Demografik dönüşüm sürecinde nüfusun yaş bileşiminde meydana gelen değişimler, iş gücü arzı ve toplumsal cinsiyet temelli emek dağılımı üzerinde belirleyici etkiler ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Demografik değişim kuramının öngördüğü üzere doğurganlık ve ölümlülük oranlarındaki gerileme, çocuk ve yaşlı nüfusun göreli ağırlığını dönüştürmekte; bu dönüşüm bakım gereksiniminin düzeyini ve niteliğini yeniden şekillendirmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de çocuk bağımlılık oranı, yaşlı bağımlılık oranı ve toplam bağımlılık oranı bakım yükünün demografik vekilleri olarak ele alınmakta ve kadın iş gücüne katılım üzerindeki etkileri yıllık veriler kullanılarak Otoregresif Dağıtılmış Gecikme (ARDL) yaklaşımı çerçevesinde analiz edilmektedir. Bulgular, kadın iş gücüne katılım ile demografik bağımlılık oranları arasında uzun dönemli bir eş bütünleşme ilişkisi bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Çocuk bağımlılık oranı uzun dönemde katılımı azaltıcı yönde anlamlı bir etki üretirken yaşlı bağımlılığın etkisi daha çok kısa dönem dinamikler üzerinden ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sonuçlar, demografik dönüşüm sürecinde kadın istihdamının sürdürülebilir biçimde artırılabilmesi için bakım hizmetlerinin kurumsal kapasitesinin belirleyici olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
This research provides a critical analysis of the historically gendered relationship between the state and the individual, revealing how state structures have long been dominated by patriarchal norms that systematically exclude women from political and institutional domains. While the state has functioned as a central mechanism for organising social order, its evolution has predominantly reflected male experiences and authority. Through a historical and theoretical lens, this research explores the ideological foundations of gender inequality embedded in state institutions from antiquity to the modern era. The study assesses the effectiveness of international frameworks, particularly those of the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU), in fostering women’s empowerment. It further evaluates Türkiye’s progress toward aligning with these standards. Drawing on legal, historical, and statistical evidence, the findings expose enduring structural and cultural barriers to gender parity. The study concludes with concrete policy recommendations aimed at promoting gender-sensitive governance and inclusive development.
Türkiye İstatistik Kanununun 2005 yılında yürürlüğe girmesi sonrasında resmi istatistiklerin üretim süreçlerinden TÜİK ile birlikte Resmi İstatistik Programı’nda yer alan kurum ve kuruluşlar da sorumlu olmaktadır. Türkiye İstatistik Sistemi’nde yer alan tüm bu kurum ve kuruluşlar idari kayıtlardan resmi istatistik ürettikleri gibi araştırma sonuçlarına dayalı resmi istatistikler de üretebilmektedir. Birleşmiş Milletler, Avrupa Birliği, OECD gibi uluslararası kuruluşlar ve ulusal istatistik ofisleri resmi istatistik üretim süreçlerinde çeşitli kalite ilkelerini takip etmektedir. “Doğruluk ve Güvenilirlik” ilkesi bu ilkelerden biri olup bu başlık altında kalite değerlendirmesi “kesinlik” kavramı ile yapılmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de yapılan ekonomik ve sosyal araştırmaların sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi için kesinlik gereksinimlerini temel alan bir uygulama yaklaşımı önererek ilgili kurum ve kuruluşlar tarafından yapılacak araştırmaların kalitesini bu yönüyle artırmaktır. Bu amaçla, EUROSTAT’ın yanı sıra çeşitli ulusal istatistik ofisleri ve TÜİK’in kesinlik gereksinimi uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda önerilen yaklaşım, kalite unsurunun yanı sıra sonuçların yayımlanma veya kamuoyu ile paylaşılmasına ilişkin öneriler de içermektedir. Sınırlı kaynaklarla yapılan bu araştırmalarda kalite unsurunu dikkate almadan yayımlanacak sonuçlar yanlış yönlendirmelere neden olabilir. Kesinlik gereksinimleri kullanarak yapılmasını önerdiğimiz kalite değerlendirmesi ile düşük kesinliğe sahip tahminlere dayalı politika üretilmesinin önüne geçilerek kamuda olası bir kaynak israfının önüne geçilebileceği düşünülmektedir.
