Background: One of the multiple intrinsically resistant bacteria that cause opportunistic illnesses is Burkholderia cepacia. The distribution of B. cepacia isolates according to clinical specimen categories, hospital wards, patient gender and age, and antibiotic susceptibility assessment were the main objectives of the study. Methods: This hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in department of microbiology at SAIMS Indore M. P. from May 2024 to June 2024. Relevant samples for e. g., blood, urine, sputum, body fluids, pus were collected as per institution collection protocol from inpatient and outpatient department. Results: A total of 4875 clinical samples received for culture, 1738 samples were found positive of which 100 (2.015%) B. cepacia were isolated from various clinical samples (Table 1 and Figure 4). The majority of the 100 B. cepacia isolates were isolated from blood and respiratory samples (sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, pleural fluid), followed by pus and urine samples, which accounted for 80 (80%), 12 (12%), 7 (7%) and 1 (1%) isolate, respectively. Conclusions: B. cepacia is emerging cause of various clinical manifestations including septicemia with multi drug resistance that need to be treated quickly and effectively.

Clinicians face significant challenges in managing nosocomial infections, primarily due to antimicrobial resistance in multidrug-resistant bacteria. Regardless of the availability of a wide range of antimicrobials in the market, resistance is escalating rampantly with every passing day, which has become a global concern. Hence, it is essential to discover new and more efficient techniques to eliminate pathogens from healthcare settings. Along with eliminating pathogenic bacteria, mitigating their antimicrobial resistance with novel methods is very essential. Recently, bacteriophages have re-emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative to treat serious infections caused by bacterial pathogens. Bacteriophages were discovered for the first time a century ago, but their usage has recently regained more attention in treating bacterial pathogens. Bacteriophages also help in mitigating the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance, particularly augmented by Gram-negative bacteria. This review discussed the advancements in the usage of bacteriophages in combating the antimicrobial resistance of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, with a prime focus on Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), which are renowned non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) pathogens. Additionally, the effects of single phage, phage cocktails, and combination therapy with antibiotics on bacterial biofilms and polymicrobial biofilms are also discussed.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative clinical pathogen, particularly affecting immunocompromised patients, those with cystic fibrosis, and burn victims. It causes chronic infections, especially in hospital settings, and is a significant contributor to nosocomial infections. Its capacity to create biofilms resistant to antibiotics is the reason for its infamous persistence in clinical settings. P. aeruginosa infections can affect any area of the body because the bacteria's biofilm enables it to stick to any surface, living or non-living. One of the primary clinical challenges in treating P. aeruginosa biofilm is its noteworthy resistance to many classes of antibiotics. The bacterium's ability to acquire resistance through efflux pumps, beta-lactamase production, and genetic mutations complicates treatment options. Recently, multidrug- resistant (MDR) strains of P. aeruginosa are becoming increasingly prevalent, limiting the efficacy of traditional antibiotics and leading to the need for alternative therapies. There is an ongoing need for novel treatment options, including bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and vaccines. The rapid adaptability of P. aeruginosa and its ability to develop resistance underscores the importance of continued research into new therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the various therapeutic strategies like; antimicrobial therapy, targeting efflux pumps and biofilms of P. aeruginosa, phage therapy, immunotherapy and nanotechnology to explore the mechanisms, through which antimicrobial compounds interact with biofilm structures and the bacteria within.

An investigation was carried out to identify the polymorphism of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene and its expression profiling in Munjal sheep. Blood samples from 40 female Munjal sheep were collected for DNA extraction. After standardization of PCR for ovine HSP 70 gene, sequencing was carried out for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiling. Multiple sequence alignment was performed to screen SNP in the resource population and subsequently, A to G mutation was observed at c.459 position. Two genotypes viz., AG and AA were obtained. HSP70 expression analysis in different seasons was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. After blood collection, serum was separated for studying the gene expression and expression analysis of different groups was compared using t-test. Animals were also grouped in to two groups viz., heat stress susceptible (HSS) and heat stress tolerant (HST) based on heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) i.e. HST having HTC<2.40 and HSS with HTC>2.40. Statistical analysis revealed that expression of HSP70 gene varied markedly among the summer and winter season. Furthermore, a significant variation was observed between adults and lambs (P < 0.05) and between HSS and HST sheep (P < 0.05) for HSP70 gene expression. HSP70 expression was higher in adults in comparison to lambs in both summer and winter season. The identification of heat-resistant animal breeds is crucial for enhancing livestock productivity in the face of impending challenging climatic conditions. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) may serve as potential markers for the selection of these resilient animals.

