Abstract The objective of this work was to construct a DNA fingerprinting database of 40 core mung bean (Vigna radiata) germplasm using the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers identified by genotyping-by-sequencing. After a rigorous filtering, 2,987,425 high-quality SNPs with a high ratio of transitions to transversions (1.97) were obtained, which were mainly synonymous or nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants, located in intergenic regions and 1.0-kb regions upstream of the transcriptional start sites. The principal component analysis, population structural analysis, and genetic evolutionary tree analysis indicated that the 40 evaluated germplasms were best classified into three groups, which, however, were inconsistent with their geographical origins, indicating that the genetic backgrounds of these germplasms are complex and diverse. Through stringent selection criteria, 25,611 of these high-quality SNPs were successfully converted into KASP markers. The mean values of polymorphism information content, minor allele frequency, and heterozygosity of these KASP markers were 0.366, 0.421, and 0.04, respectively. Finally, 50 core KASP markers were filtered out, and eight of these were verified as able to effectively construct the genetic fingerprints of the 40 core mung bean germplasms.
Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate genetic inheritance, selection gain, and simultaneous selection for multiple traits of interest in segregating wheat populations. Crosses were performed between genotypes 'Frontana', 'CD 1440', 'CD 105', and 'BRS Sabiá' and the F1 and F2 generations; the parents were sown in a field in 2020. From each plant, traits were obtained for germination in the spike, days from emergence to heading, plant height, number of tillers per plant, spike mass, number of spikelets per spike, grain mass per spike, number of grains per spike, and plant grain mass. In addition to the means, the following parameters were obtained: phenotypic, genetic, and environmental variances; broad-sense heritability; and selection gain. All traits showed quantitative inheritance controlled by many genes and influenced by the environment. In most traits, the segregated F2 populations closely resembled the parents, notably for sprouting in the ear, influenced by the environment. Days from emergence to heading and plant height showed a high heritability and good selection gains, while yield components showed variability for advancements in selection. Simultaneous selection reduced the number of superior individuals, reinforcing the importance of using multivariate methodologies. Thus, the genetic progress depends on strategies that consider quantitative inheritance and adopt multivariate approaches to maximize gains.
Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the morphological traits of advanced lines of garlic of different origins, under the agroclimatic conditions of Guanajuato, Mexico. This research was conducted in the autumn-winter cycle of 2023–2024, in the Bajío Experimental Station, in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. Twenty-eight morphological traits were determined in 16 advanced garlic lines, based on the guidelines established by the International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and correspondence analysis. Morphological differences were found in 22 of the 28 traits that showed diversity among the lines. Five groups were identified in the cluster analysis, representing different genetic pools. The main traits used to distinguish these groups were the position of cloves at the tip of the bulb, position of the root disc, ground colour and thickness of dry external scales, and attitude of foliage. These traits can be used as criteria to select elite lines for garlic breeding.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of gamma radiation and ethyl methanesulfonate application to four lentil cultivars (Firat-87, Koc-21, Tigris, and Sakar) under both growth chamber and field conditions. One thousand seeds from each cultivar were subjected to gamma radiation doses of 100, 200, and 300 Gy and to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mmol L-1. Fifty seed from each cultivar were used to record seedling traits; and the remaining seed were sown as M1 generation in the field. For all cultivars, gamma radiation and EMS concentrations showed significant effects on seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and root dry weight. The median growth reduction varied from 278.5 to 337.3 Gy for gamma radiation, and from 49.03 to 86.029 mmol L-1 for EMS. In the field experiments, plant height, first pod height, number of flowers, pods, and seed per plant were investigated in the M1 generation. All gamma radiation doses, especially 300 Gy, caused a reduction in the evaluated traits in every cultivar. Regarding EMS, concentrations higher than 40 mmol L-1 caused a reduction in all analyzed traits in every cultivar, except in Tigris. Therefore, the Tigris lentil cultivar shows potential for mutant selection for high-yield and yield traits.
Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate nitrogen balance in a soybean-ryegrass system, influenced by off-season N fertilization, sheep grazing, and timing of phosphorus and potassium replacement. A long-term four-year experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The present study was carried out in the fourth crop season, when data from three replicates were collected. The split-plot experimental design was adopted. The plots were arranged in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two grazing levels (grazed and ungrazed) and two times of P2O5 and K2O replacement (in summer or winter), whereas the subplots received different N rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha-1 N). The analyzed variables were total dry mass yield, N accumulation in ryegrass, and soybean metrics such as biological N fixation (BNF), grain yield, and partial N balance (PNB). The highest rates of N in ryegrass increased grain yield by 14% in grazed areas. The replacement of P2O5 and K2O in winter boosted grain yield by 11%. Off-season N fertilization increased N balance due to the increase in dry mass yield and N cycling, alleviating the negative PNB caused by soybean, regardless of the timing of P2O5 e K2O replacement and grazing or not by sheep.
