Liver fibrosis represents the final consequences of repeated occasions of hepatocellular necrosis and hepatic inflammation, regardless of the underlying causes of chronic hepatic disorders. It is manifested as a massive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECMs) within the damaged liver of different chronic hepatic disorders. Moreover, increase in the releases of radical moieties, e.g., superoxide, hydroxyl, and hydrogen peroxide radicals in living cells resulted in homeostatic deregulation and oxidative stress (OS) consequently damaging the biological molecules such as membrane lipids. Changing in cellular composition and level (amount) of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) due to increased OS might result in chronic liver diseases. Hepatic fibrosis has been documented to be correlated with OS in numerous researches. In the current study 50 white albino rats were allocated as follows: Group I (Healthy Control): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg intraperitonealy (IP) olive oil (vehicle only group) twice a week for 6 weeks. Group II (CCl4; Induction Group): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg of 50% CCl4 solution in olive oil IP twice a week for 6 weeks. Group III (Silymarin Group): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg of 50% CCl4 solution in olive oil IP twice a week + Silymarin (hepatoprotective agent) (100 mg/kg). Once daily orally for six weeks concurrently with CCl4. Group IV (Krill Oil Group): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg of 50% CCl4 solution in olive oil IP twice a week + krill oil (400 mg/kg) once daily orally for six weeks concurrently with CCl4. Group V Combination of (Krill oil+ Silymarin Group): 10 rats received 1 mL/kg of 50% CCl4 solution in olive oil IP twice a week + (krill oil (400 mg/kg) + Silymarin (100 mg/kg)) once daily orally for six weeks concurrently with CCl4. This study reveals that orally administered krill oil in combination with oral Silymarin significantly (p less than 0.001) increase the hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in white albino rats through improvements in both liver tissue oxidative stress parameters, and histological features in both MT, and (H and E) stained sections.
This study aimed to assess the antifungal efficacy of essential oils extracted from Origanum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris against C. albicans isolated from oral candidiasis patients in-vitro. Basra General Hospital was diagnosed based on the cultural and microbiological phenotypes and using Vitek2 Technique to the identification. The study including a comparison of the inhibitory efficacy resulting from the use of EOs extracted from O. vulgare and T. vulgaris versus C. albicans was performed using the Agar well diffusion method of, used seven concentrations of each essential oil: (crude,1.5,1, 0.8,0.5, 0.2,0.1 ) mg/mL, as well as estimation of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) which is 0.2 mg/mL for O. vulgare and 0.1 mg/mL for T. vulgaris. The highest effect was to O. vulgare oil crude extract, which reached 3.26 cm, while the inhibtion zone of crude T. vulgaris oil was 2.53 cm which is highly significant (p less than 0.05). On the other side the study aimed to evaluate the activity of T. vulgaris oil store for one year comparing with freshly extracted oil found that the fresh oil has more activity reached to 2.53 cm and the activity of old oil reached to 1.51 cm was significant (p less than 0.05), also using two typs of antifungal nystatin and fluconazole to compare with the activity of O. vulgare oil found that no effect of fluconazole and the activity of nystatin reach to 2.5 cm wich is less than the activity of O. vulgare oil wich reached to 3.26 cm comparing with the activity of antifungal highly significant p-value reached to 0.005, observed in-vitro suggests its administration may represent an alternative treatment for candidiasis. The antifungal sensitivity occurred to C. albicans, which record against fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, amphotericin B, and Flucytosine. also The study including investigation of the chemical compounds of (EOs) of O. vulgare using the chromatographic analysis(GC-MS) revealed that the main compounds present in the O. vulgare essential oil wich is the best activity againest C.albicans, revealed that the main compounds present in the essential oil were methyl-5-(1-methylethyl; 1-Pentacontanol; 2-Hexyl-1-octanol; sulfurous acid, ester; oxalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl isohexyl ester 2-Hydroxy-p-cymene, and 2-Methyl- 5-isopropylphenol.
