Walailak University

In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework for examining the split monotone variational inclusion problem (SMVIP) related to maximal monotone operators and the fixed point problem (FPP) associated with multivalued demicontractive mappings in Hilbert spaces. Within this framework, we employ self adaptive, Tikhonov regularization, and double inertial viscosity approximation techniques to establish an algorithm for computing common solutions to the SMVIP and FPP under appropriate control conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through both theoretical analysis and numerical results, including real-world applications to the data classification. We highlight the key advantages of our algorithm in comparison to classical algorithms for the SMVIP and FPP.

Translating laboratory-scale kinetic data into practical reactor designs still represents a considerable challenge for industrial biomass upgrading. This paper aims to resolve this gap by providing an integrated kinetic-thermal framework linking thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with industrial-scale reactor design for torrefaction of rubberwood biomass in its wood chip (WC) and wood pellet (WP) forms. Using Coats-Redfern kinetic analysis, 102.27 kJ mol−1 and 80.18 kJ mol−1 activation energies were obtained for WC and WP at the torrefaction regime, respectively. Integrating these intrinsic kinetics with a lumped-capacitance heat-transfer model, the authors found a total required residence time of 27–30 min at 300 °C, the key finding being that heat-transfer processes, including external warm-up and internal conduction, dictate the general reactor timescale, making up approximately 90% of the total processing time. Under these optimized conditions, energy-dense solid fuels were produced with higher heating values (HHV) of 21.68 MJ kg−1 for torrefied chips and 23.89 MJ kg−1 for torrefied pellets at a stable mass yield of 70%. Engineering scale-up analysis for a target capacity of 5.00 t h−1 demonstrated a significant pelletization advantage under a continuous screw-type reactor system. While WP requires only 1 parallel reactor line, WC requires 3 lines due to their lower bulk density and higher volumetric flow requirements. With an estimated total direct capital cost of approximately USD 3.22 million for the WC configuration and USD 2.15 million for the WP configuration, this framework provides a robust, multi-scale engineering basis for the industrial implementation and economic valuation of rubberwood torrefaction systems.

Abstract We investigate static equilibrium configurations of compact stars composed of an admixture of bosonic dark matter and dark energy within the framework of regularized four-dimensional Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet (4DEGB) gravity. The stellar interior is modeled as a two-fluid system in which self-interacting bosonic dark matter and Chaplygin-gas dark energy coexist and interact solely through gravity. Employing a scalar–tensor formulation of 4DEGB gravity, we derive the modified Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equations governing hydrostatic equilibrium and solve them numerically for a range of central densities. We systematically explore the impact of higher-curvature corrections by varying the Gauss–Bonnet coupling parameter, as well as the role of dark-matter microphysics by changing the bosonic particle mass. Our analysis shows that positive Gauss–Bonnet coupling significantly enhances the maximum supported mass and compactness of the configurations relative to the general relativistic limit, while remaining compatible with current observational constraints from GW170817, PSR J0740+6620, and HESS J1731–347. In contrast, variations in the bosonic dark-matter particle mass within the considered range induce only mild modifications to global stellar properties. The mass-central-density criterion, the relativistic adiabatic index, and the causality condition on the sound speed are all satisfied throughout the stellar interior, and stability is evaluated accordingly. These findings indicate that compact stars with dark-matter-dark-energy admixtures in regularized 4DEGB gravity are stable and feasible astrophysical configurations. They also emphasize the significant influence of higher-curvature effects on the macroscopic structure of these structures.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a leading cause of cognitive impairment, typically occurring due to conditions that reduce blood flow to the brain. Increasing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the progression of VaD, with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) emerging as a key regulator of innate immune activation and inflammatory amplification. Therefore, therapeutic agents capable of targeting TLR4-driven neuroinflammation may represent a rational approach to mitigating disease progression in VaD. In this context, piracetam, a nootropic agent used for cognitive disorders, has shown potential in modulating several pathological mechanisms associated with VaD. Hence, this review aims to summarize recent insights into TLR4 signaling in VaD and to critically evaluate experimental and clinical evidence regarding the capacity of piracetam to influence these disease-relevant pathways. In particular, studies reporting the suppression of TLR4-mediated neuroinflammatory responses by piracetam are discussed, along with emerging evidence that piracetam may also modulate signaling cascades that converge on TLR4-associated inflammatory networks. Finally, the limitations of the current evidence are addressed, and further research directions are proposed to determine whether modulation of TLR4-centered inflammatory pathways by pleiotropic agents such as piracetam can provide clinically meaningful benefits in vascular cognitive impairment.

Biochar has emerged as an effective and sustainable amendment for improving soil fertility and mitigating environmental pollution in soil–plant systems. This review synthesizes recent advances in biochar production, characteristics, and applications in soil restoration and contaminant remediation. Biochar is typically produced through slow pyrolysis of biomass feedstocks such as crop residues, wood waste, and animal manure at temperatures ranging from 350–700 °C, producing a stable carbon-rich material with high surface area and porous structure. Most effective applications involve fine to medium particle sizes (< 2 mm) and soil application rates of approximately 5–30 t ha–1, depending on soil properties and management goals. Evidence indicates that biochar is particularly beneficial in degraded, acidic, and sandy soils, where it significantly improves soil physical properties (aggregation, porosity, bulk density, and water-holding capacity), chemical properties (pH buffering, cation exchange capacity, and nutrient retention), and biological properties (microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and rhizosphere interactions). In polluted soils, biochar plays a critical role in mitigating contaminants through mechanisms including adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation, precipitation, and redox reactions, which reduce the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Its highly porous structure and functional surface groups also facilitate microbial colonization and phytoremediation processes, enhancing pollutant degradation and improving plant tolerance under stress conditions. Overall, biochar-based strategies provide a multifunctional approach for soil fertility restoration, pollution mitigation, and climate-resilient agriculture, although further long-term field studies are required to optimize biochar properties, application rates, and soil-specific management practices for large-scale implementation.