Background: Self-medication with antibiotics for dental pain, particularly in developing countries, is associated with easy access to these medications and limited patient awareness of adverse effects. This behavior may contribute to antimicrobial resistance and potential complications. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate patients’ attitudes toward antibiotic self-medication for dental pain and to estimate the prevalence of this behavior. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 380 patients aged > 18 years who attended the Dental School of Zahedan, southeast Iran, in 2024. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire comprising 3 sections: demographic information, attitudes toward antibiotic self-medication, and the prevalence of antibiotic self-medication. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24, descriptive statistics, and the chi-square test, with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean attitude score was 27.52 ± 5.12, corresponding to a moderate level in 69.5% of participants. Overall, 71.3% of patients had attempted antibiotic self-medication at least once. Self-medication on more than one occasion was reported in 51.8% of cases. Attitudes differed significantly according to sex, age, education, income, and insurance history (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The moderate patient attitudes and the high prevalence of antibiotic self-medication in the studied sample emphasize the need for educational interventions and policy measures to increase public awareness and prevent indiscriminate access to antibiotics. Regular educational programs for patients and physicians, along with stricter regulations on antibiotic dispensing, are recommended.
Background: Childhood cancer, a major cause of mortality, causes significant psychological stress in young patients, negatively impacting their quality of life and potentially interfering with treatment. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of storytelling as an intervention to reduce anxiety in children undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. Patients and Methods: This randomized clinical trial, conducted from January to November 2023 at Ali Asghar Children's Hospital in Tehran, involved forty children undergoing chemotherapy. Forty children were randomly allocated to either the intervention group (n = 20) or the control group (n = 20) using block randomization. The intervention group participated in ten weekly 1.5-hour storytelling sessions, while the control group received standard care without additional intervention. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) alongside a researcher-developed checklist. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after the completion of the ten storytelling sessions to measure outcomes. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to assess normality and the independent t-test to compare group differences. Results: Independent t-test results showed that before the intervention, the story therapy group had significantly higher total anxiety scores (17.12 ± 2.06) compared to the control group (12.20 ± 5.27; P = 0.002). After the intervention, the story therapy group exhibited significantly lower total anxiety scores (9.76 ± 3.73) than the control group (15.97 ± 4.14; P < 0.001). Post-intervention analysis revealed significant reductions in physiological anxiety (2.41 vs. 5.50, P < 0.001), concentration anxiety (3.53 vs. 6.00, P = 0.001), and total anxiety (9.76 vs. 15.95, P < 0.001) in the story therapy group compared to the control group, while worry scores did not show a significant difference (3.82 vs. 4.45, P = 0.301). Gender comparisons indicated significant decreases in physiological and total anxiety for both men and women following story therapy, although concentration anxiety improved significantly only in men. Age-based analyses revealed that younger children (≤ 7 years) had higher initial physiological, concentration, and total anxiety scores but experienced more significant reductions after intervention than older children, with worry scores remaining unchanged across ages. Conclusions: The findings suggest that storytelling can be used as a valuable and non-invasive treatment method to reduce anxiety in children with cancer.
