Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial medicine with broad spectrum of activity. It is effective against respiratory, urinary, and soft tissue infections. In order to assure therapeutic efficacy and safety of this drug, reliable methods are required for quantitative determination of levofloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations and in biological samples. In this paper, the mechanisms of action of levofloxacin and the recently developed methods for determination of this compound are discussed. Methods based on UV–visible spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography are considered. A special attention is given to method development and validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness. Additionally, stability-indicating methods for determination of levofloxacin are presented. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available methods for determination of levofloxacin that can be useful for scientists and quality control analysts working in pharmaceutical industries.
Hypertension is a major health challenge in the world that requires the use of antihypertensive drugs over a period of time. Quality, safety and effectiveness of such medications largely depend on the reliable analytical methods. Analytical methods are important in pharmaceutical analysis in the quantitative and qualitative assessment of antihypertensive compounds in bulk substances, drug formulations, and biological samples. This review is a detailed discussion of the principles, plans, and regulatory aspects that pertain to the creation and certification of the analytical approaches of antihypertensive drugs. Some of the more frequently used methods of analysis include UV-Visible spectrophotometry, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and stability-indicating methods. It is centered on the parameters of optimization of methods, the criteria of validation used in accordance with ICH guidelines, new trends, and obstacles to quality control of pharmaceutical products.
Fesoterodine, a relatively new antimuscarinic medication used to treat overactive bladder, has undergone extensive testing in the elderly and has been linked to a notable improvement in both quality of life and disease-related outcomes. In this older patient population, fesoterodine also seems to be well tolerated. For many elderly persons, overactive bladder is a prevalent and problematic condition. In late 2008, the US Food and Drug use approved fesoterodine, a nonselective muscarinic-receptor antagonist, for once-daily oral use in the treatment of OAB to alleviate the symptoms of urgency, frequency, and incontinence. The prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB), a chronic illness that affects both men and women, rises with age. The mainstay of OAB treatment is antimuscarinics. The evidence for fesoterodine in older adults is covered in this review. There are numerous approaches for the examination of Fesoterodine HCI, according to the literature, so we compiled them all into a single review. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), RP-HPLC, and the Stability Indicating assay method were used to monitor fesoterodine HCL for development and validation. The main emphasis is on chromatographic techniques, especially High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), which is still the most popular method because of its precision, accuracy, and robustness. Critical validation parameters, such as linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ), are examined in compliance with the guidelines established by the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) and other regulatory authorities. A number of important factors involved in method development, such as column type, detection wavelength, and mobile phase compositions, are thoroughly discussed.
A simple, accurate, and reliable Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Meloxicam and Paracetamol in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The chromatographic analysis was carried out using a Waters HPLC system equipped with an auto sampler and PDA detector (Model 996). Separation was achieved on a Zodiac C18 column (4.6mm × 150mm, 5μm) maintained at a temperature of 38°C. The mobile phase consisted of Acetonitrile and Water in the ratio of 40:60v/v, delivered at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. Detection was performed at a wavelength of 223nm, with a 10µL injection volume and a run time of 10minutes. The method provided effective resolution of Meloxicam and Paracetamol with sharp and well-defined peaks. Validation of the method was performed according to ICH guidelines, and the method was found to be linear, precise, accurate, robust, and specific. The results confirm that the developed RP-HPLC method is suitable for routine quality control analysis of Meloxicam and Paracetamol in combined pharmaceutical formulations.