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are responsible for high mortality and morbidity in health care settings worldwide. They have been declared as priority pathogens by the WHO for their continuously escalating antimicrobial resistance. Nevertheless, data associated with MDR GNB in health care-associated infections are insufficient. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most commonly occurring health care-associated infections. Such infections are particularly common when bacteria from a patient's normal microflora are transferred to the surgical sites during surgical procedures. SSIs affect approximately 0.5%-3% of patients undergoing surgery, resulting in prolonged hospital stays compared with patients without SSIs. SSIs result in severe problems and lead to a heavy economic burden. Most SSIs can be avoided if suitable preventive measures are employed. Novel findings support the dedicated usage of oral preoperative surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis for specific surgeries based on sites/organs. Immediate interventions are sought to control the transmission of MDR GNB typically found in hospital settings. The present narrative review aims to describe MDR GNB in SSIs in different sites. Antimicrobial resistance epidemiology and preventive measures for SSIs are also discussed. Different intrinsic and extrinsic factors and control measures are elaborated for curbing SSIs.

This article presents a dataset on bacterial community structure associated with Ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetable salads sold in Kampala City, Uganda. The Illumina Miseq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicon unveiled the bacterial communities and generated a metagenomic library from RTE vegetable salads to understand the diversities and distribution. The metagenome contained a total of 23805 sequences with 35420 Taxonomic units (OTUs). Metagenome sequence information is obtainable at NCBI under the Bioproject assigned accession number PRJNA1064313. Taxonomic hits distribution from VSEARCH analysis at phylum level classification of NN-3 discovered predominantly Proteobacteria (65.34%) followed by Firmicutes (31.60%) and Bacteroidota (0.14%). Deinococcota (0.01%) and Planctomycetota (0.01%) were also detected. Also, VSEARCH-assisted analysis of NN-4 detected a higher prevalence of Firmicutes (65.68%) than Proteobacteria (33.25%), while Bacteroidota (0.04%) indicating the presence of contaminants of faecal sources.

Vanadium metal is widely spread in various environments and has essential roles in biological systems. Vanadium based compounds have been proposed for cancer as a new category of non platinum metal anticancer drugs. Vanadium compounds activate transcription factors and signaling pathways in cells, which can potentiate their therapeutic applications. Additionally, these complexes exhibit potential antitumor effects by hindering cellular tyrosine phosphatases or stimulating tyrosine phosphorylases in different cell lines. These effects trigger cellular signal transduction pathways, culminating in apoptosis and the activation of genes that suppress tumor growth, cell -cycle arrest, cytotoxic effects, and modulation of cellular adhesive molecules. However, the knowledge of vanadium complexes effects on cell signaling pathways in cancer cells is limited. Understanding these pathways is crucial for identifying molecular targets that are responsible for the anticancer activity of vanadium complexes. The low toxicity of vanadium, combined with the advancement of more powerful and well tolerated complexes, could position it as a promising non -platinum metal agent for combating tumors.

Meat and meat products offer a favorable environment for the growth and multiplication of various microorganisms because of the high nutrient content. The aim of the present study was to detect the level of microbiological contamination of retail chicken meat samples in the Mullana (Ambala) territory of Haryana, India. A total of fifty raw chicken meat samples were randomly collected from various retail butcher shops (n = 10) in the Mullana area of Ambala district. All the isolates were confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS and screened for antibiotic susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method for a set of antimicrobials. The results showed a total of eight genera of contaminating bacteria and a total of 38 bacterial isolates were retrieved from the collected 50 meat samples. The total aerobic bacterial count range was between 2.93 × 103 CFU/gm and 3.48 × 106 CFU/gm. Nearly 44

Abstract Succinic acid is a valuable organic acid with a high commercial value that may be employed in a variety of sectors including food, cosmetics, and chemistry. Through bacterial fermentation, succinic acid can be easily produced. This paper includes a broad body of literature assessment spanning the previous two decades on the evaluation of succinic acid (SA) production procedures in to further drive research toward membrane-based sustainable and affordable production. The best natural method of SA producer is through Actinobacillus succinogenes. The process of microbial fermentation is used to produce bio-succinic acid utilizing agro-industrial waste. There are different methods under metabolic engineering which are being frequently used for bio-based succinic acid production using representative microorganisms, such as Mannheimia succiniciproducens, Pichia kudriavzevii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Basfia succiniciproducens, and Escherichia coli. This review summarizes the evolution of microbial production, fermentative methods, various organic substrates and the effects of efforts to recover and refine components for a wide range of applications in the perspective of biologically produced succinic acid for commercialization state.