Background: Substance use tendency among university students poses a significant mental health concern and may be influenced by psychological factors such as self-esteem and decision-making styles. Identifying key predictors provides a basis for targeted preventive interventions. Objectives: The present study aimed to predict substance use tendencies based on self-esteem levels and decision-making styles among university students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical, correlational study was conducted among 200 students from a medical sciences university in western Iran, selected via multistage cluster sampling. Standardized questionnaires were used to assess self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Cronbach’s α = 0.79), decision-making styles (Scott and Bruce Decision-Making Styles Questionnaire, subscales α = 0.76 - 0.84), and substance use tendency (Addiction Readiness Scale, α = 0.79). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, multiple regression, and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis). Results: The mean scores of addiction tendency and self esteem were respectively and the mean self-esteem score was 28.65 ± 5.12. Multiple regression analysis showed that the model explained 46% of the variance in addiction tendency [R² = 0.46, Adjusted R² = 0.44, F (6,193) = 27.41, P < 0.001, Durbin-Watson = 1.92, Cohen’s f² = 0.85 indicating a large effect]. Among predictors, self-esteem (β = -0.32, P < 0.001, partial f² = 0.11) and rational decision-making style (β = -0.23, P < 0.001, partial f² = 0.06) were significant negative predictors, while dependent (β = 0.19, P = 0.002, partial f² = 0.04), spontaneous (β = 0.29, P < 0.001, partial f² = 0.10) and avoidant (β = 0.18, P = 0.002, partial f² = 0.03) styles were significant positive predictors of addiction tendency. The intuitive style was not a significant predictor (β = 0.06, P = 0.256). Non-parametric findings showed that male students had higher addiction tendency ranks than females (U = 3850.50, P < 0.001, r = 0.28) and significant differences occurred across faculties (H = 9.45, P = 0.05, η² = 0.04). Conclusions: These findings highlight the important roles of self-esteem and cognitive decision-making styles in predicting substance use tendency among students. Interventions that enhance self-esteem, promote rational decision-making, and address maladaptive cognitive styles may effectively reduce addiction vulnerability in this population.
Background: Alcohol use disorder is associated with craving, impulsivity, risky behavior, and difficulties in emotional regulation; however, RehaCom response inhibition training has not been evaluated in individuals with alcohol use disorder. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of RehaCom Response Inhibition Training in reducing cravings, impulsivity, and risky behavior and in enhancing emotional regulation among alcohol users. Methods: This experimental study used a pretest–posttest design with a one-month follow-up and a control group. Ten men aged 25 - 60 years with severe alcohol dependence who were currently using alcohol were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition, with five participants in each group. The intervention group received response-inhibition cognitive rehabilitation through 15 RehaCom sessions of 45 minutes each, administered three times per week over five consecutive weeks. The Desire for Alcohol Questionnaire, Go/No-Go Task, Emotional Control Questionnaire, and Balloon Analogue Risk Task were used. Participants were assessed at baseline, immediately after the RehaCom intervention, and one month later. Results: The findings showed that risk-taking, emotion control, and inhibition differed significantly between the two groups across the three time points (P ≤ 0.05), whereas craving did not (P ≥ 0.05). Despite the absence of significant between-group differences in craving (P ≥ 0.05), individuals with alcohol use disorder who received the RehaCom intervention showed decreased ranks in craving subcomponents from pretest to posttest. Among RehaCom participants, all subcomponents of risk-taking behavior declined, and emotion control improved significantly, except for emotional inhibition, which showed no significant between-group difference. Inhibition measures also improved, with reductions in omission and commission errors, faster reaction times, and increased accuracy on Go/No-Go tasks, indicating enhanced inhibitory control. Conclusions: Overall, the findings suggest that RehaCom may effectively reduce impulsivity and improve aspects of emotion regulation and response inhibition in individuals with alcohol use disorder, although some effects were not sustained over time.
Background: Although the association between cigarette smoking and mental health is well established, the specific theoretical and empirical links among cigarette dependence, anxiety sensitivity (AS), and distress tolerance (DT) remain poorly delineated across developmental stages. Objectives: This study investigated the relationships among cigarette smoking, anxiety sensitivity, and distress tolerance among nicotine-dependent male smokers across different age groups. Materials and Methods: In this comparative cross-sectional study, 278 male smokers were recruited through convenience sampling in Tehran, Iran, during the summer of 2024. Participants completed the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and Bonferroni post hoc comparisons in SPSS version 26. Results: MANCOVA revealed significant between-group differences in anxiety sensitivity (F = 19.234, P < 0.001) and distress tolerance (F = 28.189, P < 0.001). Smoking intensity and duration were significant covariates of anxiety sensitivity (F = 32.070, P < 0.001; F = 7.268, P = 0.007) and distress tolerance (F = 40.894, P < 0.001; F = 7.266, P = 0.007), respectively. Bonferroni post hoc comparisons indicated significant age-group differences in anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance, with most effect sizes ranging from medium to large (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Findings of the study reveal significant age-related differences in anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance, indicating that psychological assessments and smoking cessation interventions for nicotine-dependent men should be tailored to specific age groups. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.
