Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has a broad-spectrum of antimicrobial properties. The synergistic effect could add therapeutic potential because AgNPs are functionalized with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a member of quaternary ammonium groups. The present study focuses on the synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver CPC-coated silver nanoparticles (CPC AgNPs) concerning the design of antibacterial agents on common oral and opportunistic pathogens. The plant-based silver nanoparticles were synthesized by green synthesis to obtain CPC-AgNPs and then the CPC was coated at different ratios (1:1 to 1:5). UV Visible spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to establish nanoparticle formation and the interaction of functional groups with the formulations. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated by applying the agar well method against Candida albicans, Lactobacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. Based on the FTIR analysis, FTIR demonstrated the presence of functional groups like hydroxyl, amine and aromatic functional groups that had an active role in the stabilization of nanoparticles and their interaction with CPC. UV–Visible spectroscopy showed a characteristic SPR peak around 350–370 nm, with increased absorbance over time, confirming nanoparticle formation and stability, particularly after 32 hours. CPC-AgNPs exhibited an increased antimicrobial effect over CPC in general and against C. albicans and S. aureus in particular. The 1:5 proportions showed the greatest area of inhibition (25 mm against C. albicans and 21 mm against S. aureus) which means that it was dose dependent. The CPC-AgNPs formulation was found to have synergistic, concentration related antimicrobial action. CPC-conjugated AgNPs afforded efficient and stable antimicrobial active components. These results favour the use of CPC-AgNPs in oral care, wound healing and infection control processes and justify further research in terms of cytotoxicity and inhibition of biofilm.
The long-term success of screw retained implant prosthesis greatly depends on the mechanical integrity, biocompatibility and precision of the restorative components. This review explores the clinical rationale, complications and management strategies of screw retained restorations emphasizing on mechanical and biological considerations. The common complications including screw loosening, screw and abutment fracture, prosthetic misfit, ceramic chipping, framework failures and peri-implant tissue related issues discussed with underlying mechanisms and clinical consequences. Preventive strategies such as accurate impressions, passive fit verification, optimal occlusal design, torque protocols, high quality components and patient education are highlighted. This review also underscores the importance of innovative approaches including angulated screw channels, cementless screw retained systems, hybrid metal frameworks, fiber reinforced polymers and advanced ceramics. Future directions focus on digital integration, material degradation evaluation, development of screw adhesive systems for predictable and maintainable outcomes.
Alginate impression material is a widely used material being accurate and affordable. Certain drawbacks such as poor tear strength and dimensional stability, critically affect the impression quality. To overcome these critical drawbacks, we incorporated cellulose fibers in alginate impression material to reinforce the polymerisation matrix in different concentrations to assess its physical properties of cotton reinforcement. Our results show that adding cotton in lower concentrations improves the material's physical characteristics. Adding cotton fibers in higher concentrations increases water retention but makes mixing difficult and drastically reduces the physical properties of the material. Optimum concentration of fibers acts as reinforcements which supports alginate polymerisation. Apart from improving the impression material, it can also be helpful for making hydrocolloid based scaffolds better.
Background: Dental implants currently use titanium, which has stress shielding and allergy as its major disadvantages. To fill the lacuna, new materials are being explored. UHMWPE has been used in load-bearing applications in orthopaedics, being a potential candidate for use in dental implants. Since it is bioinert, it requires surface modifications for use in bone. Aims: To consolidate evidence on surface modifications of UHMWPE and their influence on the osteoblast cell response. Methods: The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature search was done in PubMed, Scopus, EuropePMC, EBSCO and ProQuest. Articles were screened with well-defined inclusion criteria. Relevant data were extracted from finalised articles (n=5) and the risk of bias was assessed using the QUIN tool. Results: Surface modification of UHMWPE consistently enhanced the osteoblast response. Plasma-based modifications have shown the most consistent positive effects. Surface roughness is not seen as a primary determinant in this review. Conclusions: Surface modification is a promising approach for increasing the biological performance of UHMWPE. Further long-term studies in vivo and clinically are needed to establish its clinical potential with scientific rigour.
