Sulfide-based photocatalysts hold promise for visible-light-driven H2O2 synthesis; however, the low efficiency of photogenerated charge carrier separation and migration remains a critical bottleneck limiting their overall yield. In response to this challenge, the construction of S-scheme heterojunctions represents a promising strategy to expedite charge carrier migration, enhance charge utilization, and consequently boost photocatalytic H2O2 production. This study successfully prepared an S-scheme ZnIn2S4/Bi2MoO6 heterojunction photocatalyst, bridged by interfacial Mo–S bonds, via a hydrothermal method. This catalyst achieved a high production rate of up to 1387 μmol·g−1·h−1 in the photocatalytic generation of H2O2. Combining in-situ spectroscopic characterization with density functional theory calculations, it was clarified that the formation of Mo–S bonds induces the construction of the S-scheme heterojunction. The synergistic effect of the interfacial built-in electric field and band alignment drives the spatial separation and directional migration of photogenerated charge carriers, as well as the dynamic evolution of the key oxygen intermediate, thereby enabling the efficient generation of H2O2 via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction pathway. This work provides a novel interfacial engineering strategy and mechanistic insights for designing efficient and stable S-scheme heterojunction catalysts for the green photocatalytic synthesis of H2O2.
Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is an important pathway for achieving sustainable green hydrogen production. However, the shortage of freshwater resources limits its large-scale application, making it urgent to develop efficient and stable catalysts suitable for complex water sources, such as seawater and wastewater. In this study, a FeRu bimetallic nanocatalyst (Fe-Ru composite nanoparticles anchored on engineered biomass-derived carbon (FeRu-ERBC)) was constructed through biomass-derived two-dimensional porous carbon supports. It demonstrated excellent hydrogen evolution performance in alkaline, seawater, and chemical wastewater environments: with an overpotential of only 22.7 mV (10 mA·cm−2) in 1.0 M KOH and over 120 h of operational stability. Structural characterization and mechanistic studies, complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, revealed that the support not only provides a high specific surface area and mass transport channels but also promotes atomic-level replacement of Fe by Ru, forming a tightly coupled Fe–Ru interface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ spectroscopy confirmed the electronic transfer from Fe to Ru at the interface, forming a “Feδ+–Ruδ−” synergistic active center. This structure induced the regulation of the surface interfacial water network, thereby enhancing the overall reaction kinetics. This work provides a new strategy for the design of Ru-based catalysts with interface electronic regulation for real-world water environments and highlights the crucial role of biomass carbon supports in advancing green hydrogen technology.
Strengthening the stability of metal–oxygen (M–O) bonds in catalysts is imperative for the advancement of efficient and durable electrocatalytic water splitting. Herein, using a mild boron-reduction strategy, a self-supported electrode with robust Co–B bonds was constructed. The Co–B@Co(OH)2–Ru/nickel foam (NF) (Co–B@CRN) electrode demonstrates low overpotentials for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, 20 mV) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER, 160 mV) at 10 mA·cm−2. Furthermore, long-term stability was achieved for over 400 h at 10 mA·cm−2 and 270 h at 200 mA·cm−2, respectively. For overall water splitting, the assembled electrolyzer exhibited a low voltage of 1.40 V at 10 mA·cm−2, with stable operation maintained for over 240 h. Detailed extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) characterization verified the mixed valence state of Co and the Co–B coordination environment. Further electronic analysis indicated strong hybridization between Co d-orbitals and B p-orbitals. The B bonding induced a downward shift in the d-band center at the Co site, thereby significantly suppressing metal leaching during catalysis and stabilizing electronic structure regulation. This research shows that the boron reduction strategy offers an effective dynamic regulation mechanism for the electronic structures and coordination environments of transition metals, enabling a highly efficient and stable overall water splitting process.