Background: Research has indicated that childhood trauma can negatively impact sleep quality and intensify feelings of loneliness among adolescents. While connections between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation (SI) have been well-documented, the specific roles of loneliness and sleep quality as mediators in this relationship have not been thoroughly explored. Objectives: The goal of this study was to examine the correlational patterns and the potential mediating roles of loneliness and sleep quality in predicting SI in adolescents in relation to childhood trauma. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 540 students aged 12 to 18 from Tehran, Iran, selected through multistage cluster random sampling. Participants completed four validated self-administered questionnaires: The Bernstein Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) to assess childhood trauma, the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI) to assess SI, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep quality, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale to assess feelings of loneliness. Data were analyzed using SPSS, applying descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, correlation coefficients, and structural modeling tests (P ≤ 0.05). Results: The findings revealed a positive and significant correlation between childhood trauma and SI (R = 0.29, P < 0.001). The model demonstrated that childhood trauma has a direct effect on suicidal thoughts (β = 0.195, P = 0.001), as well as effects on feelings of loneliness (β = 0.126, P = 0.005) and sleep quality (β = 0.185, P = 0.001). Additionally, feelings of loneliness (β = 0.108, P = 0.186) and sleep quality (β = -0.464, P = 0.001) directly impacted SI. The model accounted for a significant portion of the variance in suicidal thoughts (R² = 0.316). Crucially, the mediation effect of loneliness in the relationship between trauma and SI was not statistically significant (β = 0.108, P = 0.186). Conclusions: The results suggest that poor sleep quality may exacerbate the negative effects of childhood trauma, thereby increasing the risk of suicidal thoughts in adolescents. In contrast, feelings of loneliness did not significantly mediate this relationship, contrary to expectation. Given the cross-sectional design, these findings reflect correlational and predictive relationships only and cannot establish a definitive causal relationship between the variables. This non-significant finding necessitates deeper discussion considering the study’s limitations, including the sampling method.
Background: Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a chronic and relapsing condition that severely impacts an individual's physical, emotional, and social well-being. Despite numerous interventions, including pharmacological treatments and psychological therapies, sustained abstinence remains a significant challenge. The complexity of addiction, particularly the role of craving and impulsivity, underscores the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has gained attention for its potential to modulate neural circuits involved in craving and impulsivity, particularly within the prefrontal cortex, which is implicated in the regulation of addictive behaviors. Objectives: The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the impact of tDCS on craving reduction, impulsivity, and emotional regulation in individuals with MUD, and to assess its potential role in relapse prevention. Methods: This study included 20 participants diagnosed with MUD, recruited during hospitalization in 2024. Participants were randomly assigned to either the real tDCS group or the sham control group. The tDCS intervention consisted of 10 daily sessions using 2 mA current, applied to the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Assessments of craving, impulsivity, and emotional affect were conducted at four time points: Pre-test (T0), post-session 5 (T1), post-session 10 (T2), and a two-week follow-up (T3) using the Desire for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS), and positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). Results: Craving scores demonstrated a marked reduction over time in both groups, with the real tDCS group exhibiting a more substantial decrease from pre-test (33.4 ± 18.73) to follow-up (13.0 ± 16.22). Impulsivity showed minimal group differences, with no significant time × group interactions. In terms of affect, the real tDCS group experienced a moderate increase in positive affect (from 27.3 ± 2.24 to 32.0 ± 2.24) and a notable decrease in negative affect (from 28.6 ± 3.02 to 20.1 ± 2.24). While statistical analysis revealed significant time effects for some measures, group effects and time × group interactions were generally non-significant. Conclusions: This study suggests that tDCS may have potential in reducing craving and improving emotional regulation in individuals with MUD; however, the effects were modest and not consistently sustained over time. The findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size, short follow-up duration, and the hospital-based nature of the sample, which may limit generalizability to broader community settings. Nevertheless, these preliminary results support the feasibility of tDCS as an adjunctive intervention, and larger randomized trials with longer follow-up are warranted to confirm its clinical effectiveness and long-term impact on relapse prevention.