Abstract The objective of this work was to estimate the frequency of favorable genotypes in the gene markers CAPN1 316, CAPN1 4751, CAPN3, and CAST c.2832 in Brazilian Brahman cattle. A total of 108 DNA samples from purebred Brahman cattle were analyzed to genotype the animals for each marker through polymerase chain reaction and direct Sanger sequencing. These samples were originated from 54 bulls and 54 cows used as semen and oocyte donors, respectively. The genotype frequencies, known to be associated with meat tenderness, were 48% AA in CAST and 14% GG in CAPN3. CAST has been used in the selection of animals with a meat tenderness phenotype across various cattle breeds, including Brahman cattle from other countries. The CC genotype, which is favorable in CAPN1 316 and CAPN1 4751, was not identified in the analyzed samples. The highest prevalence of the AA genotype in CAST observed in bulls and cows used in purebred breeding programs in Brazil indicates that this marker can be used to guide mating strategies in order to increase the frequency of this genotype and enhance meat tenderness.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), the Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract, the Trichoderma harzianum fungus, and their combinations on the horticultural potential of strawberry plants grown in substrate in a greenhouse. Eight treatments were studied: the absence and presence of bioinputs, represented by AMF, A. nodosum (AN), T. harzianum (TH), AMF+AN, AMF+TH, AN+TH, and AMF+AN+TH, arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. Fruit yield and quality were evaluated. The use of bioinputs did not change fruit yield, but prolonged the end of the production cycle. Treatments TH and AMF improve fruit quality regarding total anthocyanin and flavonoid contents. The use of bioinputs improves fruit quality of strawberry plants, but has no effect on fruit yield.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate tilapia gelatin with pepper extract as a sausage coating, applied through immersion and spraying. The treatments were: control (without coating), coating by immersion and spraying, and coating with the extract by immersion and spraying. The pepper extract showed a high phenolic content (217.9 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram) and antioxidant activity. All coated sausages presented a lower peroxide index than the control. The sausages coated with pepper extract showed a lower oxidation rate. However, no significant differences were observed between the application methods and antimicrobial activity of the coatings. Tilapia gelatin with pepper extract as a coating has proven to be an alternative to reduce lipid oxidation in meat products and preserve their quality.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the weed control efficacy of different plant-derived natural compounds in post-emergence applications. The treatments were alcohol+water (50% v/v), carvacrol (2.5% v/v), eugenol (2.5% v/v), thymol (2.5% v/v), trans-anethole (2.5% v/v), cinnamaldehyde (2.5% v/v), and an untreated control. The natural compounds followed a decreasing order of effectiveness: carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, trans-anethole, and cinnamaldehyde. Trans-anethole and cinnamaldehyde did not satisfactory control any of the weed species. Overall, specific plant-derived compounds are effective options for weed control.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate feces decomposition and residual biomass, as well as nutrient release dynamics, in grazed winter pastures under legume intercropping and animal supplementation. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three treatments: black oat + ryegrass + supplementation, black oat + ryegrass + vetch, and black oat + ryegrass + vetch + supplementation. Supplementation increased the labile fraction of fecal dry matter and nitrogen, accelerating their decomposition and favoring a faster nutrient turnover. The inclusion of vetch enhanced nitrogen release from feces and biomass, although its contribution was partially reduced when combined with supplementation likely due to changes in grazing dynamics. Potassium release from feces and biomass was rapid and little affected by the treatments, indicating that most of this nutrient returns to the soil via urine deposition. Supplementation and legume intercropping are complementary strategies: supplementation accelerates fecal decomposition, while legumes improve nitrogen cycling from residual biomass. This integration enhances nutrient recycling efficiency and reduces the need for external fertilization.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate random regression models with linear spline functions for the estimation of genetic parameters of residual feed intake (RFI) in Nellore bovines. The RFI was estimated across five test periods (at 0-14, 0-28, 0-42, 0-56, and 070-days) in 929 Nellore bulls. The variance components were estimated, and the models were compared using the deviance information criterion. Rankings and the percentage of the top 10% animals across all periods were assessed using Spearman’s correlations. The best-fit model included linear splines and heterogeneous residual variance (four classes). Heritability estimates for RFI ranged from 0.39 to 0.55, with high genetic (0.83-0.98) and phenotypic (0.82-0.98) correlations between adjacent periods. Rankings were consistent between 56 and 70 days (Spearman’s correlations = 0.99; 93.55% overlap). The test period can be shortened to 56 days without compromising genetic parameters, optimizing feed intake evaluations. The random regression models effectively model the RFI, showing sufficient genetic variance for selection.
