This literature review addresses materials for the manufacture of phantoms of the mammary gland and neoplasms. Anthropomorphic phantoms imitate the appearance, internal texture, and ultrasound properties of human tissues. Phantoms are required for training doctors in methods of differential diagnosis and performing invasive manipulations under ultrasound control, such as biopsies. This article discusses the most common natural materials used for making breast phantoms with neoplasms, with different densities and echogenicities. These include, for example, animal meat, gelatin, olives, and other materials which are readily available and support the rapid creation of phantoms for training. However, these models are short-lived and unsafe from a sanitary point of view.
Static mechanical tests of an osseointegrative hip exoprosthesis system from OOO Newstep were conducted at the G. A. Albrecht Federal Scientific and Educational Center for Medical and Social Expertise and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation, in accordance with state standard GOST R ISO 10328–2021. Test results showed that the system is reliable and can withstand the required loads.
A mobile hardware and software system (thermomonitor) for multichannel recording (8 points) of human body temperature has been developed. Preliminary tests demonstrated the fundamental possibility of using body temperature data to assess human functional state during cardiorespiratory stress testing. The temperature recorded in the axilla during the stress phase showed a linear relationship (r = −0.97) with quantities of carbon dioxide emitted, as well as a stable correlation with the level of oxygen consumption. The temperature recorded at the elbow exhibited a linear relationship with heart rate (r = −0.98).
The development of an effective magnetic tool for extracting ferromagnetic foreign bodies (fragments) from human soft tissue is a pressing medical challenge—which is relevant to national security because of the frequent mine, blast, and shrapnel wounds suffered by fighters in the Special Military Operation and the world’s population. The concept of gentle probing for fragments and their extraction through wound channels under antiseptic conditions was applied to the development of the basic design of a probing elastically deformable magnetic extractor, incorporating blocks of ring-shaped high-coercivity permanent magnets (HCPM) made of N38 neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) alloy. The geometric relationships of the HCPM blocks in the magnetic extractor were optimized by finite element analysis of their magnetic fields using the ELCUT 6.0 software package (professional version).
Data were obtained relating the level (proportion) of radiation scattered in an external additional filter in the total X‑ray flux to the geometric parameters of the tests (the distance from the focus of the X‑ray emitter to the measurement plane and the size of the radiation field in the measurement plane). These results showed that the contribution of scattered radiation to the total X‑ray flux, subject to the requirements of current standards, can reach 14
Studies using numerical simulation of an inductive power transfer module for charging of a neurostimulator battery were performed. The influence of the relative positions of the transmitting and receiving inductance coils was investigated for battery charge boundary states of 0 and 100
This article addresses the issues of synchronization of pneumogram and cardiorhythmogram signals during their registration. The work compared two methods for forming pneumogram and cardiorhythmogram series used to identify correlations between these processes by calculating the correlation ratio. The results of these studies showed that the method of synchronous registration of pneumogram and cardiorhythmogram signals proposed by the authors gives an increase in the adequacy of the assessment of the correlation ratio, increasing the reliability of diagnostic conclusions formed on the basis of data on the strength of the relationship between these processes.
A technique for representing speech signals based on adaptive decomposition into empirical modes and its modifications is proposed. The principle of the technique is that each new combined speech signal reflects the hidden structural features of the original data. The results of testing the technique demonstrate the potential for increasing the efficiency of speech signal processing for filtration, segmentation, and extraction of informative parameters. Implementation of the technique can form the basis for filtration systems, speech/pause segmentation, and the medical diagnosis of speech pathologies.
A new hardware-software system for recording high-resolution electroencephalograms using noiseless nanosensors is presented. This system is able to record electroencephalograms with a sampling frequency of 16 kHz in the frequency range from 0 to 3.5 kHz at a level of 1 nV. Results of preliminary studies of the psychoemotional state of volunteers identified a relationship between signal energies in different amplitude and time intervals in the range from 1 to 650 nV.