Background: Workplace violence (WPV) against medical interns in underserved regions like Zahedan, Iran, is poorly documented. Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence and determinants of WPV against medical interns in southeastern Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we consecutively recruited medical interns from Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (2023 - 2024). Data were collected using a validated Persian questionnaire based on the International Labor Office/World Health Organization/International Council of Nurses (ILO/WHO/ICN) tool, covering physical, verbal, sexual, and ethnic violence. Results: Most interns (80%) experienced verbal abuse. Additionally, 24% reported physical violence, 23.5% encountered ethnic violence, and 12% experienced sexual harassment. Regression analysis identified key risk factors: Female interns had higher risks of physical and sexual violence, and emergency department assignment increased the risk of physical violence. Longer internship duration was linked to higher odds of verbal, sexual, and ethnic violence. Crucially, underreporting was systemic; only 17% of victims filed formal reports, mostly because they believed reporting was futile. Conclusions: Workplace violence against medical interns in Zahedan is highly prevalent and underreported. To ensure trainee safety, structured interventions are urgently needed, including mandatory training, stronger legal protections, and improved hospital security.
Background: Adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable to iron deficiency anemia (IDA) due to the rapid growth experienced during adolescence and the onset of menstruation, both of which increase iron requirements. Dietary patterns — specifically, the consumption of foods that enhance or inhibit iron absorption — have a significant impact on hemoglobin (Hb) status. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns, specifically the intake of enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption, and anemia status in adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 63 girls aged 13 - 15 years. The Hb levels were measured and classified as anemic or non-anemic according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Data on the frequency of consumption of enhancers (heme iron, non-heme iron, vitamin C, fructose) and inhibitors (tannins, polyphenols, calcium, phytates) of iron absorption were collected using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Associations between dietary intake and anemia status were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Overall, 41.3% of respondents were classified as anemic (22.2% mild, 14.3% moderate, 4.8% severe), while 58.7% had normal Hb levels. Consumption of dietary enhancers was significantly associated with anemia status (P < 0.001), with higher intake corresponding to a lower prevalence of anemia. In contrast, consumption of dietary inhibitors was not significantly associated with anemia status (P > 0.05), although more frequent consumption appeared to increase anemia prevalence. Conclusions: Intake of dietary enhancers plays a crucial role in improving Hb status among adolescent girls, whereas frequent consumption of inhibitors may still contribute to anemia risk. Strengthening nutrition education focusing on balanced dietary patterns and proper food timing is essential to prevent anemia in this vulnerable population.
Background: This study examined the rising prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) among adolescents in Tehran, focusing on two addiction patterns (mood/social problems and academic/occupational problems) and their correlation with high school level. Objectives: The research aims to explore the escalation of IGD among adolescents in the context of expanding internet technology. Materials and Methods: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. A sample of 708 adolescents (176 females, 532 males), aged 12 to 18, from various districts in Tehran was randomly selected based on inclusion criteria. Participants completed questionnaires on internet game addiction and provided demographic information. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and the Welch test in SPSS 26. Results: The study revealed a 5.6% prevalence of IGD among adolescents in Tehran. Notably, second-year high school students exhibited a different pattern of internet game addiction, particularly in relation to academic and occupational challenges, compared to first-year students. Chi-square analysis showed significant differences between adolescents with and without IGD regarding sleep duration, paternal education level, and family financial status. Welch’s tests revealed significant differences in emotional and social aspects of internet addiction among high school students in the first and second years. The statistical analysis also indicated a significant disparity in academic and occupational aspects of internet addiction based on educational level. Conclusions: The alignment of IGD prevalence in Tehran with findings from studies in other countries suggests the potential involvement of similar factors in the development of internet game add iction. Further research is needed to investigate these factors comprehensively and implement preventive measures to curb the increasing incidence of IGD among adolescents.