Silver sinter-based interconnection is attractive for advanced electronic packaging, but the high sintering temperature of conventional Ag nanoparticle (AgNP) pastes and the high Youngu2019s modulus of the sintered layer restrict the use in temperature-sensitive and high-reliability devices. Here, we developed a micro-nano bimodal silver (AgPs-BM) paste composed of bayberry-like porous Ag microparticles (AgMPs) and AgNPs, enabling high-quality interconnections at 125 u00B0C, well below the conventional 200u2013250 u00B0C. Under 125 u00B0C, 15 MPa, and 10 min in air, the bimodal paste produced a denser and more interconnected network than microparticle-only or nanoparticle-only pastes. The joints achieved a shear strength of 37.82 MPa and a film resistivity of 9.85 u03BCu03A9u00B7cm. Extending the sintering time to 20 min further increased the shear strength to 60.15 MPa. Notably, AgPs-BM paste also achieved an average shear strength of 21.19 MPa under pressureless sintering at 125 u00B0C for 60 min. Mechanistically, the porous microparticles carry a thin and readily desorbed organic layer and abundant surface features that anchor nanoparticles and accommodate organic residues. The nanoparticles create kinetically favorable contacts and diffusion bridges, shifting densification from self-sintering and spheroidization of microparticles to synergistic interparticle neck growth. Twins, low-angle grain boundaries, and dispersed nanopores retained in the microparticles after low-temperature sintering act as pinning sites during dislocation slip, yielding a favorable combination of high yield strength and low elastic modulus. This work provides a materials design strategy for low-thermal-budget and high-reliability Ag interconnects for next-generation electronic packaging.
Abstract Layered lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2) is a promising cathode for high-energy lithium batteries, yet its conventional high-temperature solid-state (HS) synthesis inevitably involves an “ordered layered → disordered rocksalt → ordered layered” phase transformation, leading to structural defects and limited electrochemical performance. Here, we report a low-temperature reaction–high-temperature crystallization (LR–HC) strategy that decouples lithiation from crystallization, enabling topotactic conversion of Ni(OH)2 into highly ordered LiNiO2 while bypassing the detrimental rocksalt intermediate. The LR–HC, product crystallized at 700 °C for only 1 h, exhibits an exceptionally low rocksalt phase content on the surface and delivers an initial discharge capacity exceeding 220 mAh·g−1 with an initial Coulombic efficiency above 90%. Remarkably, it retains 72.48% of its capacity after 200 cycles at 0.5 C, far outperforming the HS counterpart (53.10%). Operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) during cycling further demonstrates that the enhanced stability originates from a reduced c-axis contraction (4.19% vs. 6.43%) and a more reversible H2–H3 phase transition. The LR–HC strategy also proves versatile for synthesizing other high-nickel layered oxides (e.g., Ni95Co5 and Ni95Mn5), offering mechanistic insights into defect suppression and structural ordering for advanced cathode materials.
Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains largely unresponsive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), with therapeutic benefit confined to a small subset of high immunogenic tumors, underscoring the need for effective combination strategies. Chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) combined with immune modulation offers a promising therapeutic strategy for malignant cancers, including CRC; however, its clinical translation remains constrained by poor drug solubility, suboptimal pharmacokinetics, inadequate tumor delivery, and systemic toxicity. Previously, we developed Camptothesome-based co-delivery nanosystem that integrates a doxorubicin-indoximod (DOX-IND) conjugate with a sphingomyelin-derived camptothecin (SM-CPT), which simultaneously induced robust ICD and blocked indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-mediated immunosuppression, enhancing anti-CRC efficacy. However, this formulation failed to produce sufficient efficacy in more advanced orthotopic CRC tumors. Here, we report a rational phospholipid engineering strategy to optimize this nanoplatform by incorporating four FDA-approved phospholipids, DOPC, DSPC, HSPC, and SPC at varying molar ratios to systematically tune bilayer physicochemical properties. Saturated phospholipids (DSPC and HSPC), markedly enhanced cellular uptake, IDO1 inhibition, ICD induction, and T cell proliferation. Among them, DSPC-containing nanoformulation was superior in co-delivering payloads to tumor, and boosted antitumor efficacy and immune responses in advanced metastatic CRC mouse model. Furthermore, the DSPC-fortified DOX-IND/Camptothesome potentiated the ICB to eradicate the more advanced and immune-cold CRC tumors. These findings establish phospholipid-driven membrane engineering as a key determinant of Camptothesome-based chemo-immunotherapy performance and provide a clinically translatable strategy to enhance ICB responsiveness in CRC.