A herbal sunscreen formulation by incorporation of fenugreek seeds and bael leaf extract with high SPF, sufficient water resistance and desirable pH is developed and investigated. The formulations of sunscreens play a role in prevention of UV radiations that can harm the skin. We explore applications of green ingredients which include fenugreek seeds and bael leaves having sun protection activity. Extraction of active ingredients in the seed Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum ) and Bael ( Aegle marmelos ) leaves was then used to prepare cream base of sunscreen and integrated in a vehicle. The cream on the sun had a great amount of SPF (39.902), which showed that it had a high UV radiation block. The pH of this formula was 6.72, and is quite superb in the application of the products to the skin. The observations indicate that the use of fenugreek and bael leaf sunscreen can be a promising natural sun screen action as opposed to the chemical sunscreens.
Silver-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag-HA) has emerged as a promising biomaterial for antibacterial applications and bone regeneration. The incorporation of silver ions (Ag⁺) into the hydroxyapatite (HA) lattice enhances its antimicrobial properties while maintaining biocompatibility. This study aims to synthesize and characterize Ag-HA composites using the ion exchange method and evaluate their structural, morphological, and antibacterial properties. Ag-HA was synthesized by replacing calcium ions in HA with silver ions through an ion exchange process. A reaction mixture of 0.5 M calcium nitrate and 0.3 M diammonium phosphate was maintained at pH 10 with ammonia, followed by the addition of silver nitrate. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Characterization was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the chemical structure, crystallinity, and morphology. Antibacterial activity was assessed using inhibition zone assays against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while hemolysis studies evaluated biocompatibility. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystalline structure of HA, with characteristic peaks at 2θ = 25.9°, 31.8°, 32.9°, and 34.1°. SEM images revealed a highly porous, clustered morphology at a 1 µm scale, characteristic of nanoparticle-based materials. Ag-HA demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity, with inhibition zone diameters of 2.9 cm for E. coli and 1.2 cm for S. aureus, surpassing pure HA. Hemolysis tests showed 2.25% hemolysis, indicating good biocompatibility below the 5% threshold. The synthesized Ag-HA composite exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity and a porous morphology suitable for bone regeneration. With its low hemolysis rate, Ag-HA holds great potential as a biocompatible and antimicrobial biomaterial for biomedical applications.
Rapid control of hemorrhage is essential in emergency and surgical settings. Chitosan-based hemostats act primarily through electrostatic interactions with blood components and can function even when the intrinsic coagulation pathway is impaired. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro coagulation performance of a domestically developed chitosan-based emergency hemostatic sponge (EHS) compared with a commercial chitosan dressing (Axiostat®). Red blood cell (RBC) adhesion was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Whole-blood interaction and absorption were quantified by gravimetric uptake and by residual free-RBC absorbance at 540 nm. Whole-blood clotting kinetics (5–15 min) and clotting blood time (CBT) were measured using citrated rabbit blood. Plasma coagulation parameters (PT, APTT, fibrinogen) were assessed in rabbit platelet-poor plasma after 10, 20 and 30 min incubation with the test materials. EHS promoted dense RBC adhesion on the sponge surface. Blood uptake was 712.6 ± 58.0 mg for EHS and 704.8 ± 37.2 mg for Axiostat® (p > 0.05). In the clotting-kinetics assay, residual free-RBC absorbance decreased markedly for both materials (e.g., at 10 min: 0.031 ± 0.005 for EHS vs 0.737 ± 0.009 in the control; p < 0.001). CBT was significantly shorter with EHS (213.2 ± 5.4 s) and Axiostat® (214.9 ± 6.0 s) than with no material (535.3 ± 8.1 s; p < 0.001). PT and fibrinogen did not differ significantly among groups, whereas APTT was significantly reduced in both material groups compared with the control (p < 0.01). EHS demonstrates effective in vitro hemostatic activity comparable to a commercial chitosan dressing, mainly through cellular interactions and acceleration of clot formation, supporting further evaluation in clinically relevant bleeding models.