Objective: In this study an attempt was made to formulate transdermal patches using Piper nigrum to treat pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis. P. nigrum contains piperine, an alkaloid which is known for its anti-inflammatory properties from long time and RA is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of inflammatory mediators such as TNF α (Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha), IL-1, (Interleukin) IL-6, which are known to aggravate the inflammation and bone destruction. Piperine is found to have Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) activity similar to NSAIDS. The activity has been attributed to inhibition of TNF α secretion and prevention of proliferation of synovial fibroblasts. The main objective of the present work was to find an alternative to the existing NSAIDs and minimize the side effects caused by them. Methods: P. nigrum was extracted with dichloromethane, and Piperine alkaloid was separated and purified. The two methods of transdermal patches of P. nigrum were developed using two polymers of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Ethylcellulose (EC) and evaluated for various physicochemical factors like weight variation, moisture uptake, thickness, moisture content, and folding endurance. Results: Transdermal patches prepared using HPMC by solvent evaporation method showed better results in all parameters comparatively with EC. The folding endurance of the formulation F2 (prepared with EC) was less than F1 (prepared with HPMC), as F2 was brittle. The drug content of both formulations was above 90%w/w. Thickness, weight variation, percentage moisture absorption, and loss were within the specifications for both formulations. Conclusion: Piperine can be formulated as transdermal patches with HPMC as polymer by solvent evaporation method and can be selected for further studies like pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic in the future.
Preparation of graphene oxide and react it with many compounds by forming an amide group because graphene oxide (GO) Its molecular structure is saturated with carboxylic groups, making it an ideal for esterification and amidation.We exploit graphene oxide’s capacity to interact with many compounds because of the carbonyl, hydroxyl, and epoxide functional groups in GO to create new products by reacting graphene oxide with those compounds (2-aminopyrmidine, dithiazone, sulfamide, and 1-amino-2-naphthol-4sulfonic acid). Using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the derivatives. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was estimated using two-particle size equations and compared between them. Furthermore, studying the antimicrobial activities of graphene oxide derivatives, inhibition zone illustrates the potency of compound on bacteria and fungi.
The new transitional metal (Fe (III), Co (III),Cr (III),Cu (II), and Ni (II) complexes of ligand 2,5-bis[(butan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazole were prepared. All the prepared complexes were diagnosed by IR, elemental analyses, H-NMR, and mass spectral. The electronic behavior of their link data has been confirmed. It was concluded that ligand had coordination through nitrogen (N) and (NH). The ligand coordinated through the [11NH] and the nitrogen atom of shiff base (N3) The appearance of a band more supports this view returned to the metal–nitrogen stretching vibration at 500–513 cm-1 in the complexes. From the results obtained, we suggested the tetrahedral geometry for Cu (II) and Ni (II) complexes, while) Fe(III), Cr(III) and Co (III) [complexes were represented octahedral geometrics. All the synthesized complexes have been screened for anti-bacterial by using spread method and measurement inhibition zone with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus under dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
Serotonin or 5-Hydroxytryptamine is a neurotransmitter that is synthesized from the transformation of the amino acid Tryptophan. It is found in plants and animals and is involved in many physiological processes, its chemical formula is C10H12N2O, and 90% of the total serotonin in the human body can be found in the digestive system and platelets. It is synthesized in the brain’s nerve cells; serotonin is an essential neurotransmitter for the human nervous system. This study was conducted to study the negative effects of tramadol, pseudoephedrine, and codeine phosphate on the serotonin hormone in adult Albino rats, as this study used 24 animals. Of the male rats, which were divided randomly into four groups, each group included 6 animals, which is the Control group that was given regular drinking water and food daily, and the group of rats treated with tramadol at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight for a period of 30 days, group of rats treated with pseudoephedrine at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight for a period of 30 days, group of rats treated with drug codeine phosphate at a dose of 10 mg/Kg of body weight for a period of 30 days, the animals were dosed with drugs by the oropharyngeal tube at a dose of 1-mL and after the end of the experiment period 30 days, the animals were starved for 12 hours and then anesthetized with chloroform, then blood samples were withdrawn from the heart Directly by the cardiac heart puncture method, 5-6 mL of blood was drawn and placed in test tubes devoid of anticoagulant, then left for 15 minutes at laboratory temperature, after which the serum was separated by a centrifuge at a speed of 3000 cycles/min for a period of 15 minutes, serum was divided in Eppendorf tubes and kept at -20°C until the examination was performed, liver samples were taken and fixed in 10% formalin until histological sections were made.