Background Small, non-coding microRNAs, usually of 20-25 nucleotides, are known to regulate the post-transcriptional gene expression, which has a significant role in human biological processes, including immune-biogenesis, homeostasis and infection control as differential expression of such miRNAs is responsible for fine-tuning the organismic development. Methods A search of bibliographic databases was carried out with a focused question on microRNA-Disease Prediction. A deductive qualitative content analysis approach was employed to assess the research's overall outcomes, review articles on prediction tools in miRNA-Diseases, and analyse the interventions. Results Diagnosis and therapeutics of diseases and miRNA prediction methods hold importance in identifying the regulatory mechanisms. Collections of efficient miRNA prediction methods to identify miRNA-mRNA-disease regulatory relationships have been presented through this review, consolidating the potential of miRNAs as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of multiple diseases, including COVID-19. Conclusion The role of miRNA in the aetiology and pathogenesis of wide-range of pathologies, including viral, bacterial to chronic diseases such as cancer, is quite feasible through the modern tools in bioinformatics which has been elaborated focusing upon miRNA-disease prediction methods and their application potential establishing miRNAs as a robust and reliable biomarker in clinico-medical studies.

Using chicken litter as an organic fertilizer on land is the most common, cheapest and environmentally safest way to manage the latter generated swiftly from the poultry industry. Raw chicken litter has been applied to field soils where various vegetables are cropped to increase yield or productivity. However, the chicken litter frequently come in contact with different environments, such as water, soil, microbes and vegetation. When chickens defecate, their litters, in a few countries, are particularly reused for the next flock, potentially causing cross-contamination. Due to various contact points in the environment, a high probability of bacterial transmission is predicted, which could lead to infection spread in animals and humans. Consumption of contaminated water, food, and meat could lead to the transmission of deadly infections. Microbes in the chicken litter also affect the grazing animals while feeding on fields duly applied with chicken litter as manure. The maximum permissible limits (MPLs) in the chicken litter for land application should not exceed 106-108 CFU/g for Coliform bacteria. Antibiotics are regularly mixed in the diet or drinking water of chicken grown in marketable poultry farms for treating bacterial diseases. Rampant usage of antimicrobials also results in resistant bacteria's survival in animal excreta. Herein, we surveyed the literature to identify the major bacterial genus harboured in the fields applied with chicken manure to increase soil fertility. Our detailed survey identified different bacterial pathogens from chicken litter samples from different investigations. Most studies showed the prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, Enterococcus, E. coli, Bacillus, Comamonas, Proteus and Citrobacter, including many other bacterial species in the chicken litter samples. This article suggested that chicken litter does not meet the standard parameters for direct application as organic fertilizer in the fields. Before being applied to the ground, chicken litter should be treated to lessen the danger of polluting crops or water supplies by reducing the prevalence of harmful bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistance genes.

Emergence of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) is a global, ongoing healthcare concern. CRAB is among the topmost priority pathogens, with various studies focusing on its global population structure and resistant allelic profiles. However, carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii (CSAB) isolates are often overlooked due to their sensitivity to beta-lactams, which can provide important insights into origin of CRAB lineages and isolates. In the present study, we report genomic investigation of CRAB and CSAB coexisting in Indian hospital setting. MLST based population structure and phylogenomics suggest they mainly follow distinct evolutionary routes forming two phylogroups. PG-I exclusively for a successful clone (ST2) of CRAB and PG-II comprises diversified CSAB isolates except PG3373, which is CRAB. Additionally, there are few CRAB isolates not belonging to PG-I and sharing clonal relationship with CSAB isolates indicating role of genome plasticity towards extensive drug resistance in the nosocomial environment. Further, genealogical analysis depicts prominent role of recombination in emergence and evolution of a major CRAB lineage. Further, CRAB isolates are enriched in resistomes as compared to CSAB isolates, which were encoded on the genomic island. Such comparative genomic insights will aid in our understanding and localized management of rapidly evolving pandrug resistant nosocomial pathogens.