Abstract Phase change materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for facilitating zero-energy thermal management on account of their constant phase-transition temperatures and excellent thermal storage capacity. However, low thermal conductivity, solid-state rigidity, and weak electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness are long-standing challenges limiting PCM-based wearable thermal regulation for portable flexible electronic devices. Herein, a Janus-type flexible phase change composite film is fabricated via a simple and low-cost phase inversion and direct spraying strategy, which incorporates an innovative combination of graphene nanoplatelets-cobalt nanoparticles@polyvinylidene fluoride (GNP-Co@PVDF) as the porous skeleton and MXene@poly tannin acid (PTA) as the sprayed layer. Resultantly, the tailored flexible composite film achieves a 960% improvement on thermal conductivity relative to paraffin, coupled with prominent EMI-shielding performance of 38.9~62.5 dB and desirable enthalpy density of 146.9 J g-1. Besides, this film also exhibits leakage-resistant property, multi-source-driven thermal responsiveness, shape memory feature, and robust cyclic stability. These integrated performances substantially broaden its application potential for advanced thermal management of smart portable electronics.
Abstract Despite their high theoretical capacity, Bi-based anodes are plagued by sluggish charge-transfer kinetics and severe structural degradation originating from poor electrical conductivity and repeated volume variation during alloying/dealloying. Herein, a graphene nanoribbon-interconnected Bi@Bi2O2CO3 heterostructure (B/BOC-GR0.1) is designed to simultaneously establish a continuous conductive network and reinforce the heterointerface. The Bi2O2CO3 shell effectively accommodates cyclic strain and stabilizes the electrode architecture, while graphene nanoribbons strengthen interfacial electronic coupling and accelerate electron transport, thereby synergistically promoting reaction kinetics and structural robustness.As a result, B/BOC-GR0.1 delivers 1560 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 and retains 795 C g-1 at 50 A g-1, greatly surpassing those of Bi anodes (623 C g-1 at 1 A g-1, 281 C g-1 at 50 A g-1). Moreover, after 5000 cycles at 10 A g-1, B/BOC-GR0.1 maintains approximately 90% of its initial capacity. The construsted asymmetric supercapacitor achieves an energy density of 70 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 752 W kg-1, highlighting the potential of the designed heterostructure for advanced electrochemical energy-storage applications.
Abstract Facet engineering has played a crucial role in influencing the fundamental properties of conventional semiconductor nanocrystals, including their surface structures and charge carrier dynamics. However, facet control in zero-dimensional colloidal CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) remains much less explored, primarily owing to the absence of precise synthetic methodologies. Typically, PNCs are predominantly enclosed by {100} facets under thermodynamic control. This work reports the synthesis of gradient-truncated CsPbBr3 PNCs with exposed non-{100} facets, in which the truncation degree can be precisely modulated by introducing sulfide ions (S2−) as regulators. The added S2− ions bind to surface Pb2+ sites in PNCs and suppress the closure of high-energy non-{100} facets during the synthesis, thereby regulating the exposure of these facets. These gradient-truncated products exhibit enhanced CO selectivity for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, with the selectivity showing a positive correlation with truncation degree. The photocatalytic selectivity is attributed to the disparity in adsorption energies of reduction products on {110} facets and the enrichment of photogenerated electrons driven by facet polarity.
Abstract Selector-only memory (SOM) has emerged as a promising memory concept for high-density cross-point and three-dimensional vertical X-point (VXP) architectures by integrating selector and storage functions within a nanoscale single active material. In contrast to conventional one-selector-one-resistor (1S1R) cross-point memories, SOM exploits polarity-dependent threshold-voltage (Vth) modulation in amorphous chalcogenide materials, enabling nonvolatile information storage while retaining volatile selector behavior. This review provides a systematic overview of recent advances in SOM. The threshold-switching behavior and microscopic mechanisms of polarity-dependent Vth shift that govern SOM operation are first discussed. Strategies for improving device performance and reliability are then summarized, followed by recent progress in SOM-oriented materials screening and device modeling. Advances in array-level integration and industrial demonstrations are subsequently highlighted. Finally, the key challenges limiting the further development of SOM are discussed, and possible routes toward their resolution are outlined.