A technique for segmentation of speech signals into tonal components for monitoring postoperative voice dysfunction is proposed. The technique is based on the Teager energy operator, which increases sensitivity to amplitude and frequency changes in dysphonia. Validation using clinical data (1000 signals from 21 patients) demonstrated low segmentation errors: 1.9
Dual-wavelength laser systems are a relatively new technology in dermatology. Simultaneous exposure of the skin to different wavelengths is used to achieve optimal treatment results. Based on numerical modeling results, the parameters of copper vapor laser (CVL) radiation with different ratios of power at the green (511 nm) and yellow (578 nm) wavelengths were selected for the treatment of skin diseases. The depth of tissue photodestruction and selective vascular coagulation was calculated when the ratio of power levels at the yellow and green wavelengths and exposure time were changed.
A method for producing flexible strain-sensitive sensors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide is described. The effect of laser radiation at 1064 nm at different mean power levels on the morphology and mechanical and electrical properties of the sensors was studied. A technical solution for using the sensors in joint rehabilitation is proposed.
This paper presents results from the development of a hardware/software system capable of remotely monitoring changes in respiratory system activity parameters. The system comprises an Orbbec Astra Embedded STM camera and proprietary software. Methods for calibrating the system are discussed, and the accuracy of measuring respiratory rate and volume is estimated for both undressed volunteers and volunteers under blankets. The system is shown to be able to measure changes in respiratory parameters in the chest and abdomen and to detect specific episodes of respiratory activity (apnea/hypopnea, wave-like changes) and changes in subjects’ posture during nighttime investigations.
This article presents a comparative analysis of existing modern equipment for addressing challenges in the rehabilitation of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The most effective devices are selected on the basis of the operating principle and recovery rate, and the known advantages of such devices are discussed. The needs for these devices to be refined and for the further development of innovative high-tech equipment for individual neurorehabilitation of patients, allowing for monitoring patients’ conditions and reducing the risk of relapse, is grounded in evidence. Recommendations for improving equipment for rehabilitation of patients with CNS disorders are offered.
The results of a comparative study of the dynamics of thrombus formation in donor venous blood mixed with powdered hemostatic agents using a proprietary testing method are presented. A distinctive feature of the samples developed by the authors is their combined composition (sodium carboxymethylcellulose and deep-sea squid collagen). The study used a minimal test sample weight to avoid affecting blood viscosity (selected individually for each case). Clot organization was then assessed by thromboelastography using the proprietary method. The study revealed significant differences in all experimental groups across the parameters assessed, suggesting the potential for developing new hemostatic agents comparable to modern analogs.
This article reviews data on noninvasive diagnostic methods in medicine. The physical principles, algorithms, and signal processing methods for noninvasive blood screening are described. Particular attention is paid to noninvasive hemoglobinometers. The accuracy of noninvasive devices is compared with that of traditional invasive devices.
This article identifies the challenges arising on reconstruction of medical images obtained using computed tomography. Various methods for evaluating medical images are considered, along with a parameter determining the quality of image reproduction—detail accuracy. A new method for assessing the detail accuracy of image information is presented and a software implementation of these methods is demonstrated. These new methods allow the conditions and parameters of the reproduction process to be considered and recommendations for image correction to be developed.
We describe here a method for modeling the radiation output of an X‑ray tube taking account of the influences of various characteristics of the anodes of X‑ray tubes. The proposed method for determining radiation output is shown to yield more accurate results than traditional methods and can be used in the design of new X‑ray tubes and emitters.
This article presents results obtained from testing an experimental prototype of a device for the safe storage of platelet-containing transfusion media (PCTM). The effects of the time and temperature factors on the stability of platelet parameters were studied. The device developed here was compared with an imported analog.
The challenge of extracting features from biomedical images with complex compositions is considered. A system for generating descriptions of biomedical images has been developed, which allows doctors and specialists to calculate the features of objects of study interest with subsequent analysis of the informativeness of the features. With the aim of analyzing the effectiveness of the system developed here, studies were conducted for two types of objects—bone marrow cells and pathological and normal computed tomography images. The experiments showed that in the case of bone marrow images containing nuclei, an accuracy of 78.52