Regeneration of periodontal tissues relies on effective cell proliferation, migration, and matrix remodeling. Recent advances in nanomedicine have demonstrated that phytochemical-based nanoparticles may offer synergistic benefits in enhancing these cellular processes. This study explores the effects of Theobromine-Derived Copper Nanoparticles (Theobro-CuNPs) on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs), with a focus on proliferation, migration, and gene expression of key regenerative markers. Theobro-CuNPs were synthesized via a green chemistry method using theobromine as a reducing agent and copper sulfate as the metal precursor. Characterization of nanoparticles was conducted using SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy and EDX analytical techniques. PDLFs were treated with Theobro-CuNPs using doses of 1,5 and 10 µg/ml, for durations of either 24 or 48 hours. The MTT assay was utilized to evaluate cell proliferation, meanwhile migratory behavior assessment employed scratch wound assays. Gene expression levels of VEGF, COL1A1, FN1, and MMP2 were quantified using qRT-PCR. Characterization confirmed the successful formation of spherical, nanoscale Theobro-CuNPs with a distinct surface plasmon resonance was detected near 575 nanometers, confirming nanoparticles formation. MTT assay revealed a concentration-dependent improvement in cellular viability was observed to be peaking at 10 µg/mL. Scratch assay results showed significantly enhanced wound closure in the Theo-CuNP-treated group compared to controls. qRT-PCR demonstrated significant upregulation of VEGF (3.2-fold), COL1A1 (2.8-fold), FN1 (2.5-fold), and MMP2 (3.6-fold), indicating strong pro-regenerative and matrix-remodeling effects. Theobro-CuNPs significantly enhance periodontal ligament cell proliferation, migration, and the upregulation of critical genes involved in tissue regeneration. These results imply that Theobro-CuNPs hold potential as a bioactive therapeutic platform for periodontal tissue engineering and regenerative dentistry.
Customized hip implants have revolutionized orthopaedic surgery by providing personalized solutions for patients with unique anatomical structures and medical needs. This paper explores the advancements in customized hip implants, starting with essential design considerations to match each patient’s specific anatomy. The use of advanced imaging technologies, such as CT scans and MRI, plays a crucial role in creating precise implant designs. These technologies assist doctors and engineers in developing implants that improve fit and function, leading to better surgical outcomes. This review highlights the benefits of patient-specific implants, which enhance comfort and reduce complications after surgery. The paper discusses various aspects of customized hip implants, including design improvements, manufacturing techniques, material choices, clinical results, and future developments.
Around the world, herbal medicine is becoming a more often used alternative type of treatment. As a result, the field of dentists and its arsenal is finding a growing number of users for herbal medications. The medicinal benefits of Morinda citrifolia (M. citrifolia) and its components will be covered in the article in a number of different ways. There were many diverse types of properties found, which were categorized into anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, wound-healing, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and anti-septic, fungal, antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-wrinkle, anticaries agent, periodontal tissue regeneration activities, endodontic irrigant, and intracanal medicament. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, as well as clinical trials, it was determined that M. citrifolia should only be ingested cautiously and after extensive examinations into its chemical components and methods of action. Although M. citrifolia is commonly and effectively used in dentistry and medicine for the treatment or prevention of a number of ailments, this is the case.
The success of the regenerative and the restorative procedure largely depends on how well the material biologically interacts with the oral environment. This review article explores the bio-interaction of various dental materials and classifies them based on their biological behaviour ranging from biomimetic to bioinert. It is tailored in such a way to give more importance to the materials which have high potential to replicate the natural architecture of the tooth. It emphasizes on the underlying mechanism of action including mineralization, ion release, and cell differentiation potential. It also highlights the physical and biological properties of biomimetic reinforcement; as well as bio-smart materials and their potential to respond to changes like pH, temperature and magnetic field. A deeper understanding of these biological interactions is essential for optimizing clinical performance and guiding future developments in creating materials which maintains the biological harmony in the field of regenerative and restorative dentistry.
Smart hydrogels are a special class of hydrophilic, three-dimensional polymer networks that can absorb and retain large amounts of water (sometimes up to thousands of times their dry weight) while maintaining their structure. What makes them “smart” is their ability to respond to external stimuli in a controlled and reversible way. Unlike ordinary hydrogels, smart hydrogels can sense changes in their environment and adjust their physical or chemical properties accordingly. In the medical field, they are used as drug delivery systems in a controllable manner, a tissue engineering process providing scaffolds in which cells and tissues can grow. However, potential role and applications of hydrogels in the field of pulp regeneration and endodontics is relatively unexplored. This article aims to explore the potential applications and uses of hydrogels in the fields of conservative dentistry, endodontics and pulpal regenerative procedures.