The local environment plays a vital role in later life, influencing the inclusivity and responsiveness of communities to the challenges of ageing. This study examines civic engagement as a form of social capital that promotes social sustainability and enhancing quality of life among adults aged 50 and over. Using data from Wave 8 (2020) of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) across ten European countries (n = 19,445), the study focuses on the role of transnational ageing and age-friendly policy as a key dimension of the local environment. The findings reveal a positive relationship between civic engagement and quality of life, underscoring the importance of policy frameworks that support both social and environmental sustainability. Our results highlight the need for policy action and the creation of resilient, age-friendly communities. Our study makes a significant contribution to the literature on civic engagement of older population by using the Active Ageing Index (AAI) as structural context. The AAI offers a novel analytical tool by providing a multidimensional understanding of older people’s contributions to society and the environmental conditions that facilitate active ageing. Future research should incorporate rural urban differences to ensure equal access to resources for all older adults.
Beklenen yaşam sürelerinin artması ve doğurganlık hızının azalması, dünya genelinde yaşlı nüfus oranının giderek artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu durum sosyal güvenlik sistemleri, sigortacılık sektörü ve ekonomik politikalar üzerinde olumsuz etkiler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de ileri yaş ölümlülüğü için Gompertz, Makeham-Gompertz, Perks, Weibull, Beard ve Kannisto ölümlülük modelleri karşılaştırılmış ve en uygun model tespit edilmiştir. 80-98 yaş aralığındaki ölüm hızları pürüzsüzleştirilmiş (smoothing) ve 99-120 yaşları için uzatma işlemleri yapılarak 2009-2022 yıllarını kapsayan ileri yaş hayat tabloları oluşturulmuştur. En uygun modelin Kannisto olduğu belirlenmiş ve elde edilen ölüm hızları Lee-Carter yöntemi yardımıyla 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2045 ve 2050 yılları için tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar ilerleyen yıllarda ileri yaşlarda ölüm hızlarındaki artışın azalacağına ve bununla birlikte beklenen yaşam sürelerinde artış trendi olacağına işaret etmektedir. Toplumdaki ileri yaş nüfusunun artması ekonomik ve sosyal politikalarda düzenlemeler gerektirmektedir. Bu nedenle ileri yaş nüfusunun incelenmesi ve modellenmesi önem arz etmektedir.
Bu araştırma, Türkiye’ye göç eden Suriyeli üniversite öğrencilerinin kültürleşme süreçlerini toplumsal cinsiyet, iletişim ve bölgesel farklılıklar ekseninde incelemektedir. Çalışma, Gaziantep ve İstanbul’da yürütülmüş olup, iki farklı bölgenin sosyo-kültürel yapılarının kültürleşme süreçlerine etkisini karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Araştırmada yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşme yöntemi kullanılmış, göçmen öğrencilerle bire bir yapılan mülakatlarla deneyimleri detaylı şekilde incelenmiştir. Bulgular, göç sürecinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini yeniden şekillendirdiğini ve kadınlar ile erkekler arasında farklı kültürleşme yönelimleri yarattığını göstermektedir. Kadınlar, sosyo-kültürel uyumda daha aktif olup dil becerileri ve sosyal ağlar yoluyla entegrasyonlarını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Erkekler ise ekonomik güvencesizlik, toplumsal dışlanma ve vatandaşlık statüsü gibi faktörlerden etkilenerek kimliklerini koruma eğiliminde olup, daha çok ayrılma yönelimi sergilemektedir. Bölgesel farklılıklar da süreci doğrudan etkilemektedir. İstanbul’da göçmenler, çok kültürlü ortamdan yararlanabilmekte ancak ayrımcılıkla karşılaşma korkusuyla kimliklerini gizleme ve fiziksel görünümlerini değiştirme eğilimindedir. Gaziantep’te ise Suriyeliler, kimliklerini daha açık ifade edebilmekte; ancak ev sahibi toplumla etkileşimleri daha sınırlı kalmaktadır. Sonuçlar, kültürleşme sürecinin yalnızca bireysel tercihlerle değil, toplumsal cinsiyet, iletişim biçimleri ve bölgesel bağlamla şekillendiğini göstermektedir. Ev sahibi toplumun tutumu, göçmenlerin uyum sürecinde kritik bir faktör olup iletişim kanallarının açık olması kültürel entegrasyonu kolaylaştırmaktadır.