Background: The human body contains 2 to 3 mg of zinc, with the highest concentrations found in the hippocampus, amygdala, and frontal cortex, which are associated with emotions. Additionally, studies have shown that taking zinc supplements improves mood in individuals undergoing antidepressant treatment as well as in the general population. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of zinc supplementation in reducing the likelihood of anxiety and depression relapse in opioid-dependent patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment. Patients and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on opioid-dependent patients undergoing methadone treatment. Participants were divided into groups based on the random block permutation method: The case group [treated with zinc supplements for 3 months (n = 32)] and the control group [treated with a placebo for 3 months (n = 31)]. Inclusion criteria included receiving methadone maintenance therapy (MMT), absence of major neurological and underlying diseases, and absence of medications that reduce serum zinc levels. Exclusion criteria included a history of allergy to zinc-containing compounds and taking zinc supplements before the intervention. The measurement tools included a demographic questionnaire and Beck’s Anxiety and Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with a P-value of < 0.05 deemed statistically significant. Results: In the case group, a significant improvement in quality of life, specifically in physical health, mental health (MH), and social health, was observed compared to the control group after zinc supplementation (P < 0.05). After three months of zinc supplementation, anxiety, stress, and depression levels significantly decreased in the case group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Zinc supplementation significantly helped reduce anxiety and depression symptoms in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment.
Background: The lack of epidemiological data over the past decade among Iranians and the inadequate conceptualization of substance consumption prevalence are two targeted problems. Objectives: The present research attempts to discriminate between lifetime, last month, and excessive prevalence of addictive substances consumption among the general population and university students and to follow up on public parks as high-risk environments. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran during the fall of 2023 and 2024. A total of 2,183 valid participants were recruited by distributing 15,500 flyers containing a weblink and barcode to an online questionnaire assessing the experience, frequency, and initiation age of various substances consumption. Pearson's chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction and Welch two sample t-test performed with R were used for statistical analysis. Results: Lifetime prevalence among the general population was as follows: Hookah (57.3%), cigarettes (54.4%), alcohol (41.9%), marijuana (16.0%), psychiatrics (12.5%), opium (7.5%), hashish (4.5%), crystal (1.6%), heroin (1.6%), LSD (1.3%), and ecstasy (1.1%). The highest priorities for last month prevalence are cigarettes (32.0%), alcohol (20.5%), hookah (17.6%), and marijuana (4.6%). Cigarettes had the highest excessive prevalence (8.5%), followed by hookah (2.7%) and alcohol (2.7%). The prevalence of almost all substances was significantly higher, and the age of initiation was lower in public parks compared to the general population (alpha < 0.01), and there was a notable enthusiasm for stimulant drugs. Despite the increase in prevalence for all substances through the public parks after one year follow-up, the lifetime prevalence of marijuana changed the most significantly (10 percentage points with P = 0.011). University students behave like the general population, except for the lower prevalence of hard drugs and the lack of a gender difference for cigarettes, alcohol, and psychiatrics. Conclusions: Considering the medical consequences of excessive consumption, tobacco cigarettes are the most malignant problem, but marijuana, with its accelerating prevalence, is the immediate challenge. The role of public parks as the market base points to the need for legalization of addictive behaviors and an economic paradigm shift to prevent a social catastrophe. The gender similarity among students hints at a cultural reformation rooted in universities jeopardized femininity.