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Cymbopogon citratus (cymb oil) on the germination, physiological quality and enzymatic activities of common bean seeds. The oils were tested at different concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5 mL kg-1), and effects were assessed through germination, and seedling emergence tests. In addition, the levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and activities of esterase and acid phosphatase enzymes were evaluated. Cymb oil inhibited germination at higher concentrations, with a germination rate of 66% at 5 mL kg-1, whereas thyme oil, at the highest dose, reduced root dry mass (0.12 g per seedling). At lower concentrations, thyme oil promoted higher chlorophyll contents than cymb oil. Furthermore, enzymatic analysis indicated an increase in acid phosphatase and esterase activities in seeds treated with cymb oil, suggesting distinct physiological responses. Overall, thyme oil at 1 mL kg-1 improved seedling growth and pigment contents, while higher doses impaired seed performance. In contrast, cymb oil at 1-3 mL kg-1 enhanced shoot length, root dry mass, and enzymatic activities, but inhibited germination at 5 mL kg-1.
Abstract The objective of this work was to propose a selection index based on the agronomic and environmental resilience of soybean. The experiment was carried out at the research farm of Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. The user experimental design was that of augmented blocks with interspersed controls, arranged in three replicates. The regular treatments corresponded to 89 F8 lineages (99.218% homozygosity), and the common treatments were represented by four commercial controls (BRS 284, BMX Valente 6968 RSF RR, BMX Raio 50I52 RSF IPRO, and M 5710 I2X45). The following agronomic variables were measured based on five plants per experimental unit: number of seeds per plant and seed weight per plant. The agronomic and environmental resilience index (GSIR∆) was proposed in order to combine the attributes of seed number and weight with meteorological data. Selection based on the GSIR∆ allows selecting 13 lineages (122F8, 176F8, 165F8, 232F8, 109F8, 99F8, 166F8, 93F8, 154F8, 85F8, 121F8, 152F8 and 169F8) with a high agronomic potential for productivity and resilience to abiotic stresses, such as high temperatures and low precipitation volumes.
Abstract The objective of this review paper was to describe management practices for natural grasslands and cultivated pastures in the Pantanal that contribute to carbon sequestration and methane emission reduction, in order to support the application of the Fazenda Pantaneira Sustentável (FPS) - sustainable Pantanal ranch - tool, used to assess pasture conservation and guide climate-smart management in ranches, used to assess pasture conservation and guide climate-smart management in cattle ranches. The used framework aligns management practices with key ecophysiological elements of pasture functions and with mitigation and resilience pathways. Carbon sequestration is enhanced by maintaining a moderate grazing pressure and through management strategies that directly conserve the existing stocks and the increase of carbon fixation. The mitigation of methane emission depends largely on the floristic composition and nutritional quality of the diet in the livestock system. This is proactively managed by using the forage value indicator to guide practices such as strategic supplementation. By aligning these target practices with the indicators and ecological thresholds of FPS, this approach enables spatially differentiated interventions that optimize nutritional balance, reduce enteric fermentation, and strengthen the resilience of the Pantanal livestock systems against climatic variability.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of a multispecies commercial probiotic, at different concentrations and routes of administration, on water quality, zootechnical performance, and sediment bioremediation in rearing tanks of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Six treatments were established during - PR 60 days: one without (control) and five with probiotic administration (in feed - PR; in water, at the recommended concentration by the manufacturer - PA1; in water, at a concentration three times the recommended - PA3; in water, at a concentration six times the recommended - PA6; and in water and feed - PRA). Four replicates were carried out per treatment. For the analysis of bioremediation, sediment from the fish farms was added to the experimental tanks. The administered doses and routes were proven safe. No significant differences were observed between treatments for water quality variables, except for turbidity. Multispecies probiotic enhanced sediment organic matter degradation at the bottom of the tanks in PA3 and PA6. The multispecies probiotic promotes the oxidation of organic matter, enhancing the rearing environment of tambaqui. The use of sediment from the bottom of fish farms is effective in emulating a production system in laboratory.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the reaction of citrus hybrids to natural infection by local isolates of the citrus tristeza virus (CTV; species: Closterovirus tristezae). Half-siblings obtained through open pollination were evaluated, and cultivar BRS Bravo, known for its tolerance to CTV, was used as the female parent. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura and involved 1,329 hybrids. Of these, 130 individuals were selected at 5-6 years of age, based on visual evaluations of vigor to favor plants with a vigorous vegetative growth through the mass selection method. The reaction to CTV was evaluated by the presence and severity of stem pitting symptoms. For this, ten branches per plant analyzed on a scale from 1 (absence) to 5 (entire surface covered by superficial or deep pits). CTV infection was determined by indirect ELISA using a polyclonal antiserum against CTV. Samples that tested negative in the serological assay were further analyzed by RT-PCR using primers F-CN119 (5’-AGATCTACCATGGACGACGAAACAAAG-3’) and R-CN120 (5’-GAATTCGCGGCCGCTCAACGTGTGTTAAATTTCC-3’). Data were subjected to the principal component analysis, which showed that 46.9% of the hybrids were classified as tolerant and 53.1% as resistant to CTV, highlighting their potential for the selection of new citrus rootstocks.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of industrial seed treatment processes and of the stratification of the applied components on the physiological and functional quality of corn (Zea mays) seeds during storage. SYN555 VIP hybrid corn seeds from the same batch were subjected to 12 treatments, involving the application of insecticides, fungicide, polymer, and finishing powder at three different stages of the treatment process. The physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated using germination and vigor tests during the storage periods of 0, 6, 12, and 21 months. Functional quality was evaluated using the dust-off, plantability, and run-off tests. The treatments affected corn seed quality. The use of fungicide and polymer in the first stage of the treatment process helps to preserve seed vigor, especially after 12 months of storage. The treatment with fungicide, polymer, insecticide, and powder is recommended because it favors the maintenance of seed vigor for up to 12 months of storage, similarly to the treatment with only fungicide and polymer. The functional quality of the treatments is not influenced by the seed treatment processes with component stratification.
Abstract The objective of this review was to analyze the role of forest biomass valorization in bioeconomy and global energy transition. This study presents the contributions of emerging technologies to the production of sustainable products and their alignment with Brazil’s international climate commitments, particularly the goals outlined for COP30. Given that fossil fuel combustion accounts for nearly 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions, the search for renewable energy alternatives has become a strategic priority. Biorefineries have emerged as a key pathway for converting plantand animal-based biomass into bioenergy and renewable chemical compounds. Brazil stands out for its extensive availability of forest and agro-industrial residues, which strengthens its potential to generate high-value-added products and promote sustainable industrial practices. By-products such as lignin, nanocellulose, and agroforestry residues show a significant potential for the development of innovative materials that contribute to decarbonization strategies. The integration of Brazil’s biomass resources with technological innovation may position the country as a global leader in advancing sustainable bio-based solutions.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the variation in the fruit production of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) trees in the Eastern Amazon through geostatistical techniques and generalized linear models (GLMs). A nine-hectare permanent plot in the Cajari River extractive reserve was analyzed. All trees (61) with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥10 cm were evaluated. Within each plot, 43 subplots of 250 m2 were established for sampling vegetation and soil at a depth of 0-20 cm. The data were processed using geostatistical techniques and the Poisson and negative binomial GLMs. The 20 evaluated variables showed spatial dependence. Although both models were fit to estimate fruit production, the negative binomial model better accommodated data variability. Tree diameter and soil physical attributes (density, clay, and water content) better explain the variation in fruit production, together with magnesium and carbon content that are the main chemical soil properties associated with higher yields.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate various iodine doses supplied via nutrient solution to achieve biofortification of baby leaf lettuce. Doses of potassium iodate (KIO3) were applied to the nutrient solution to provide iodine in quantities of 0, 20, 40, and 80 µmol L-1. The 20 µmol L-1 iodate dose resulted in an increase in leaf concentrations of iodine, nitrogen, potassium, and manganese. In phenological terms, the 20 µmol L-1 iodate dose enhances the antioxidant activity of the baby leaf lettuce. The consumption of 50 g of fresh baby leaf lettuce biofortified with 20 µmol L-1 of iodate in the nutrient solution is sufficient to meet 100% of the daily iodine intake requirements for an adult.