Abstract Electronic communication technologies have been widely utilized in both military and civilian sectors, giving rise to urgent concerns about electromagnetic pollution. Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, capable of converting incident electromagnetic energy into alternative forms without reflection, offer a promising solution to this problem. Among the diverse classes of absorbers, graphene has attracted sustained attention owing to its atomic-scale thickness, large specific surface area, high carrier mobility, and unique two-dimensional conductive framework. The integration of graphene with complementary components not only diversifies energy-dissipation pathways and improves impedance matching, but enables the construction of tailored microstructures that extend electromagnetic propagation paths and enhance structural stability. This review summarizes recent advancements in graphene-based composite absorbers. Beginning with the fundamental design principles of electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, it elucidates the theory of synergistic, multimechanistic design and outlines the scientific rationale and structure-property relationships underlying composite architectures. Materials are categorized by component type, with discussion of their synthesis strategies, microstructural features, absorption mechanisms, and performance characteristics, alongside a critical comparison of their advantages and limitations. Finally, major challenges confronting the field are highlighted, and prospective research directions are proposed. It is expected to provide a roadmap for design and development of high-performance graphene-based electromagnetic wave absorbing materials for future applications.
Abstract Space-ground optical links enable ultra-high-bandwidth and secure long-distance communication but are severely limited by atmospheric-turbulence-induced signal distortion and fading, requiring both high-fidelity linear optoelectronic conversion and nonlinear signal recovery. Neuromorphic computing provides a promising framework for processing temporally complex signals with reduced training cost and improved efficiency. However, its practical deployment in optical communication systems is hindered by the absence of compact and reconfigurable devices capable of simultaneously supporting sensing and processing within a unified hardware platform. Here, we report a reconfigurable self-biased optoelectronic transistor that enables tightly coupled high-fidelity sensing and nonlinear processing at the device level. By leveraging gate-drain coupling and electrostatic doping, the built-in electric field can be dynamically modulated, resulting in reconfigurable carrier transport with continuously tunable linear and nonlinear responses. For high-fidelity optoelectronic conversion, the device exhibits symmetric, bidirectional responses with exceptional linearity (R2 = 0.99) across various wavelengths and illumination intensities. For accurate signal recovery, we present a novel reservoir computing design that employs expansive neurons in place of compressive ones and is directly hardware-realized via the device’s nonlinear characteristics, substantially reducing the bit error rate from 10-2 (typical of conventional equalizers) to 10-4 while lowering the trainable-parameter count to 45.1% and training time to 1.4%. This work establishes a unified, reconfigurable optoelectronic device platform, enabling the practical deployment of neuromorphic computing for robust space-ground optical links.
Abstract The widespread usage of contemporary communication and electronic devices has rendered electromagnetic radiation and interference prominent environmental concerns. This has prompted the design development of innovative high-efficiency microwave absorption materials (MAMs). MXene-based composites demonstrate potential in this domain owing to their superior intrinsic electromagnetic characteristics. By integrating magnetic nanomaterials, the resultant composites may establish a distinctive “magnetic-dielectric” dual-loss network via regulation of interaction between magnetic nanomaterials and MXenes. This network efficiently integrates the superior charge-transfer properties of MXenes with the magnetic loss processes of magnetic nanomaterials, which is fundamental to boosting microwave absorption performance. In the past few years, significant accomplishments have been achieved in this aspect. Herein, we intend to systematically summarize the theoretical foundations and recent advancements in magnetic nanomaterial-reinforced MXene MAMs. First, we evaluate the loss mechanisms at heterogeneous interfaces of magnetic MXene MAMs. Secondly, we classify and assess the construction methodologies and the interaction regulation strategies for various magnetic systems (comprising magnetic metals, magnetic alloys, magnetic oxides, and magnetic sulfides) on MXene substrates and their corresponding effects on enhancing microwave absorption. Finally, we present the principal challenges faced by contemporary preparation procedures and performance optimization and offer insights into future trends regarding multi-functional integration. This review attempts to provide systematic insights for the design of high-performance MXene-based MAMs and to suggest novel approaches for the technical advancement of electromagnetic protection materials.
Abstract Maintaining efficient C–C coupling at ampere-level current density remains challenging because the rates of *CO generation and consumption become kinetically mismatched at Cu interfaces. Here, atomically dispersed Zn-regulated Cu nanosheets (ZnSA-Cu NS) were generated via in situ electrochemical reconstruction of low-Zn-loaded Cu-based oxide nanosheet precursors. Zn nanoparticle-modified Cu nanosheets (ZnNP-Cu NS), reconstructed from high-Zn-loaded precursors, were used as a control to evaluate the influence of the reconstructed Zn state. In a flow cell with a neutral electrolyte, ZnSA-Cu NS delivers a Faradaic efficiency for multicarbon (C2+) products (FEC2+) of 89.4% at 1.0 A cm-2, outperforming most reported Cu-based catalysts at high current density. Quasi-in situ X–ray absorption spectroscopy, together with in situ Raman and infrared spectroscopy, reveals a structurally stable Cu framework, regulated *CO adsorption behavior, and enhanced formation of *CHO and *OCCHO intermediates. These results indicate that atomic Zn–Cu coordination facilitates *CO hydrogenation and subsequent C–C coupling, whereas Zn-rich particles dominated by Zn–Zn coordination are associated with preferential CO release. This work identifies the Zn dispersion state as a key structural parameter for sustaining C–C coupling during ampere-level CO2 electroreduction.