Background: Infertility is a reproductive system disease affecting about 8–12 % of couples worldwide. Although IRAQ, in the last thirty years, has faced several instability crises in health problems and one of these problems is fertility status, few studies exist on women infertility in Iraq. Aim of the Study: To examine the hormonal state of infertile Iraqi women. Patients and Methods: The study included one hundred and eight women, fifty-one women with a history of infertility period of more than one year, in Al-Yarmook Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from September 2020, to April 2021 Results: The results of analysis showed that primary infertility was 61% and 39% secondary infertility, most cases in the age >25, PCOS where the main of female infertility causes, there was a significant relation between T4, T3, FSH, LH, Prolactin, E2, Testosterone, menarche, egg size and infertility in infertile Iraqi women. Conclusion: This study’s main findings were a high rate of primary infertility, effect of sex stroied hormones and menarche, and egg size. Future research should focus on the genotype of infertile family history and why Iraqi women seek to consult very late.
Euphorbia milii is an ornamental and medicinal plant species used widely in folk medicine in the treatment of cancer and hepatitis in China, Nepal, Brazil, and other tropical areas. Various research reported many pharmacological properties for this species related to its phytoconstituents. This study will aim to provide a complete phytochemical profile for E. milii cultivated in Iraq. The methanolic crude extract was partitioned using different solvents with varying polarities for further analysis. The phytochemical analysis revealed cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, sterols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. In the scope of this study, the compounds isolated from E. milii in this study are Peruvoside and Scopoletin. These compounds were detected and isolated by analytical thin-layer chromatography and preparative layer chromatography, respectively. The isolated compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the corresponding standard, and the spectral method fourier transforms infrared spectra (FTIR) further confirmed the result. This study is the first to isolate the cardioactive glycoside Peruvoside from E. milii. In addition, this study is considered the first to detect and isolate the phytoalexin coumarin Scopoletin from Iraqi E. milii, highlighting the role of Iraqi flora in provoking secondary metabolites in the plant species. This suggests that E. milii is a good source of novel bioactive compound isolation. Furthermore, the compounds isolated were reported to have hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, and many pharmacological potentials that can justify its traditional use, which must be studied in future in-vitro studies as a part of drug discovery and development.
This study aimed to explore and separate the phytochemicals of the whole plant Conyza canadensis, a naturally growing plant in Iraq, since no phytochemical research was done previously in Iraq. The whole plant of C. canadensis was defatted by maceration in hexane for 24 hours. The defatted plant materials were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus, the aqueous ethanol 85% as a solvent extraction for 9 hours, and fractionated by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for their steroids, alkaloids, and polyphenolic (phenolic acids and flavonoids) contents. One alkaloid was isolated from chloroform fraction by HPLC, and three polyphenolics compounds were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction by preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC), then identified by HPLC and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The different chromatographic and spectroscopic results revealed stigmasterol, β-sitosterol in petroleum ether fraction, harmine alkaloid in chloroform fraction, quercetin, quercitrin, apigenin, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid in ethyl acetate fraction of C. canadensis. Three polyphenolics compounds (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, apigenin), and harmine alkaloid were isolated from the whole plant and matched their retention time with the related standards by HPLC and by measuring their max Rf values by HPTLC analysis.
Condensation polymerization technique has been used to synthesis 15 a new aliphatic polyamide with thermal stability. The synthesis process starts with Adamantane’s acetanilide by reaction of 1-adamantanol with (acetanilide, 2-methylacetanilide and 2,6- dimethylacetanilide), then hydrolysis with the basic medium to form the corresponding adamantane’s monomers. These polyamides were synthesized by condensation reaction between [1,3-Bis(4-aminophenyl)adamantane(B1), 1,3-Bis(3-methyl-4-aminophenyl)adamantane (B2), and 1,3-Bis-(3,6- dimethyl-4-aminophenyl)adamantane (B3)] monomers with aliphatic dicarboxylic acid (oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, glutaric acid). All compounds salts, monomers and polymers were characterized using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and (1H,13C)NMR beside to mass spectrometer for adamantane’s acetanilide and monomers.