Alveolar bone loss associated with periodontitis is a common dental problem. Surgical debridement combined with the prevention of epithelial overgrowth by placing a ‘barrier membrane’ allows for bone regrowth. In cases of severe alveolar bone loss, grafting with a bioactive material is preferred alongside the barrier membrane. Various synthetic bone graft materials are currently in use. A calcium sulfate cement composition enriched with phosphate ions, developed for periodontal repair and designated by the acronym “CASPA,” has been designed. This self-setting, moldable, and biocompatible cement showed promising responses in previous in vitro studies. This report presents the preclinical evaluation of CASPA cement. Initially, the response of human periodontal ligament cells to this formulation was assessed through a direct contact cytotoxicity test and MTT assay in comparison with conventional calcium sulfate (gypsum-based) cement. Cell viability, adhesion, and morphology were also tested. The osteogenic induction potential of the cements was investigated through staining (Alizarin red and Von Kossa) and osteogenic marker expression. The periodontal defect healing potential of CASPA cement was evaluated in a rat maxillary alveolar bone defect model in comparison with conventional gypsum material. The newly developed bioactive calcium sulfate cement (CASPA) exhibited improved biological properties compared to conventional calcium sulfate (gypsum) cement. Biocompatibility was excellent both in vitro and in vivo in rats. CASPA showed a slower resorption rate that was on par with the rate of bone formation, ensuring site stability and complete defect healing. In clinical use, the conformal filling of the cement obviates the need for a barrier membrane. CASPA acts as a ‘barrier-graft’ and leads to better bone regeneration than conventional calcium sulfate.
Synthetic food preservatives such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) remain widely used, yet their early molecular effects on oral soft-tissue cells, where exposure first occurs, are insufficiently defined. Gingival fibroblasts represent a biologically relevant first-contact model capable of revealing early transcriptional disturbances induced by dietary preservatives. To evaluate the concentration- and time-dependent impact of BHA and BHT on transcriptional capacity in human gingival fibroblasts using total RNA yield as an early biosynthetic biomarker and to integrate area-under-the-curve (AUC) analysis to quantify cumulative transcriptional burden. Human gingival fibroblasts were exposed to BHA and BHT at 1% and 10% for 24, 48, and 72 hours. RNA was extracted and quantified to determine absolute yield and percentage of control. AUC analysis was applied to RNA-yield kinetics to capture cumulative transcriptional suppression across exposure duration. Dose-response curves, toxicity indices, and heatmap visualisation were used to show the data in a descriptive manner. RNA yield was significantly reduced by both preservatives in a dose-dependent and time-progressive manner, with BHT continuously having more potent suppressive effects than BHA. At 72 hours, the most noticeable decrease was under 10% BHT exposure, but transcriptional output was relatively preserved with 1% BHA. Visual summary showed the two antioxidants' increasing disparity over time. 10% BHT imposed the highest cumulative transcriptional burden, followed by 10% BHA, 1% BHT, and 1% BHA, according to AUC analysis. Both BHA and BHT cause detectable early transcriptional stress in gingival fibroblasts, although BHT is more effective in every scenario.The combined use of RNA yield as a sensitive early biosynthetic marker and AUC-based cumulative toxicity profiling introduces a refined evaluative framework for preservative safety assessment at the oral first-contact interface. This transcription-centred, time-integrated approach strengthens the molecular basis for understanding preservative-induced stress in oral tissues. Keywords:BHA, BHT, gingival fibroblasts, RNA yield, transcriptional toxicity, food preservatives, AUC analysis, cumulative toxicity, oral first-contact exposure, molecular toxicology.
Oral cancer, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remains a significant global health burden with high morbidity and mortality rates, largely due to late diagnosis and the cytotoxic side effects of conventional therapies. While chemotherapeutic agents remain central to oral cancer management, their lack of selectivity often damages healthy oral tissues, leading to adverse outcomes such as mucositis, xerostomia, myelosuppression, and systemic inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Notably, agents such as curcumin, thymoquinone, resveratrol, quercetin and betanin have been shown to activate Nrf2/ARE antioxidant defences, inhibit NF-κB driven inflammation, preserve mitochondria membrane potential, and regulate apoptotic pathways selectively in cancer versus normal cells. Moreover, their influence on P13K/Akt/mTOR signalling, p53 modulation, and epigenic reprogramming further underscores their therapeutic relevance. This review critically examines the integrative role of bioactive compounds in enhancing treatment efficacy, minimizing off target toxicities, and supporting oral tissue homeostasis offering a framework for incorporating phytochemicals into multimodal oral cancer therapies.