Türkiye, son yıllarda nüfusunu yenileyebilme kabiliyetini olağanüstü bir hızla yitiren ülkelerden biri olmuştur. 2017 yılında nüfusun kendini yenileme eşiği olan 2,1’in altına inen doğurganlık hızı, aralıksız ve keskin düşüşüne devam ederek 2024 yılında 1,48 ile Cumhuriyet tarihinin en düşük seviyesine ulaşmıştır. Bu dramatik düşüşün nedenleri arasında ilk evlenme yaşının yükselmesi, boşanma hızlarının artması, ilk doğumda anne yaşının yükselmesi ve tek kişilik hanelerin yaygınlaşması gibi demografik dönüşümler gösterilebilir. Yaşanan demografik dönüşümler neticesinde, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu verilerine göre Türkiye’nin demografik fırsat penceresinin 2030’lu yılların ortasına doğru kapanacağı öngörülmektedir. Söz konusu çalışma, demografik fırsat penceresinin beklenenden hızlı bir şekilde kapanma eğiliminde olmasının, sosyal dinamiklerin yanı sıra iktisadi istikrar üzerinde doğuracağı muhtemel etkileri ele almaktadır. Yeni doğan bebek sayısındaki düşüş trendi neticesinde, 2030 yılına kadar ilkokul çağındaki öğrenci sayısında yaklaşık 900 bin kişilik bir azalma (%20) yaşanabileceği hesaplanmıştır. Bu azalma dolayısıyla, ilk aşamada okul öncesi ve daha sonra ilköğretim kademesinde keskin bir talep düşüşü beklenmektedir. Eğitim sektörünün yanı sıra ebe, kadın doğum uzmanı ve çocuk doktoru gibi sağlık profesyonellerine yönelik emek talebinin de benzer oranda gerilemesi söz konusudur. Ayrıca çocuklara yönelik gıda, giyim, eğlence ve kültür sektörlerinde kalıcı bir iktisadi daralmanın ortaya çıkması muhtemeldir. Çalışmada ayrıca doğurganlığın hızlı düşüşü akabinde kısa vadede oluşabilecek iktisadi sorunların hafifletilmesine yönelik önerilere de yer verilmiştir.
Türkiye's demographic and economic structure have undergone significant changes in recent decades. These demographic and labor market transformations have continued to unfold, rendering the earlier findings a valuable yet incomplete benchmark. Özgören and Koç (2008) provided a foundational assessment of male working life expectancy based on static life tables for 1980, 1990, and 2000. As of 2023, shifts in age structure, urbanization, and labor force dynamics call for an updated analysis. This study aims to assess the evolution of working life expectancy and uncover persistent or emerging structural divides in Türkiye’s labor market.In this study, NUTS-1 level working life tables are constructed for the male population, reflecting both comparative and methodological considerations. The primary data for this study are drawn from two sources: 2023 Labor Force Statistics and Mortality Data produced by TURKSTAT. The findings reveal significant regional disparities in the duration and timing of working life. Rural and agricultural regions such as East Black Sea and Northeast Anatolia demonstrate longer male working life spans. Conversely, more urbanized regions like Istanbul and West Anatolia exhibit shorter working life expectancies and longer non-working years, shaped by extended education, early labor market exits, and more formal employment structures with institutionalized retirement pathways.