The current study aimed to estimate the physiological and histological effect of rat kidneys feeding infected wheat and rice. Samples were collected in Kirkuk city and included Kirkuk silo, Riyadh Al-Makhzani complex, and Taza Grain Center of the General Company for Grain Trade, one of the Iraqi Ministry of Trade branches. 10 samples of wheat and rice were collected from 2 kg for each sample of grains from 1 to 22 September 2019. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (6 rats in each treatment). It included the following: The first treatment (T1): a group of control rats for normal wheat, the second treatment (T2): a group of control rats for normal rice, the third treatment (T3): a group of rats given orally 50% of normal wheat and 50% of the infected wheat contains different concentrations of aflatoxin and benzoquinone. The fourth treatment (T4): the group of rats given orally 25% of normal wheat is 75% of the infected wheat, containing different concentrations of aflatoxin and benzoquinone. The fifth treatment (T5): The group of rats given orally 100% to the infected wheat contains different aflatoxin concentrations and benzoquinone. The sixth treatment (T6): 100% infected rice. The current results showed that there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences between the study groups. The current results showed that the group given infected 100% wheat showed a significant increase in creatinine and urea levels compared with control group. On the other hand, it was observed that the group given infected 100% rice showed a significant increase in the levels of creatinine and compared with the control group given regular rice. Different histological lesions were diagnosed in the histological study, including damaged glomerulus and urinary tubules with lymphocytes infiltration and the thickening wall of blood vessels.
This study involves the synthesis of new heterocycle compounds in many steps. The first is to react between 2-Amino-5-nitrothiazole with salicylaldehyde at 0oC and acid media to form azo derivative,1 then react (1) with 4-hydroxyacetophenone to get chalcone derivative (2). Third step involve react (2) with (hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, urea, thiourea, ethyl cyanoacetate, malononitrile, guanidine) to form pyrazole derivatives,3-5 isoxazole derivative,6 oxazine derivative,7 thiazine derivative,8 pyridine derivatives.9-11 All these compounds were diagnosed by FT-IR spectrum, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, CHN, subsequent Rf -TLC reaction, and measurement liquefaction point. Then we studied the biological action for eleven compounds towards two kinds of microorganisms.
Objective: The relations between hemoglobin level with serum malondialdehyde, ceruloplasmin, vitamin C, aldosterone, albumin and urine albumin: creatinine ratio in hypertensive complication group of pregnancy. Design: Case-control study comparing the above parameters in the pregnancy-induced hyper tension, pre-eclamptic patients and healthy control. Setting: Al Samawa Maternity and Children Teaching Hospital, Samawah, Iraq. Sample Size: Total 120 women divided into three categories. The first category C: 40 healthy women of which 20 women at the 2nd trimester (2C) and the other half at the 3rd trimester (3C). The second category PIH: 40 women with pregnancy-induced hyper tension, 20 of them at 2nd trimester (2PIH) and the other 20 at 3rd trimester (3PIH). The third category PE: includes 40 women with preeclampsia, out of which 20 cases at 2nd (2PE) and the other 20 at the 3rd trimester, (3PE). Main Outcome Measures: Hemoglobin (Hb), malondialdehyde (MDA), ceruloplasmin (Cp), albumin (Alb), creatinine (Creat), aldosterone (Ald) and vitamin C (Vit C), mean arterial pressure (MAP). Results: At high MAP of PIH and PE groups, the results revealed positive correlation between Hb level with serum MDA (R= 0.15), Vit. C (R= 0.16). Also found to be weak positive correlation between Hb and serum Cp (R= 0.09), Ald (R= 0.08) and Alb (R= 0.02). However, urine ACR found to be weak negatively correlated (R= -0.05) with the hemoglobin. This study demonstrated that Hb levels have significantly increased in the 2PE (11.68 g/dL) compared with both 2PIH (10.93 g/dL) and 2C (11.08 g/dL) groups. Serum MDA, Cp, and urine ACR levels have significantly increased in PE compared with PIH and C groups at the 2nd trimester (LSD of MDA, Cp, urine ACR = 0.62, 0.70, 3.76 respectively). The same results were found at the 3rd trimesters (LSD= 0.66, 0.71, 5.65, respectively). Conclusion: At high MAP of PIH and PE groups, a strong positive correlation between Hb level with serum MDA, Vitamin C, also, weak positive correlation between this blood parameter with serum Cp, Ald, and Alb were found. Urine ACR was found to be negatively correlated with Hb. Furthermore, increasing serum MDA, Cp, and urine ACR were detected in PE along with 2nd and 3rd trimesters.