Background: Violence is a complex social issue with profound effects on both individuals and communities. Rooted in economic, social, and cultural contexts, it appears in various forms and settings. Police stations, as frontline institutions in handling violence-related incidents, provide a unique opportunity to study this phenomenon. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and correlates of violence among individuals visiting police stations in Ilam city. Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was conducted on a randomly selected sample of 400 individuals referring to police stations in Ilam. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and Pearson correlation coefficients, were used to examine associations between variables. Results: The analysis revealed significant associations between various demographic and socioeconomic factors and the experience of physical, psychological, and sexual violence. Individuals aged 25 - 34, those working in manual labor (especially construction), with lower educational attainment, and with poor economic status were most affected. Family disputes emerged as the leading context for violent incidents. Other contributing factors included social class, marital status, and place of residence. Conclusions: The study indicates that violence among individuals visiting police stations in Ilam is strongly linked to socioeconomic and demographic factors. These findings underscore the need for targeted, context-specific interventions that address underlying causes such as poverty, low education, and social instability. Policymakers and law enforcement agencies can utilize these insights to design more effective violence prevention strategies and improve public safety in the region.
Background: Polyvictimization involves experiencing multiple types of victimization. Evidence indicates that individuals subjected to polyvictimization face a greater risk for mental health issues than those exposed to a single form of victimization. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) and explore the association between childhood polyvictimization and adult psychiatric symptoms among Iranians. Materials and Methods: Conducted as a cross-sectional correlational study, a total of 573 adults aged 18 to 45 (146 men, 417 women, and 17 individuals without reported gender) with a mean age of 24.02 were recruited through non-random sampling. Inclusion criteria were limited to age, and participants completed the JVQ and a psychiatric symptom checklist in the spring (March to May) of 2023 via social media. Psychometric properties were evaluated via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency measures. Furthermore, regression analysis examined how total victimization scores and subscales predict psychiatric symptoms. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and AMOS. Results: Initial CFA revealed a weak model fit. By removing 10 items with low factor loading (< 0.4) and resolving overlaps, the final model demonstrated acceptable fit indices (e.g., χ2/df = 1.98, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.91, IFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.89, RMSEA = 0.04). The Persian JVQ exhibited strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84). Results indicated that polyvictimization accounted for 22% of the variance in psychiatric symptoms (P < 0.001). Notably, each additional unit of polyvictimization was associated with a 47% rise in psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions: The Persian adaptation of the JVQ demonstrates strong potential for both epidemiological research and clinical assessments of childhood victimization in Iran. The positive correlation between childhood polyvictimization and adult psychiatric symptoms underscores the importance of targeted prevention and intervention strategies for high-risk groups. Biases from self-report measures, sampling limitations, and cultural factors should be considered, and future studies should better address confounders such as demographics and stressors to strengthen causal interpretations. Caution is advised when comparing these findings to data on conventional crimes due to methodological and cultural differences.
Background: The ideation-to-action framework of suicide, which includes the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS), the Integrated Motivational Volitional Model (IMV), and the Three Step Theory (3ST), expands upon traditional suicide theories by differentiating between the emergence of suicidal thoughts and the transition to a suicide attempt. Each of these theories identifies distinct key variables: The IPTS focuses on perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, IMV emphasizes defeat and entrapment, while 3ST highlights pain and hopelessness. Objectives: The current study aimed to examine the predictive utility of the key variables of the ideation to action framework theories to predict suicidal ideation in adolescents. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 476 Iranian adolescents (76.3% female, 23.7% male), aged 12 to 20 years (17.03 ± 4.83), selected through convenience sampling. Participants were recruited from four secondary schools in grades 6 to 12 across different regions of Tehran, Iran, between September and October 2024. Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ), Defeat Scale (DS), Entrapment Scale (ES), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Psychache Scale (PS) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results: All variables were statistically associated with suicidal ideation. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that except for thwarted belongingness and entrapment, other factors could significantly predict suicidal ideation. Hopelessness (β = 0.309) was found to be the strongest predictor, followed by psychological pain (β = 0.239), defeat (β = 0.234), and perceived burdensomeness (β = 0.166). Conclusions: Suicidal ideation development may be conceptualized as a complex interplay of simultaneous and possibly interactive parameters. Hopelessness, psychological pain, defeat, and perceived burdensomeness should be targeted in suicidal prevention and intervention programs. This study is limited by its cross-sectional design, self-report measures, and use of a non-clinical sample. Future studies should use longitudinal designs, utilize alternative assessment methods, and examine clinical populations to enhance the validity and generalizability of findings.
