The purpose of the study was to synthesise and critically evaluate current directions in global health financing, identify the principal points of tension between efficiency and equity, and assess how the financing agenda has been reshaped by climate change and pandemic risk. The study was based on a narrative synthesis of 42 scientific sources published mainly between 2010 and 2026, comprising policy reports, systematic reviews, and empirical studies indexed in major bibliographic databases, complemented by a smaller cluster of Ukrainian-authored literature on financing reform, informal payments, and system efficiency. The literature analysis showed that roughly 4.5 billion people still lack full access to essential health services, that efficiency-oriented reforms can widen socioeconomic inequalities in privately dominated systems, and that pandemic-preparedness funding is both underfinanced and geographically concentrated, with the African region receiving about 70% of total preparedness funding despite bearing a disproportionate share of the corresponding risk. Innovative financing instruments introduced between 2002 and 2015 mobilised approximately USD 8.9 billion, a modest share of overall development assistance for health, directed mainly toward vaccines and infectious-disease programmes rather than system strengthening. Climate finance was increasingly treated as a health-financing instrument rather than a purely environmental one, while low- and lower-middle-income countries would need to allocate roughly 37% and 9% of total health spending to meet global pandemic-preparedness targets under current financing patterns. The Ukrainian literature revealed a variant of these same problems: informal payments, underfinancing relative to GDP, and a post-reform financing model still being tested for its ability to combine competition among providers with equitable access. The review concluded that the central challenge for global health economics is no longer how much money is spent on health but how financing architecture, institutional capacity, and governance arrangements are matched to the setting in which they operate
The digitalisation of the banking industry represents a major challenge, closely linked to the growth of financial technologies and customer expectations. The purpose of this paper was to examine the main digital banking services, the key financial technologies that support them and their benefits and challenges for banks and their customers. This study was based on qualitative analysis, literature review and a systematic organisation of information related to modern digital banking services. As a result, eight key digital services that fundamentally changed the customer experience were identified, including online account management, contactless mobile payments, instant transfers, e-wallets, chatbots, online investment and automated budgeting tools. Furthermore, main financial technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, big data and cybersecurity were shown to improve operational efficiency, transaction security and service personalisation. The results showed that the digitalisation of banking services improved accessibility, convenience, financial inclusion and budget optimisation for customers. However, this study also emphasised major challenges related to data privacy, cybercrime, reliance on technology, reduced human interaction and digital isolation. These challenges, combined with sociocultural barriers, prevent 1.3 billion unbanked adults from accessing digital banking services. The practical value of this paper lies in demonstrating the need for banks and financial institutions to invest in secure infrastructure, hybrid solutions combining digital services and human support, and data protection policies that enhance customer trust and improve the stability of digital banking services
The aim of the study was to analyse the impact of demographic changes on Ukraine’s labour force and economic development during wartime and post-war recovery. The study was theoretical and empirical in nature and covered the period 2021-2025, whilst data from 2026 were used for certain indicators. The methodology was based on the application of statistical, comparative and scenario-based analysis of demographic and macroeconomic indicators, the calculation of an approximate labour productivity index based on real gross domestic product and the number of employees, as well as the use of a production function and a scenario-based model for decomposing economic output into labour and productivity components. The results showed that Ukraine’s population fell from 40.998 million in 2021 to a projected 32.283 million in 2026, whilst the number of births decreased from 273.8 thousand to 168.8 thousand in 2025. At the same time, the current decline in the labour force was primarily driven by external migration, war-related losses and other factors reducing the labour supply, whilst the falling birth rate poses predominantly long-term demographic risks. Following a 28.8% fall in real gross domestic product in 2022, the economy began a gradual recovery, although the pace of economic growth remained volatile. The estimated real GDP index per officially employed worker, having fallen from 100 in 2021 to 80.9 in 2022, gradually rose to 87 in 2025, though it remained 13% below the pre-war level. Scenario modelling showed that, under conditions of active technological modernisation, the real output index could rise to 118.7% of the 2025 level by 2030, whilst under a pessimistic scenario it would fall to 90.3%. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the results obtained when formulating state demographic, social and economic policies aimed at restoring the labour force, increasing labour productivity and ensuring Ukraine’s sustainable economic development
The purpose of this study was to investigate how digital competencies and digital human capital contribute to sustainable economic development by influencing productivity, competitiveness, innovation capacity, labour-market transformation, and long-term economic resilience. The materials consisted of open data and analytical reports published by European and international institutions, including sources on digital skills, artificial intelligence adoption, labour-market transformation, and digital development. The methodological basis of the study included comparative analysis, synthesis of institutional and statistical data, structural analysis of labour-market trends, calculation of digital-skills gaps and normalised indicators, scenario analysis, and a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats matrix. The results showed that digital competencies affect sustainable development through productivity growth, innovation capacity, economic inclusion, labour-market adaptability, and institutional resilience. Particular attention was devoted to evaluating Ukraine’s digital transformation in comparison with the European Union and to identifying strategic policy priorities capable of strengthening digital human capital in the context of European integration and post-war economic recovery. The comparative analysis indicated that Ukraine is close to the European Union average in basic digital skills but still faces significant risks related to uneven access, migration of skilled workers, insufficient artificial intelligence literacy, and outdated educational programmes. The extended quantitative assessment showed that, if the 2021-2025 trend continues, Ukraine may reach only about 64.4 percent of adults with at least basic digital skills by 2030, remaining 15.6 percentage points below the recommended benchmark. The article argued that Ukraine’s digital human-capital strategy should combine lifelong learning, data literacy, artificial intelligence literacy, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education, digital inclusion, and smart regional policy. The practical value of the study lies in the proposed framework for connecting digital competencies with productivity, competitiveness, and recovery policy
The purpose of the study was to analyse changes in food consumer behaviour as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war and identify the main factors of these changes. The study used a complex of general scientific methods, including observation, analysis and synthesis, generalisation, comparison, and induction. The results showed that despite the transformation of Ukraine’s food supply system during the war, consumer activity remained relatively stable, which is due to the resilience and adaptability of the domestic agricultural sector to the challenges of wartime. It has been established that economic instability, security risks and psychological factors are the main factors determining consumer decisions in times of crisis. During wartime, these factors took on new forms and have a greater effect on consumer behaviour. It has been found that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine has a cumulative effect of negative shocks. The growth in the popularity of online grocery shopping and the involvement of new consumer groups in digital commerce were noted. The dynamics of Ukrainians’ purchasing activity in the food segment were analysed. Trends in the popularity of online grocery shopping were studied and described in relation to consumers’ main socio-demographic characteristics. It was proven that the worsening security situation has led to a reassessment of consumer priorities and a redistribution of household expenses. At the same time, traditional dietary habits have undergone changes, which has affected the structure of diets and everyday eating patterns of the population. The peculiarities of nutrition of different groups in Ukrainian society at the beginning of the full-scale invasion, and the psychological factors influencing consumer behaviour, were described. The phenomenon of panic buying during crises and the increased orientation of consumers towards domestic brands, especially those that support the Armed Forces of Ukraine and socially vulnerable categories of the population, were investigated