Abstract Rational modulation of charge polarization in covalent organic frameworks constitutes a fundamental strategy for optimizing photocatalytic performance, yet achieving precise and systematic control over these parameters remains a significant challenge. Moreover, the interplay in covalent organic frameworks between molecular dipole moments, electronic structure, and catalytic activity is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that controlled extension of the acceptor unit in donor–acceptor (D–A) type COFs provides an effective handle for tuning charge polarization. By systematically elongating the acceptor linker from phenylene to naphthalene and anthracene, we achieve progressive modulation of the molecular dipole moment, accompanied by narrowed bandgaps and suppressed charge recombination, as confirmed by combined spectroscopic and density functional theory analyses. When evaluated in the photocatalytic oxidation of tetrahydroisoquinolines, the anthracene-linked Aa-COF delivers near-quantitative product yield (98%) under mild conditions, with scalability demonstrated via gram-scale synthesis and solar-driven operation. Mechanistic studies implicate superoxide and singlet oxygen as the primary reactive species, while Fukui analysis identifies enhanced nucleophilicity as a key factor facilitating oxygen activation. This work establishes acceptor extension as a viable design principle for polarization-modulated COF photocatalysts, offering a generalizable approach for selective organic transformations under sustainable conditions.
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, yet their performance is often limited by inefficient photogenerated charge separation and transport. Herein, a sp2 carbon-conjugated donoru2013acceptoru2013acceptor (Du2013Au2013A) COF (TFPT-TCPB-COF) (TFPT = 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, and TCPB = 2,2'-(5'-(4-(cyanomethyl)phenyl)-[1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-diyl)diacetonitrile) incorporating a strong electron-withdrawing cyano group was rationally designed and synthesized via an optimized solvothermal method. The unique Du2013Au2013A architecture, together with abundant reductive active sites (triazine and cyano groups) for two-electron oxygen reduction and oxidative sites (benzene rings) for two-electron water oxidation, enables efficient H2O2 generation in pure water without sacrificial agents. As a result, TFPT-TCPB-COF achieves a high H2O2 production rate of 4.43 mmolu00B7gu22121u00B7hu22121, which is 1.72 times greater than that of its imine-linked analogue (TFPT-TAPB-COF). Additionally, it exhibits an apparent quantum yield of 12.4% at 420 nm, outperforming most reported COF-based photocatalysts. Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that the enhanced activity originates from improved charge separation and transport, as well as a modulated electronic structure that lowers the energy barriers for key *OOH and *OH intermediates during the photocatalytic process. This work provides important molecular insights into the design of advanced COF photocatalysts with donoru2013acceptor architectures for efficient solar energy conversion.
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to CH4 represents a promising pathway toward carbon neutrality, yet it is severely limited by sluggish multi-electron/proton transfer kinetics, low selectivity, and insufficient proton supply. Herein, we rationally fabricated a series of Cu-doped Er2O3 catalysts (Cu-Er2O3-x) via sequential precipitation and calcination, which engineer a strong built-in electric field (BIEF) for efficient and selective CO2-to-CH4 conversion. Cu doping triggers significant charge redistribution between Cu and Er2O3, forming positively charged Cu sites and a negatively polarized Er2O3 matrix. The generated BIEF reorients interfacial water into an H-near configuration, shortens the *Hu2013catalyst distance, promotes water dissociation, and optimizes *CHO adsorption. The optimal Cu-Er2O3-6 catalyst achieves a high CH4 Faradaic efficiency of 60.79% and a large CH4 partial current density of u221228.01 mAu00B7cmu22122 at u22121.6 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in an H-type cell, with an outstanding stability of 24 h. In situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS), electrochemical tests, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that BIEF-modulated water orientation and electronic optimization accelerate proton transfer and lower the energy barrier of the rate-determining *CHO u2192 *CH2O step. This work provides a robust strategy for boosting CO2RR performance via BIEF engineering and *Hu2013catalyst distance regulation, offering a valuable design principle for advanced CH4-selective electrocatalysts.