Background: Trauma profoundly affects psychological well-being and increases the risk of mental health disorders. Past research highlights its impact on emotion regulation (ER) and locus of control (LoC). Understanding the role of perceived control can guide effective interventions for trauma survivors. Objectives: This study examined how LoC moderates the relationship between trauma history (TH) and emotion dysregulation, shedding light on factors influencing resilience and coping mechanisms. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 359 adults aged 18 - 57 (26.14 ± 7.06), recruited via accessible, non-random sampling through social media platforms such as Twitter, ResearchGate, WhatsApp, LinkedIn, Instagram, and Telegram between September 2024 and January 2025. Participants completed the Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16), Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale, and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26, including descriptive statistics, correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses to assess the moderating role of LoC, using Hayes's PROCESS macro-model 1 with a 95% confidence level. Results: Trauma-experienced adults (n = 359), predominantly female (80.8%) and with ≥ undergraduate degree (44.1%), showed that those with an external LoC scored higher on ER difficulties than individuals with an internal locus. An external LoC was also associated with greater trauma exposure. Additionally, TH explained 26% of the variance in ER, increasing to 30.6% when LoC was added, with the interaction term contributing 1.1%. The overall model accounted for 77% of the variance. Physical and sexual assault significantly predicted ER (ΔR² = 0.026), and LoC made an independent contribution (ΔR² = 0.04). Interaction effects confirmed that LoC moderates trauma’s impact on emotional regulation, emphasizing the importance of perceived control in recovery. Conclusions: This study underscores the crucial role of an internal LoC in facilitating ER following traumatic experiences. From a clinical perspective, enhancing a trauma survivor’s sense of personal agency — through targeted interventions such as cognitive-behavioral techniques, empowerment practices, or mindfulness-based strategies — may lead to improved emotional outcomes. Limitations of the current research include its cross-sectional design and dependence on self-reported data. To build on these findings, future studies should employ longitudinal and multi-method approaches, examine diverse populations, consider varying trauma severities, and assess the efficacy of specific interventions aimed at strengthening internal LoC.
Background: Substance use tendency is considered a risk factor that may increase the likelihood of disruptions in occupational performance, social interactions, and mental well-being, rather than directly causing them. Self-injurious behaviors are among the key predictors of substance use tendency. In recent years, self-compassion has gained attention as a protective factor against high-risk behaviors such as substance misuse. Objectives: The present study aimed to develop a model of substance use tendency based on self-injurious behaviors, and the mediating role of self-compassion. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study employed structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population included all students at Urmia University during the 2023 - 2024 academic year (n = 13,267). A sample of 350 students was selected using a multistage random sampling method. The instruments used were the Weed and Butcher Substance Use Tendency Questionnaire (1992), Self-harm Inventory (SHI), and Self-compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF). Data analysis was performed using SPSS v22 and AMOS, employing descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation tests. Results: Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between self-injurious behaviors and substance use tendency (R = 0.505), along with significant negative relationships between self-compassion and substance use tendency (R = -0.585), and between self-compassion and self-injurious behaviors (R = -0.448). Moreover, the indirect effect of self-injurious behaviors on substance use tendency through self-compassion was significant, indicating that self-compassion partially mediates this relationship (β = -0.27, P < 0.01). The final structural equation model demonstrated acceptable fit indices (RMSEA = 0.086, CFI = 0.90, GFI = 0.90). Conclusions: Self-injurious behaviors are related to increase the tendency toward substance use, both directly and indirectly by reducing self-compassion. Enhancing self-compassion could serve as an effective strategy in preventing substance use tendency among youth.