Purpose of Review Infectious keratitis is the fifth most prevalent cause of blindness worldwide. The primary diagnostic test to identify the pathogenic organism is the culture of corneal scraping. However microbial culture positivity is low and varies widely due to many underlying factors. Therefore, there is a need to understand the prevalence of such cases and what modern tools can be employed to diagnose them. Recent Findings Contact lens usage, ocular injuries, and ocular surface disease have been reported to be primary risk factors for keratitis with infection of pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Fusarium spp . , Candida spp . , and Acanthamoeba spp. Advanced imaging techniques, such as in vivo confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other molecular techniques have been used to identify the specific causative agents of infectious keratitis more rapidly and accurately than traditional culture methods. However, microbial culture positivity is low and varies widely due to many underlying factors. Summary In vivo confocal microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing can support the diagnosis of infectious keratitis. Initial treatment for bacterial keratitis (BK) is with antimicrobials primarily fluoroquinolones, while topical natamycin (an antifungal anti-protozoal) is the drug of choice for fungal keratitis. Additionally, PCR and other molecular methods are utilized to corroborate the initial diagnosis or where routine microbial cultures are negative. This review provides current information for diagnosing microbial culture negative keratitis patients. Earlier diagnosis with modern tools could decrease incidence of corneal opacity, vision loss, or even the loss of an eye in keratitis patients.

Uncertainty persists concerning the role of ready-to-eat (RTE) salad as a bacterial reservoir. The attention paid to food safety by international agencies and international regulations has not improved food safety despite technological advancements, RTE salad's microbiological quality and safety still seems challenging. The present study's objective was to detect any microorganism in the RTE salads sold in supermarkets of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and to interpret the susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria to a set of antimicrobials. Phenotypic methods and biochemical analysis were used to identify the isolated bacterium from each salad sample. Antibiograms of the isolated bacteria was determined by VITEK system 2. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for 15 Escherichia coli isolates for investigating evolutionary relationship and genetic analysis. The culture-based technique showed that the major species identified in samples were Aeromonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., E. coli, Roultella ornithinolytica, Citrobacter koseri, Luciferciaadec arboxylata, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Aerococcus viridians. Remarkably, Acinetobacter spp. showed the highest antibiotic resistance to erythromycin, nitrofurantoin and co-trimoxazole. ST 1887 was the most common one traced in 3 E. coli isolates, when total of 12 STs (sequence types) were specified to 15 isolates. A total of three clonal complexes (CC); CC-12, CC-14 & CC-23 were reported in this study. Implementing an accurate, rapid, and easy microbiological analysis method could be valuable for providing higher quality products. Based on the obtained results, dedicated regular RTE salad quality monitoring is recommended, and hand hygiene should be maintained while handling and packaging of RTE.

Abstract Gluconic acid is one of the most important natural acids which are moderately generated from glucose via a straightforward oxidation reaction process. Through the use of microorganisms like Gluconobacter (bacteria) and fungi, the reaction is facilitated through various enzymes such enzyme glucose oxidase and glucose dehydrogenase. The typical widespread, fermentation procedure is characterized by the use of Aspergillus niger (fungi). The primary gluconic acid derivatives, such as sodium gluconate, are widely used in the agricultural and food industries. Gluconic acid has several uses in the pharmaceutical, food, beverage, textile, cement, metal chelating agent, leather, and dairy sectors. Commercial production of gluconic acid made by fungi is well-established. Therefore, fermentation procedures and effective microorganisms are employed to produce gluconic acid with a higher yield and higher quality. These processes are also more economical and effectively convert inexpensive substrates into carbon sources. Production of gluconic acid has been reported with corn starch, grapes must, banana must, egg shells, and potato pulp using both solid state and submerged fermentation. This article provides a thorough analytical analysis for the gluconic acid production through microbial fermentation and its uses in agriculture and food. Additionally, this contemporary paper thoroughly examines the literature from recent years on the growth of gluconic acid production for the global market.

The emergence and transmission of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) have been recognized as a major public health concern. Here, we investigated the molecular epidemiology and its correlation with the mechanisms of resistance in CRKP isolates by compiling studies on the molecular epidemiology of CRKP strains worldwide. CRKP is increasing worldwide, with poorly characterized epidemiology in many parts of the world. Biofilm formation, high efflux pump gene expression, elevated rates of resistance, and the presence of different virulence factors in various clones of K. pneumoniae strains are important health concerns in clinical settings. A wide range of techniques has been implemented to study the global epidemiology of CRKP, such as conjugation assays, 16S-23S rDNA, string tests, capsular genotyping, multilocus sequence typing, whole-genome sequencing-based surveys, sequence-based PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. There is an urgent need to conduct global epidemiological studies on multidrug-resistant infections of K. pneumoniae across all healthcare institutions worldwide to develop infection prevention and control strategies. In this review, we discuss different typing methods and resistance mechanisms to explore the epidemiology of K. pneumoniae pertaining to human infections.