Among the potential pathogens in patients with COVID-19 that we should pay more attention to is Aspergillosis, as pulmonary Aspergillosis is a critical complication of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, especially those with severe pneumonia. In this study, Aspergillus sp. was isolated from patients with COVID-19 from the respiratory tract, and its presence was surveyed as a co-infection with a viral infection. The results showed that Aspergillosis constituted a relatively high percentage in patients 10.8% of the total infections, represented by four species (Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus candidus, and Aspergillus niger). Also, the most susceptible age to infection with co-infections is the elderly, where the age of more than 60 years, and that diabetes is the most risk factor for infection with Aspergillosis accompanying the virus. Males were also more susceptible to co-infection than females. © 2021, Dr. Yashwant Research Labs Pvt. Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Plants used in traditional medicine contain a vast array of substances that can be used to treat chronic and infectious diseases. It was estimated that about 25% of all modern medicines are directly or indirectly derived from higher plants. Indeed, well into the twentieth century, much of the pharmacopeia of scientific medicine was derived from the herbal lore of native people. Ruta chalepensis are plants used in folkloric medicine as antispasmodics, digestive, and for intestinal gases. R. chalepensis, is a species of the family Rutaceae. The species is hairless, not glandular at the top, 30 to 80 cm with broad leaves. This study aimed to investigate the in-vitro (antimicrobial) and in-vivo (immunoprotective activity) of R. chalepensis methanolic extract. The Results indicated the plant’s capacity to inhibit microbial growth against Eschereshia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus, and Candida albicans and stimulate immunoglobulin titer in mice damaged with CCL4 in comparison with positive and negative controls.
The current work was objective to estimate the levels of some cytokines in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection. A total of 58 blood samples were obtained from infected pregnant women with COVID-19 and 30 healthy pregnant women (age range: 18–40 years). The blood samples collected (at a period June 2020 to January, 2021) from Al Shifa Medical Center, Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq. The findings of current work showed that the levels of D-dimer in infected pregnant women significant elevated compared with healthy pregnant women. On the other hand, the findings showed that the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in infected pregnant women significant elevated compared with healthy pregnant women. Therefore, it is concluded from the current work that infection with the COVID-19 cause higher levels of cytokines that have been studied in infected pregnant women compared to healthy pregnant women. © 2021, Dr. Yashwant Research Labs Pvt. Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent with a broad-spectrum activity. A comparative bioavailability (bioequivalence) study was conducted between a newly developed tablet formulation containing 500 mg levofloxacin against the brand product Tavanic® tablet. Both drug products were given as a single dose to 32 healthy male adult Arabic subjects applying fasting, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence, randomized cross-over design, separated by one-week washout interval between dosing. Nineteen serial blood samples were collected from each subject before drug intake (zero time) and up to 36 hours post-dosing. Levofloxacin concentrations were measured in the plasma samples obtained from each subject to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, Tmax, AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, Thalf, and mean residence time (MRT) applying non-compartmental data analysis. The parameters mentioned above were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Ln-transformed values of the primary parameters used for bioequivalence testing, namely Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ were also statistically analyzed by ANOVA and 90% confidence interval tests. Based on functional data analysis (FDA) and european medicines evaluation agency (EMEA) criteria on bioequivalence, the results obtained from the current investigation demonstrated bioequivalence between the newly developed levofloxacin tablet and the brand product Tavanic® tablet. All subjects well tolerated both drug products. Therefore, both drug products can be considered interchangeable in clinical practice.
