Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly applied to conventional oral photographs for recognition, classification, localization, segmentation, and risk assessment of oral mucosal lesions. This systematic review evaluated how clinically relevant visual information—including color, texture, morphology, borders, and spatial patterns—is represented by AI systems and assessed performance, validation, explainability, human comparison, and clinical translation. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies directly analyzing conventional white‐light clinical photographs. Risk of bias was assessed with PROBAST + AI, and certainty with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation‐based approaches. Fifty‐three studies were included, 30 published in 2025–2026. Forty‐six used implicit deep‐learning visual representations, three multimodal vision‐language models, two explicit color analyses, and two explicit texture analyses. Thirty‐one studies primarily addressed image‐level diagnostic classification/recognition, 15 spatial detection/localization or lesion delineation, six screening/triage/referral or biopsy‐oriented decision support, and one longitudinal malignant‐transformation prediction. Six used independent external cohorts and five compared AI with human readers. Methodological concerns were frequent, no sufficiently coherent group supported meta‐analysis, and certainty remained limited across evidence bodies. Current evidence therefore supports technical feasibility rather than established clinical effectiveness, with translation requiring stronger patient‐level independence, external validation, prospective multicenter evaluation, and evidence of clinical benefit.
Abstract Theobromine has been proposed as a non‐fluoride remineralizing alternative; however, its cellular biocompatibility in oral cell models remains insufficiently characterized. This study compared the cytocompatibility of a theobromine‐containing varnish with two fluoride‐containing varnishes in human gingival fibroblast cell line (HGF‐1). HGF‐1 cells were exposed to extracts prepared from Group 1, Rennou Varnish; Group 2, MI Varnish; and Group 3, Clinpro Clear Fluoride Treatment at concentrations ranging from 0.0625% to 2%. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were evaluated using MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays after 24 h. Cell migration was assessed by wound‐healing assay using IC 50 /2 concentrations. Estimated IC 50 values were 0.611% for Group 1, 0.056% for Group 2, and 0.117% for Group 3, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Group 1 maintained higher viability and lower LDH release than the fluoride‐containing varnishes across most concentrations. Migration was comparable between Groups 1 and 2, whereas Group 3 caused the greatest reduction. These findings should be interpreted as preliminary formulation‐level in vitro responses of commercial varnish extracts and should not be attributed to the intrinsic cytocompatibility of any single active ingredient or excipient.
Third molar (M3) may potentially cause occlusal interference, disrupt occlusal balance, alter temporomandibular joint (TMJ) loading, and impair the functional homeostasis of the stomatognathic system. This study conducted finite element method (FEM) on seven typical M3 conditions, analyzed its effects on occlusal and joint loading, and built an analytic biomechanical model to explore the regulatory mechanism of mandibular morphological parameters. Results revealed that (1) the presence of M3 would elevate TMJ functional load for all seven cases, in comparison to congenital absence case (control model [CM]). (2) Moreover, both occlusally functional (four erupted) and non-occluded (three impacted) cases of M3 presence could shift bite force to the posterior dentition and TMJ. (3) With constant masticatory muscle force, greater relative occlusal plane height (h) and length (L) would reduce TMJ loading. However, the load trends between dentition and TMJ could be reversed in consideration of periodontal ligament (PDL) negative feedback, wherein the load tendency is consistent with clinical data. In conclusion, the M3 presence would hinder the dispersion of occlusal forces in the stomatognathic system, and consequently aggravate stress environments in TMJ. The extraction of M3 could be potentially beneficial for alleviating the stress situation in TMJ due to the increase of relative occlusal plane height.
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the corrosion resistance of three types of Co–Cr alloys manufactured by casting or selective laser melting (SLM). Six Co–Cr dental alloys were classified into three different types according to their formulation (containing Mo, W, or both as alloying elements) and according to the manufacturing process, namely, casting or SLM. Then the electrochemical properties were characterized by Anodic Polarization Scanning (AS) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in Ringer's and 0.1 M NaCl +0.1 M lactic acid solutions. E corr , I corr , E pit , and corrosion rate (CR) were estimated by AS and statistically analyzed ( α = 0.05). The EIS data fitted to a Randles circuit. Electrochemical testing revealed statistically significant differences for E corr and E pit among the alloys tested in the same solution, whereas no differences were identified in I corr or CR. The Nyquist plots exhibited semicircular profiles, indicating that the electrochemical response was predominantly controlled by charge transfer processes. For all groups, CR was found much higher in the acidic 0.1 M lactic acid + 0.1 M NaCl solution than in Ringer's one. The results of this study showed that CR depended on the solution rather than alloy type or manufacturing process.
