The main question this article seeks to address is how the BLM’s bureaucratic autonomy is affected by deep ideological divides over public lands management policy. Daniel Carpenter’s (2001) theory of bureaucratic autonomy serves to provide the definition and method for evaluating the research question. The case study identifies that the bureaucratic autonomy afforded is intrinsically bound to interest group politics. There exists little room for initiative not supported by specific interests. Actions required by the multiple use mandates, but not supported by interests will be suppressed. But, of greater interest is in understanding that once support shifts for an initiative all previous action is undone or at least mitigated to a point of inconsequence. Hence, limited bureaucratic autonomy is afforded either way. The multiple use requirements will not satisfy all parties, and does not allow the BLM to ignore other potential uses of the public lands.
This paper critically assessed some employment poverty reducing strategies put in place in Africa. From the assessment, it was realized that the strategies did not adequately contribute to generate decent and well remunerating jobs that could substantially curb poverty. As a result of this limited success of the strategies was partly attributed to limited public investments, inadequate planning and execution of development projects, dreadful mismanagement and poor allocation of resources, etc. Consequently, Africa habours about half of the world’s poor, vulnerable and underprivileged population. Thus, in an effort to reverse the situation, it is recommended that African countries should: provide professional and scientific training and education which is relevant to the needs of their economies; put in place a range of incentives which would attract foreign investments that will transform their primary and agricultural products locally; promote the intensive use of labour in implementing sustainable projects; and increase their investment in Science, Technology and Innovation.
Received 25 January 2021; Accepted 08 February 2021; Published 15 February 2021 People engaging in the process of trade is a tradition for any growing economy. People from all over the world have purchased and offered products to one another at great distances, for example, through the celebrated Silk Road across Central Asia that associated China and Europe in the process of trade during the Middle Ages. Similarly, for quite a long time, individuals have invested resources into ventures across different nations. Traces of globalization have been predominant even before the First World War in 1914.
Precarious work-work that is insecure and uncertain, often low-paying, and in which the risks of work are shifted from employers and the government to individual workers has emerged as a central challenge for workers, organizations, and government in the 21st century. This essay, which is based on my recent book, Precarious Lives (2018), summarizes the recent rise and consequences of precarious work in six rich democracies: Denmark, Germany, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. We discuss how differences in these countries’ labor market institutions and policies (such as unions and collective bargaining, active labor market policies and employment protections) and social welfare policies (such unemployment insurance and the generosity of other welfare benefits) shaped peoples’ experiences of job and economic insecurity, transitions to adulthood, and subjective well-being. We also outline the elements of a new political and social contract that is needed to address the negative consequences of precarious work for individuals and their families. Such a new social contract must maintain flexibility for employers yet still provide individuals with ways to cope with the negative consequences produced by such flexibility.
The rapid development of the creative industry, particularly the mobile gaming industry, has attracted increasing academic attention across different fields as the digitalization era has arrived. Chinese firms, such as Tencent, have become too big to be ignored. Apart from the International Business (IB) studies, the authors of the article “Market Expansion of Domestic Gaming Firms in Shenzhen, China: Dilemma of Globalization and Regionalization” took an institutional approach to look into how multi-scalar institutions in Shenzhen, China have impacted the development path of the industry. By connecting the concept of Global Production Network (GPN) and the ideas of technological and market gaps in the market expansion of the creative industry, the authors argued that while the protective multi-scalar institutional environment helped the emergence and dominance of the Chinese gaming firms in the domestic market, the firms have been still struggled to expand the market globally. Through this commentary, the importance of the multi-scalar institutional settings, the extra-regional assets, and the marketing capability in the development and expansion of an industry, which has been sometimes understudied, will be introduced and discussed.
This study aimed to identify the factors that determine deposit growth of private commercial banks in Ethiopia: in the case of OIB S.C. Accordingly the study performed based on both qualitative research approach on the determinants of private commercial banks deposit growth in the case of OIB S.C. The qualitative study approach used deposit growth as dependent variables and independent variables such as service quality, technology implementation, deposit customers, deposit interest rate, and marketing strategy of the bank. Total of 364 questionnaires were distributed through e-mail to the selected employees of OIB and a total of 272 able to collect. The study was analyzed using descriptive statistics specifically using frequency distribution and percentage of the respondents. These variables are also important determinants of deposit growth that a bank needs to focus on their implementation for the customers. The study recommends the bank to tap into the unbanked markets through massive branch expansion to economically and socially feasible areas, revision of lending and saving interest rate in parallel to the banking industries as well as based on the account types of customers, opening the branch location at convenient places for customers, improving the technological application and delivery to customers on time on ATM, Internet, mobile and agent banking, using modern equipment like computers, photocopy, printing that minimize cost and take short time in serving customers, continuous provision of training for new and existing staffs to improve their job implementation.
This study examines how three external governance mechanisms interact with the internal family-governance system to influence dividend payout decisions. The findings indicate that family businesses deliver fewer dividends when the market prefers dividends. Contrarily, family firms release more dividends under greater monitoring from institutional investors and debt holders. The study expands various theories and generates policy implications.