Decellularized scaffolds have gained significant attention in tissue engineering, particularly for tendon and ligament regeneration, due to their ability to retain native extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture and biochemical cues. These decellularized scaffolds offer a biocompatible and bioactive framework that closely mimics the native tissue niche, promoting cellular infiltration, proliferation, and differentiation. Unlike synthetic materials, decellularized tissues can better support functional healing while minimizing immune responses. Tendon and ligament injuries pose a unique challenge due to the dense collagenous structure, limited vascularization, and poor intrinsic healing capacity of these tissues. While autografts and allografts are commonly used, limitations such as donor site morbidity, limited availability, and risk of immune rejection pose treats. Decellularized scaffolds offer a compelling solution by providing mechanical support while promoting natural tissue regeneration. Yet, developing these scaffolds remains challenging, as differences in tissue size, ECM composition, and porosity make it difficult to apply a universal decellularization approach. The major decellularization hurdle is to remove cellular components effectively without compromising the scaffold’s structural integrity or biological activity. In addition, achieving immune tolerance and enhancing vascular growth are essential for proper integration and long-lasting performance of the graft. This review highlights the latest advancements in decellularized scaffolds for tendon and ligament repair, discussing the various physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods used for decellularization. It also examines current limitations and strategies being explored to overcome them, such as combining scaffolds with growth factors, stem cells, or pro-angiogenic agents. Beyond musculoskeletal repair, the potential of decellularized scaffolds is expanding into broader applications in tissue and organ engineering. Future research should focus on standardizing decellularization protocols, improving vascular integration, and translating laboratory success into clinically viable products that can enhance patient outcomes in regenerative medicine.
The emergence of advanced biomaterials and bioink-based 3D bioprinting is revolutionizing drug discovery and drug delivery by enabling the fabrication of complex biological structures. However, the patentability of such technologies introduces ethical and legal challenges, particularly concerning access, affordability, and innovation. This study examines the evolving patent landscape of biopolymer-based bioinks and highlights how ethical and legal considerations influence the trajectory of 3D bioprinting technologies. A patent portfolio analysis was conducted to assess the inventiveness, translational potential, and commercial viability of bioink applications in biomedical research. The findings provide critical insights into how intellectual property frameworks can either facilitate or hinder the development of affordable and accessible medicines, an essential component of the universal right to health. The study further argues for tailored regulatory and R&D strategies that account for the multifaceted legal complexities associated with 3D bioprinting and bioink based innovation.
Access to life-saving medications for advanced stages of chronic diseases remains limited due to issues of affordability, availability, and accessibility. First-in-class (FIC) drugs, often central to treatment in such conditions, present a unique set of ethical and policy challenges. This study investigates the ethical dilemmas surrounding FIC drugs, including (1) high costs associated with new FICs, (2) limited accessibility, (3) monopolistic practices impacting equity, (4) tension between commercial interests and states obligations to uphold the right to health, and (5) increasing concerns regarding their availability. Using a medico-legal research framework, this study systematically explores how compulsory licensing (CL) could serve as a policy tool to address these dilemmas. A detailed literature review of the discovery, development, and regulatory approval of FICs, drawing from sources such as PubMed and the U.S. FDA was conducted. FICs are then categorized into two groups: (1) First generation FICs and (2) Second generation FICs, which are typically tested in targeted populations with well-defined phenotypes and genotypes, mimicked on in vitro systems exploring advanced biomaterial based technologies often allowing for faster and less costly approvals. However, the absence of a regulatory or ethical distinction between these two types has contributed to persistent inequities. A case analysis of India’s first CL issued for sorafenib illustrates how policy responses can be shaped by real-world therapeutic effectiveness and alternatives such as lenvatinib. The findings support the argument that a nuanced classification of FICs, alongside experience-based compulsory licensing policies, may enhance the ethical distribution and health parity of innovative medicines. The study concludes that CL remains a vital mechanism for promoting the right to health, but its effectiveness depends on national policy contexts and recognition of the diverse nature of FIC innovation.
The work aims to design and development of a prosthetic socket for lower limb amputation with 3D printing technology for a patient. It is focused on the finite element-based simulation and analysis by utilizing CT based three-dimensional (3D) model. In this study, image processing software is used for extracting models from CT images and obtained models are modified in CAD modeling software in STL format. These files are examined in ANSYS simulation to performing the static and dynamic analysis of the prosthetic stump and socket. Based on the simulation results, the model is to prepare with the 3D printer. The results from the 3D model simulation can be used to estimate the pressure distribution. The function of the below-knee prosthesis is to control the leg under static and dynamic conditions. The prosthetic sockets evolution and prefabrication by using finite element approach very interesting topic in this research work for the fabricators. Finally, it helps contribute to an overall prefabrication evaluation system to allow healthcare providers. The patients are comfortable with the transtibial prosthetics made of 3D printers with the simulation process to fit.