"The demographic structure and fertility level of the population in two slum areas [in Turkey's Antalya Province]...were investigated with a cross-sectional study in 1989. It was found that the distribution of population by age groups differed and especially the fertility measurements were high in the new area in relation to various social and demographic characteristics. In order to facilitate and accelerate the transition period of slum communities, it is necessary to provide health education, mother and child health and family planning services." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
The authors analyze determinants of child mortality in northeastern Libya. "This study...attempts to (i) estimate the average child mortality by selected socio-demographic factors, (ii) discriminate the couples by child mortality level, and (iii) identify the important social factors which influence mortality." (EXCERPT)
"The 1980s witnessed the emergence of an applied subdiscipline within demography that is coming to be termed Health Demography. Health Demography can be defined as the application of concepts, contents, methods and techniques of demography to the study of health status, health behaviour and health care. It should be noted that unlike the clinical study of health, the emphasis is on the study of populations and not individuals...." (EXCERPT)
People from Turkey have been major participants in international migration for more than three decades. Hundreds of thousands have gone abroad since the early 1960s, particularly to Western Europe, but also, to a much lesser extent, to Australia, and later, in larger numbers than to Australia, to Arab countries, and more recently to the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). This essay discusses trends and patterns in migration from Turkey to Arab countries since the late 1960s. It relates this migratory movement to the wider context of Turkish emigration. By examining the ongoing migration ties between Turkey and the receiving Arab countries, the paper concludes with a discussion of likely migration flows and their implications
"The main objective of the study is to answer the question... How does [the] decision-making process in marriage formation work in Turkey? Data used in the study come from the 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey.... Educational level of women...has [a] much more powerful effect on [the] decision-making process in marriage formation than the educational level of husbands. The role of women in the process of marriage formation increases as the educational level of women increases." (EXCERPT)
This study examines the welfare of female-headed households in Turkey during 1978-93. Data were obtained from the 1978 Turkish Fertility Survey, the 1987 Household Income and Consumption Expenditures Survey, the 1988 Turkish Population and Health Survey, and the 1993 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey. Duben and Behar (1996) report that female headship was 19.3% in 1885 and 14.7% in 1907 in Istanbul. About 40% of female heads of household were living alone in 1885 and 1907. In 1993, the percentage of female headship was 11.4% in Istanbul, with about 35% living alone. During 1950-93, the proportion of households headed by women increased by about 64%. Female headship peaked at 10.4% in 1978, declined during 1978-88, and increased again by 14% during 1988-93. High female headship during the 1970s may have been due to emigration of male labor, which swelled during the early 1960s and 1970s. A labor agreement with Libya in 1975 diverted migration to North Africa and then to the Middle East. After 1974, migration of Turkish workers was replaced by family reunification. The Turkish labor market changed markedly during 1973-80. Many of the families left behind due to migration joined extended families. During 1978-93, urban households were more likely to be headed by women. Female headship was lowest in the south in 1978 and in the north in 1993. Female household heads were more likely to be disadvantaged in both years. In 1993, over 50% of female household heads and only 11.3% of male household heads had no education. 20% of female household heads and 80% of male household heads were in the labor force in 1978 and 1993. Female household heads in the labor force were less likely to be covered by the social security system. 62% of female household heads and 38% of male household heads are in the low-income group. One in 10 households in Turkey is female-headed, and 1 in 6 low-income household heads is female.
This article examines the influence of demographic trends and economic development within Turkey on emigration to Europe. Turkey negotiated migration recruitment agreements with Germany in 1961; with the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, France, and Sweden during 1964-67. About 3 million Turks presently live in Western Europe, which is the largest foreign population in Europe. 4.8% of the Turkish population are migrants to Europe. The largest Turkish population resides in Germany (2 million migrant Turks). The Turkish government supported emigration due to high unemployment and the need for remittances. During the late 1990s, migration to Europe has been mostly related to spouse selection of Turks by Turkish emigrants, political motivations, and clandestine labor emigration. New Turkish emigrants outnumbered return migrants during 1973-81 and 1986-94. Migration patterns showed more return migrants than emigrants during 1982-85. The balance between emigrants and return migrants was 17,347 emigrants (to Germany) in 1994. During the 1990s, Turks migrated mostly to the Commonwealth of Independent States, followed by North African and Persian Gulf countries. Most recent migrations are project-related among semiskilled and skilled men. Turkey is the 17th most populous country in the world. 59% of Turks in 1990 lived in cities. The median age is 22 years, which creates an imbalance of more persons seeking to enter the job market than those retiring. During the 1990s, Turkey was the destination of Iranians, Bulgarians, Iraqis, Bosnians, and Africans from Ghana and Nigeria. Turkish migration potential is determined by insufficient employment opportunities, the welfare gap, and perceived income differences between Turkey and Europe. Other key factors include institutional factors and the distribution of power in Turkey.