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by postural instability, rigidity, tremor, akinesia, uncontrollable shaking, and slow movement. Two main pathogenic processes cause it: oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This study evaluates the effects of Taraxicum Officinale on rats via establishing a rotenone-induced model of Parkinsonism. This is the first study investigating the capability of T. Officinale to keep rats protected from rotenone-induced Parkinsonism via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. This case control study extended over three months and was carried out on 60 healthy male Albino rats, evenly divided into six groups: the first is the healthy control group, and the other five groups received rotenone 2.5 mg/kg IP every other day. The third, fourth, and fifth groups daily received oral doses of (300, 400, and 500 mg/kg) respectively of T. Officinale extract, and the sixth group daily received an oral dose of 10 mg/kg Sinemet. Neurobehavioral analysis done via rotarod was performed on day 22. Then animals were decapitated, and brain tissue samples were prepared for homogenization to get the tissue supertant on which the biochemical tests were performed to measure the parameters of melanoaldehyde and nterleukin-1β. Comparing the magnitude of T. Officinale’s effect with the rotenone group, the main results show that T. Officinale in groups 3, 4, and 5 boosted the motor coordination of the rats having Parkinsonism with a significant increase in rotation distance. This indicates that T. Officinale is good at improving symptoms of Parkinsonism in rats. The main results of the biochemical analysis are T. Officinale groups 3, 4, and 5 show a significant decrease in melanoaldehyde and interleukin -1β levels compared with the rotenone group. In conclusion, it is experimentally approved that T. Officinale has an antiparkinson-like activity reversing the rotenone-induced Parkinsonism in male rats via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
Objective: The study’s main goal is to evaluate streptococcal serology and investigate the involvement of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) in the development of Rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: A total of 35 RA patients admitted to hospital from November 2018 untill end of January 2019 were enrolled, including 4 males and 31 females with age ranged 30 to 69 years and 15 healthy participants from the Medical Examination Center of hospital were chosen as the control group with same age. The two groups were examined by anti-streptolysin O (ASO) test to confirm the bacterial infection, immunologic parameters of arthritis; rheumatoid factor (RF), C reactive protein (CRP) were measured and Cell surface. toll-like receptors (TLR-2) level were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Elevated ASO levels have also been found in patients suffering from acute rheumatoid arthritis and other streptococcal infection. The finding of this study revealed that (30) (85.7%) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient serum samples was positive for this test, positive results may indicate an acute streptococcal infection compared with control blood samples.The level of TLR-2 in serum of RA patients was significantly higher than that in the control group. Conclusion: Streptococcus pyogenes could be important role in the etiopathogenesis of RA, these observations support the notion of a potential role for activation through TLR-2 in the inflammation and joint destruction of RA.
Objective: Ondansetron HCl (OND) is a potent antiemetic drug used for control of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. It exhibits only 60–70% of oral bioavailability due to first pass metabolism and has a relative short half-life of 3–5 hours. Poor bioavailability not only leads to the frequent dosing but also shows very poor patient adherence. Hence, in the present study an approach has been made to develop ondansetron HCl nanoparticle loaded microneedle patch to control release of ondansetron HCl for transdermal delivery and to improve patient compliance. Methods: Three formulas of OND (NPs) were prepared using nanoprecipitation technique. The particles sizes and zeta potential were measured using zeta-plus analyzer. The particle morphology was also studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in-vitro release of the drug from the nanoparticles was conducted in phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4. Microneedle (MN) patches of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and PVP-K30 was prepared using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micromolds. The ratio of PVA to PVP-K30 of matrix solution was optimized to attained maximum needle strength. The optimized strip was evaluated for in-vitro dissolution, drug release, and ex-vivo skin permeation. Results: OND-nanoparticles particle size were in nano size ranged from 95.34 nm to 246.43 nm with positive zeta potential. The drug entrapment efficiency (%EE) was varied with the drug polymer ratio from 48.93–78.45%. The SEM showed uniform shape and regularly distributed particle size. The in-vitro drug release study of nanoparticles exhibited sustained release of OND with burst release. The axial fraction force of manganese (MN) increases with the decrease of PVP ratio. Also, the transdermal permeation study show that microneedles permeate more efficiently than simple ordinary patches of the drug through the skin by approximately 4.69 folds. Conclusion: OND nanoparticles were prepared successfully using nanoprecipitation method. The controlled drug release aimed for transdermal drug delivery can reduce dosing frequency, decrease side effects, and improve patient compliance. The microneedle patches loaded with ondansetron HCl nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated.
