Streszczenie W ostatnich latach radioterapia uległa istotnej transformacji, wprowadzając techniki o wysokim stopniu modulacji dawki, takie jak IMRT i VMAT, oraz systemy radioterapii adaptacyjnej. Pomimo tego postępu stosowane rutynowo procedury kontroli jakości nie nadążają za rosnącą złożonością procesów terapeutycznych. Klasyczna dozymetria portalowa, choć powszechnie wykorzystywana, nie zapewnia pełnej ani klinicznie adekwatnej informacji o jakości dostarczanej dawki, co wykazano w poprzednim artykule [1]. Niniejsza praca przedstawia krytyczną analizę ewolucji kontroli jakości w radioterapii, obejmującą przejście od tradycyjnych metod pomiarowych do podejść opartych na analizie logo akceleratora, rekonstrukcji dawki w anatomii pacjenta oraz systemach radioterapii adaptacyjnej. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na rosnącą rolę automatyzacji i narzędzi sztucznej inteligencji, które jednak wymagają świadomej i krytycznej interpretacji. Podkreślono, że skuteczna kontrola jakości w nowoczesnej radioterapii wymaga integracji wielu źródeł danych oraz implementacji podejścia opartego na analizie ryzyka, zamiast dalszego polegania na uproszczonych wskaźnikach i testach o ograniczonej wartości klinicznej. Słowa kluczowe: dozymetria portalowa, QA, AI
The center of pressure (COP) on the feet is a crucial parameter providing information about structural and postural balance. A disturbance in this global pattern causes or reflects dysfunctions in the distribution of tension within the body. Postural disorders that manifest as an imbalance of the center of gravity in the sagittal plane lead to multisegmental ergonomic disturbances of the musculoskeletal system, resulting in compensations, pain, and, over time, structural overload changes and defects. Early detection of anterior-posterior load imbalances and their correction is of great importance for the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. Objective. To assess the impact of individually selected PORON heel lifts and lower limb correction in the transverse plane on body balance. Methods. The study included 96 participants (n=100%), including 62 women (nf% = 64.58%) and 34 men (nm% = 35.42%), aged 15 to 80 years. The average weight of the participants was 75 kg (SD = 18.244), their average height was 1.705 m (SD = 0.093), and their average BMI was 24.81 (SD = 5.009). Exclusion criteria. Individuals diagnosed with significant foot and lower limb deformities or conditions significantly affecting body balance. A pedobarographic examination (EPS R2) was conducted while participants stood barefoot. Each test lasted 20 seconds, with a sampling rate of 1 ms (20,000 samples per test). The study included four trials: trial 0 in free standing, trial 1 with a 3 mm PORON heel lift, trial 2 with a 6 mm heel lift, and trial 3 in the lower limb correction test in the transverse plane (rotation). Results. The study demonstrated a significant effect of using a low PORON offloading heel lift on balancing anterior-posterior pressure distribution on the feet. The median heel underload in the control test (without correction) was −7.05% (interquartile range [−11.1%; −1.2%]). The greatest change was observed with the 6 mm heel lift (−3.0%; [−7.2%; +3.0%]). The Kruskal–Wallis statistical significance test for comparing all trials showed a significant difference (χ²[3] = 15.47, p=0.001). The Wilcoxon rank sum test, used to analyze statistical significance between individual trials, indicated a significant difference between trial 0 and trial 2 (p = 0.001) and between trial 0 and trial 3 (p = 0.036). The difference between trial 0 and trial 1 was nearly significant (p=0.054). The study found no significant effect of the interventions on lateral (right–left) pressure distribution (χ²[3] = 0.87, p = 0.834). Statistical analysis of 10 body balance parameters showed a significant difference between trials only in parameters describing body oscillations in the sagittal plane. The COP–barycenter angle of the feet significantly decreased (χ²[3] = 15.01, p=0.002), while the mean COP distance along the Y-axis significantly increased (χ²[3] = 10.01, p = 0.018). Conclusions. For postural disorders that shift the center of gravity forward and affect balance in the sagittal plane, the use of PORON heel lifts is justified. Given that the PORON material used in the study is an offloading material with a hardness of approximately 15 Shore and that our applied interventions were significantly lower than those previously studied, these solutions reduce the undesired effects of heel elevation while increasing comfort and footwear compatibility. Manual correction of the lower limb in the transverse plane also positively influences anterior–posterior COP balance, shifting weight distribution backward. The combination of heel offloading and correction of foot overpronation has a significant impact on relieving pressure on the forefoot, improving standing posture ergonomics, and promoting postural re-education from a forward-leaning position. Statistical analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using the R statistical software, version 4.3.0 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Vienna, Austria). Given the significant non-normality of variable distribution in the trials, the Kruskal–Wallis test was applied. The Wilcoxon rank sum test (also known as the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test), with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, was used to identify trial pairs where significant differences occurred. Results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05.
Sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases and ADP-ribosyltransferases, regulate cellular homeostasis and adaptive responses to environmental changes. Comprising seven isoforms (SIRT1–SIRT7), these enzymes have diverse functions, including gene expression regulation, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress response, and cellular aging. Dysregulated sirtuin activity is implicated in metabolic, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s. Sirtuins modulate metabolic pathways by influencing glucose and lipid metabolism, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Their role in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress positions them as potential therapeutic targets for chronic conditions and age-related disorders. Compounds like resveratrol and lifestyle factors such as physical activity are potent sirtuin activators, highlighting their therapeutic potential. Physical activity, a cornerstone of non-pharmacological health interventions, increases NAD+ availability, upregulating sirtuin activity. This effect underscores exercise as a modulator of sirtuin pathways, with protective effects against chronic diseases. Studies show that regular physical activity can enhance sirtuin function, improving metabolic health, reducing oxidative damage, and providing neuroprotection. This review offers an overview of sirtuin biology, their role in disease pathogenesis, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on sirtuin activity.
The article presents the Hermes route editor in the context of automating the process of creating three-dimensional terrain. The classic approach to this issue was described, the problems present in this process were defined, and then areas suitable for automation were proposed. The following sections present the steps necessary to obtain source data from external, publicly available suppliers, as well as tools for processing them in order to generate and process semi finished products (data tiles). The article discusses a number of problems encountered in the process of automatic generation of three dimensional models of buildings and areas, and also proposes and implements working software solutions. Finally, ways of synthesizing the generated and processed data into one coherent terrain model along with infrastructure elements and buildings were discussed.
Recently, water oxidation or oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in electrocatalysis has attracted huge attention due to its prime role in water splitting, rechargeable metal–air batteries, and fuel cells. Here, we demonstrate a facile and scalable fabrication method of a rod-like structure composed of molybdenum disulfide and carbon (MoS 2 /C) from parent 2D MoS 2 . This novel composite, induced via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, exhibits superior oxygen evolution performance (overpotential = 132 mV at 10 mA cm −2 and Tafel slope = 55.6 mV dec −1 ) in an alkaline medium. Additionally, stability tests of the obtained structures at 10 mA cm −2 during 10 h followed by 20 mA cm −2 during 5 h and 50 mA cm −2 during 2.5 h have been performed and clearly prove that MoS 2 /C can be successfully used as robust noble-metal-free electrocatalysts. The promoted activity of the rods is ascribed to the abundance of active surface (ECSA) of the catalyst induced due to the curvature effect during the reshaping of the composite from 2D precursor (MoS 2 ) in the CVD process. Moreover, the presence of Fe species contributes to the observed excellent OER performance. FeOOH, Fe 2 O 3 , and Fe 3 O 4 are known to possess favorable electrocatalytic properties, including high catalytic activity and stability, which facilitate the electrocatalytic reaction. Additionally, Fe-based species like Fe 7 C 3 and FeMo 2 S 5 offer synergistic effects with MoS 2 , leading to improved catalytic activity and durability due to their unique electronic structure and surface properties. Additionally, turnover frequency (TOF) (58 1/s at the current density of 10 mA cm −2 ), as a direct indicator of intrinsic activity, indicates the efficiency of this catalyst in OER. Based on ex situ analyzes (XPS, XRD, Raman) of the electrocatalyst the possible reaction mechanism is explored and discussed in great detail showing that MoS 2 , carbon, and iron oxide are the main active species of the reaction.