This study examined quality of care (QOC) among a sample of 378 women from two low-income communities (Sefakoy and Halkali in Kucukcekmece District) in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1992. Data were obtained from questionnaires and site visits with structured checklists. Istanbul's TFR was 2.2 in 1990, but fertility varies within the city by socioeconomic factors. The growth rate is 4.5%. Sefakoy has had a home visitor project since 1991 that trains community women to serve as family planning counselors and providers. Halkali has a few government family planning service sites, but no home visit program. The sample of women had a mean age of 31.5 years. 66% had completed primary school. 90% were housewives. The Sefakoy women scored significantly higher on the SES index. Among ever users, the most recently used contraceptive method included 41.5% for the IUD, 29.9% for condoms, and 18.0% for the pill. 38.0% of current users relied on an IUD, 19.4% used condoms, and 14.6% used withdrawal. Over 85% reported joint decisions for fertility issues. Findings indicate that trained women from the community are competent to deliver high-quality family planning information and counseling. In contrast, doctors and nurses in health settings scored low on the QOC index. The highest QOC scores were found among community workers and private doctors. Multivariate analysis reveals that women with more education reported better information and counseling. Quality scores varied by type of family planning method. The best information and counseling occurred among women who accepted the pill, followed by spermicides, the IUD, and condoms. Constraints to public family planning services were limited hours of operation, inadequate training, limited method choice, supply problems, limited IEC, inadequate record keeping, and lack of proper equipment and procedures for assuring infection control.
The author studies "the impacts of different socio-demographic variables on fertility of couples experiencing differential child mortality in North-Eastern Libya. The test of equality of regression coefficients of any particular variable is also suggested. Results show that the regression coefficients in the fitted linear regression line of fertility of child loss mothers are significantly different than those in fitted linear regression lines of fertility of mothers without child loss." (EXCERPT)
The literature suggests that peoples migration experiences often include several episodes of locational change with entire move sequences planned at the time of the initial migration decision. If the information contained in the available longitudinal data on individual migration histories is to be accurately interpreted the statistical framework must be consistent with the decision process which generates the migration histories. The prospect of remigration one of the important elements of the migration decision which must be incorporated into any statistical framework used to address longitudinal data is examined. The author develops a Bivariate Probit Model of the migration/remigration decision which allows for interdependence between the initial and subsequent migration decisions and tests the joint model upon longitudinal internal migration data from Turkey. Several specification issues which applied researchers must confront are addressed.
This article describes the population structure in Turkey over the past 70 years and presents population projections for the period 1990-2025. Demographic patterns and economic development vary widely within Turkey. Population increased from 13 million to about 60 million during 1923-95. The annual population growth rate was 2.2%. Turkey is one of the 20 most populous countries of the world. The government of Turkey maintained a pronatalist policy until the mid-1960s. The Population Planning Law of 1965 allowed limited imports of contraceptives. In 1983 the law was revised and liberalized to allow abortion up to the 10th gestation week and voluntary surgical sterilization. Past high fertility and growth rates are evident in the young population age structure. In the early 1990s the crude birth rate was about 25/1000. Contraceptive prevalence in 1993 was 63% of total married women in reproductive ages, but only 34.5% relied on effective methods. Withdrawal was the most popular method. Over 66% of women in 1993 reported a desire to stop childbearing, and 14% desired a delay in childbearing. Ideal family size was 2.4 children. The total fertility rate in 1993 was 2.7 children compared to 3.4 in 1988. Infant mortality declined to 53/1000 in the early 1990s. Maternal mortality was 132/1000 live births. Life expectancy was 63 years for males and 68 years for females. 51.4% of the population was urban in 1993. Net in-migration is expected until 2010. Population, under the medium variant, is expected to reach 66 million in 2000 and 87 million in 2025. Under the low variant and a fertility rate decline to 1.58 by 2025, population would reach about 84 million by 2025. Although Turkey remains different from European Union (EU) countries in socioeconomic and demographic profiles, Turkey is a middle-income country and offers the EU an important human resource.
Rural out-migration is one of the most important variables for normal population adjustment, equilibrium, and urbanization trends. In most countries, the urban population is growing faster than the rural population as rural residents migrate to cities in search of jobs. Analysis of the migration process at the micro-level has proved useful in recent years, with a number of studies appearing in both developed and developing countries. Household characteristics are bound to play a role in an individual's decision to move or not to move. Typically, an adult male aged 15 years or older migrates alone from his village, or individuals migrate together with their families. A probability model is established for the out-migration system from the household which includes both migration patterns. The suitability of the model is then studied through sample survey demographic data collected in 1978.