Background: More than 70% of addicts are employed, and several factors have been identified that increase susceptibility to addiction. The role of occupation in addiction has long been discussed. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of work-related factors in individuals suffering from addiction while minimizing potential sources of bias through the use of validated instruments and inclusive sampling. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study included all eligible male patients who visited the addiction treatment center of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences during 2020. Data were collected using the validated Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP) Questionnaire and a researcher-developed job conditions checklist. A census sampling method was used to reduce selection bias. Data were analyzed with Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, chi-square test and independent samples t-test in SPSS 16 at a significance level of 0.05. Results: A total of 210 male participants (mean age: 39 years) were included. The most frequent job-related predisposing factor was having an addicted colleague (33.3%), followed by hard work (18.6%) and ease of access to drugs in the workplace (13.8%). There was no significant relationship between job-related predisposing factors and job type. Conclusions: The presence of an addicted colleague was the most common occupational risk factor. Despite the limitations of a cross-sectional design, efforts such as the use of validated tools and a census-based approach were made to reduce potential bias.
Background: Identifying the internal factors of gender murders in the face of marital infidelity is of special importance. Objectives: Therefore, the present study aimed to anticipate risky decision-making styles in gender murderers and divorce demandants with a history of marital infidelity. Materials and Methods: The present research is a descriptive design of the discriminant analysis type. The statistical community includes all men accused of gender murders and people divorce demandants from marital infidelity in Ahvaz. Hence, 86 people were selected using the judgmental sampling method. The ultimatum game and scale of risky decision styles in social situations were used to anticipate risky decision styles. The data were analyzed with SPSS 24 software. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in health risk between the study groups. However, there is no significant difference in other components of risky decision-making, such as ambiguity, diversification, and economic risk-taking between the groups examined. Conclusions: Risk appetite and risky decision-making styles are among the psychological and intrinsic factors that can play a prominent role in the occurrence of gender murders alongside other sociological factors. Accordingly, the identification of psychological factors affecting the risky decision-making style can be effective in prognosis and the prevention of such murders.
Background: Despite the importance of hookah smoking (HS), comprehensive and in-depth studies that examine the reasons and motivations for this behavior among teenage girls are limited in Iran. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of HS among girl students based on the prototype willingness model (PWM). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2021 on a randomly selected sample of 407 female high school students in grades 10 to 12. Students from six schools in one district of Kermanshah, Iran, were selected, and a validated questionnaire based on the constructs of the PWM was administered and evaluated. Data entry was performed using SPSS 22, and both descriptive and inferential statistics, such as Pearson's correlation test and linear regression, were utilized for analysis. Results: Of all the students, 10.56% of them had smoked hookah in their lifetime, and 5.6% had smoked hookah in the past year. Among the 407 participants in the study, 23 individuals had smoked hookah in the past year. Participants, who had tried hookah before, showed a significantly greater intention to continue smoking hookah compared to those who had never tried it (P < 0.01). Both intention (P < 0.001) and willingness (P < 0.02) were related to hookah use behavior. Results also demonstrate that both attitude and subjective norms were significantly associated with intention. Attitude, subjective norms, and prototype perceptions were all significantly related to willingness. Among these three factors, subjective norms had the strongest relationship, as shown by its higher standardized beta value compared to the other two variables (B = 0.172). Conclusions: It can be concluded that attitude, subjective norms, and prototype perceptions are associated with hookah consumption behavior among adolescent girls by affecting their intention and willingness.
