наиболее сильно проявляется влияние этого фактора в изменчивости высоты деревьев и диаметра их ствола, слабее же всего сопряжены с ним значения параметров кроны, особенно её протяжённости. Выводы. Разная величина изменчивости признаков габитуса деревьев свидетельствует о неоднородности их совокупности и необходимости дополнительного разделения её на несколько кластеров по параметрам их ствола и кроны на основе созданных авторами шкал. У выделенных деревьев необходимо также количественно оценить толщину, протяжённость, внешний облик и цвет грубой коры, плотность древесины и интенсивность выделения живицы, поскольку эти параметры отражают особенности их генотипа и селекционной ценности. Introduction. The appearance (habitus) of trees is the result of their potential being realized in specific environmental conditions. A detailed quantitative assessment of all its parameters is necessary to clearly identify economically valuable individuals in cenopopulations for their subsequent reproduction with the purpose of increasing the ecological and resource potential of forests. The aim of the study was to assess the variability and contingency of habitus parameters of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plus trees selected in the forest fund of the Republic of Mari El. Materials and methods. The source material for the analysis was the passports of 370 plus trees, which provided brief information on their habitus. The digital material obtained was processed on a PC using standard methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The limits of variability in the keytrunk and crown parameters of the plus trees have been determined. It has been shown that the value that varies most significantly within the sample is the tree crown volume, which is an integrated indicator of a tree's capacity for solar energy absorption, transpiration, and phytomass accumulation. The variability of the tree trunk volume and linear crown dimensions is also quite high, while the tree height is the least variable. Though changes in the values of most parameters are related to the tree age, its contribution to the dispersion of each parameter varies. The age factor has the strongest influence on the variability of the tree height and trunk diameter values, while the crown parameter values, especially the crown length, exhibit the weakest association with it. Conclusion. The differences in the amount of variation of the trees’ habitus characteristics indicate the heterogeneity of their totality and the need to further subdivide it into several clusters according to the tree trunk and crown parameters, based on the scales created by the authors. For the selected trees, a qualitative evaluation of the thickness, length, appearance and color of the rough bark, as well as wood density and oleoresin exudation intensity, is also necessary, since these parameters reflect the features of their genotype and breeding value.
The Russian economy faces an imperative to enhance national competitiveness as a prerequisite for maintaining socio-economic security. The Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation (STR Strategy) is conceived as a long-term framework aimed at ensuring the country’s sustainable, dynamic, and balanced advancement toward global competitiveness. Although the strategic directions articulated within the STR formally reflect the conceptual principles of the knowledge economy, they lack concrete mechanisms for stakeholder interaction, the realization of which is essential for achieving the strategic objectives of socio-economic development across all levels of governance. Since the inception of the STR Strategy, the conceptual model for managing the economic development of the Russian Federation within the paradigm of a knowledge-based economy has remained insufficiently defined. In this regard, the primary objective of the present study is to substantiate a methodological framework for constructing an evaluation system that measures the effectiveness of managing the economic development of socio-economic systems in the context of a knowledge economy. The research methodology is grounded in the dialectical, systemic, deductive, indicative, and synergetic approaches, which together provide a comprehensive analytical basis for examining the dynamic interrelations among innovation, competitiveness, and socioeconomic stability. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of theoretical propositions, methodological guidelines, and practical instruments for the organization of monitoring systems aimed at evaluating the innovative potential of socio-economic systems at multiple hierarchical levels. The study synthesizes interdisciplinary theoretical foundations concerning the nature and mechanisms of ensuring national competitiveness within a knowledge-based economy. The research design employs a deductive approach encompassing four analytical levels: cross-country comparison, national scale, regional level, and organizational level. Using R. Solow’s model of economic growth as an analytical framework, the paper examines key determinants of global economic development and establishes that the total factor productivity (TFP) exerts a decisive influence on Russia’s economic performance. The analysis identifies regions of the Russian Federation exhibiting structural weaknesses in socio-economic development and empirically confirms the dependence of regional socio-economic security on the degree of innovative activity within organizations. The proposed analytical toolkit provides a foundation for information and analytical support in assessing the contribution of organizational innovation to the effectiveness of socio-economic systems at various levels of aggregation. Future research should focus on elaborating a comprehensive mechanism for managing national socio-economic security within the institutional framework of the knowledge economy, thereby enhancing the strategic resilience and global competitiveness of the Russian Federation.
The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the directions of youth policy and to identify the most promising vectors of its implementation. Achieving this goal includes solving the following tasks. To reveal the main directions of youth policy, methods of its implementation and the results achieved. To identify problematic issues in the implementation of youth policy and outline ways to solve them. The methodology used, which consists in the study of legislative acts and documents on the implementation of youth policy directions, the analysis of the implemented activities, made it possible to comprehensively study the features of youth policy at the present stage. Results of the study. The author highlights the results achieved in the course of implementing the tasks of youth policy, as well as problematic moments and possible options for their solution.