Tobacco is one of the agricultural commodities which is widely produced around the world. In Pakistan out of all the provinces, KPK is famous for tobacco production and particularly district Swabi for the production of the Flue Cured Virginia tobacco; as its agronomic and environmental conditions are suitable for its production. In agriculture sector the improvements in efficiency and introduction of new technology can enhance productivity. Agricultural productivity in the short-term can be enhanced by improvements in efficiency as the acquisition rate of new technology is quite low in Pakistan. The Farmer Field School (FFS) approach is one of the ways to improve the efficiency in agriculture sector. Hence the study is conducted to examine the effect of FFS on efficiency of tobacco growers in the district Swabi. Using the stochastic production frontier approach and propensity score matching technique, the study revealed that FFS played a significant role in enhancing the efficiency of tobacco farmers in Swabi. That is, the tobacco production of the Treated group was significantly greater than that of the Control group. This difference in the efficiency was accountable to the extension visit which is a source of knowledge dissemination among the farmers.
Until recently, the empirical evidence on asymmetric effect of exchange rate and its transmission channels on trade balance is still very scarce, especially for least developed countries. This article attempts to explore symmetric effect of exchange rate and its transmission channels on trade balance. The recently developed method of Non-linear ARDL were utilized for Quarterly data from 1990 Q1 to 2017 Q4 in unexplored areas of East African Community (EAC-5) members. The study found presence of robust symmetric and asymmetric negative effect of exchange rate changes to trade balance only in Uganda, both in short run and long run. Meanwhile, there was no evidence of robust J-curve phenomena within EAC members. In addition to that, exchange rate changes (depreciation and appreciation) improve the trade balance only in Tanzania through domestic income level. Generally, the application of exchange rate policy in improving trade imbalance is doubted within EAC region.
This study examines the impact of Umurenge SACCOs to financial inclusion in Rwanda. Secondary data which are time series were analyses with objectives to find out whether U-SACCO have impact to financial inclusion with baseline to 3 dimensions of Quality, accessibility and usage are dimensions of financial inclusion. This study used descriptive analysis and both excel and STATA used in computing data. The finding of this study demonstrated the positive impact of U-SACCOs to financial inclusion. However, government should put more attention on quality of financial service in SACCOs by automating of all SACCOs.
In the article “Did state-owned enterprises do better during COVID-19? Evidence from a survey of company executives in China,” the authors examine the performance of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) compared with that of non-SOEs using data from a survey of 1,182 company executives in China. In the survey, SOEs reported less business reductions under COVID-19. The authors apply an estimation approach that separates firm performance resulted from government support and that resulted from innate ability to cope with COVID-19. After controlling for the government-support effect, the authors find that SOEs performed significantly worse in the pandemic period.
The aim of this paper is to study the potential effect of the financial integration and market microstructure in informational efficiency, in the context of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. Our sample comprises ten developed and African emerging markets over the period from 2003 to 2012. Using the same methodology adopted, our findings show several interesting facts. First, the markets that are more integrated with the US market are also more efficient. Moreover, this significant and positive association is established in both subgroups of developed and African stock markets. Second, the relationship between informational efficiency and financial integration loses its explanatory power over the global financial crisis period and during which African emerging markets seem to be more volatile than their developed counterparts. Overall, our results confirm that the potential benefits of financial integration process are important in the African region, which might attract foreign investors hoping not only to maximize the expected return of their portfolio but also to minimize the associated risk.
This study focuses on explaining the intuition behind the empirical analyses in the paper. Investors could passively participate in the markets by just holding stocks without trading, or more aggressively participate in the market by directly trading stocks. Results show that the more aggressively they participate in the market, the more un-balanced they tend to supply liquidity in the stock market, which eventually drives up the stock price volatility.
The law of interest is deciphered as 'the amount requested of an item descends if the cost of the item goes up, keeping different components consistent.' all in all, in the event that the expense of the item expands, the total amount requested declines. This is on the grounds that the chance expense of the clients expands that drives the clients to go for some other substitute or they may not buy it. The law of interest and its special cases are truly curious ideas.
Customer loyalty is one of the keys to establishing a sustainable business in apparel B2C e-commerce, and it is influenced tremendously by customer’s online shopping experience. In this paper, we conducted a survey on customer experience, alternative attractiveness, and customer loyalty, and created a model to analyze the associations among these attributes. Customer experience was measured from five dimensions: website, product, service, brand and emotion. In the analytical model, the dimensions of customer experience were taken as independent variables, customer loyalty as a dependent variable, and alternative attractiveness as a moderating variable. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to assess the impacts of customer experience and alternative attractiveness on customer loyalty. Based on the survey data of 250 validated questionnaires, it was found that customer loyalty is significantly correlated with all the five dimensions of customer experience and with alternative attractiveness. Among the five dimensions of customer experience, service, emotion, and product experiences have slightly higher correlations than website and brand experiences. Alternative attractiveness has a small negative correlation with on customer loyalty.