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a leading cause of low back pain. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and lipid peroxidation-driven ferroptosis act as the core pathological drivers, forming a vicious cycle that exacerbates nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) dysfunction and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Conventional therapeutic strategies are limited by single-target intervention and poor clinical efficacy, highlighting the urgent demand for multifunctional nanotherapeutics that synergistically target the complex pathological environment of IDD. Herein, we developed an interfacial electron-regulated manganese boride nanozyme conjugated with resveratrol-lipoic acid-RGD nanomicelles (MnB-RLG), which exhibited multiple enzyme-mimetic activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like, catalase (CAT)-like and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like properties. In vitro experiments revealed that MnB-RLG possessed favorable biocompatibility and efficient cellular internalization capacity, which effectively promoted proliferation and migration of NPCs. Notably, MnB-RLG markedly restrained ferroptosis and enhanced sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-related mitophagy markers, thereby restoring mitochondrial membrane potential and respiratory capacity, eliminating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and maintaining ECM homeostasis in degenerative NPCs. In a rat puncture-induced IDD model, MnB-RLG significantly alleviated disc structural collapse, maintained disc height, and preserved ECM components in vivo. Collectively, this work develops a multifunctional MnB-RLG hybrid nanozyme that exerts synergistic therapeutic effects against IDD through metabolic-redox regulation, providing a potential disease-modifying approach for the clinical management of IDD.
Featuring of low Li+ diffusion barrier and high Li+ conductivity, a Li2CO3-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is critical for improving the energy density and cycle life of lithium-ion batteries. As a gaseous additive, CO2 can be added into the electrolyte to in situ generating Li2CO3-contained SEI. However, CO2-derived SEI formation is kinetics limitation. Here, we identify the adsorption of CO intermediate products impeding the full conversion of CO2, and furtherly apply an alternating pulse current (APC) discharge to desorb CO and promote the CO2 decomposition, ultimately in-situ forming a uniform, smooth, and Li2CO3-rich SEI in the first cycle. Owing to the excellent Li+ transport capability and structural stability, this APC-formed SEI enables lithium/graphite (Li/Gr) half-cells achieving a high rate performance (5 C, 180 mAhu00B7gu22121, and 80.1% after 170 cycles), exceeding currently advanced cells with Li2CO3-contained SEI. Furthermore, we directly employ the Gr anode with the APC pre-formed Li2CO3-rich SEI to assemble LiFePO4 (LFP)/Gr full-cell. Advantaged by the high Li+ diffusivity and stability, this pre-formed SEI not only compensates for the active lithium loss, dramatically enhancing the initial coulombic efficiency from 69.2% to 91.7%, but also substantially increases the discharge capacity and long-term cycling stability (131.8 mAhu00B7gu22121 after 100 cycles at 0.5 C). This straightforward strategy simultaneously enhances gas additive utilization efficiency and constructs a robust electrolyte/electrode interphase, demonstrating a dual-optimization approach through electrolyte design and interface engineering for high-performance batteries.
The ion concentrations in body fluids modulate synaptic dynamics, which in turn modify perceptual capabilities and promote adaptive responses to environmental challenges. Therefore, to realize ion-concentration-modulated nanofluidic synapses is of great significance for the development of intelligent devices with environmental adaptability. We propose an ion-concentration-modulated nanofluidic memristor featuring asymmetric nanochannels based on graphene oxide (GO)/MXene composites. The Tiu2013Ou2013C bonds formed between GO and MXene significantly enhance the structural stability of the thin film in water (u0026gt; 40 days); these results build a strong foundation for the development of nanofluidic memristors with long-term stability. At low K+ ion concentrations (10u22126 M), the device exhibits typical biological synaptic plasticity behaviors with strong temporal correlation, which disappear at high K+ ion concentrations (10u22122 M). Such an ion-concentration-modulated memristive mechanism can be attributed to the cation-u03C0 interactions between potassium ions and the material, whose concentration-dependent changes regulate surface charge and cation selectivity in the nanochannels, resulting in distinct electrical behaviors. Moreover, the dynamic neural regulation function during the predation process is demonstrated in the ion-concentration-modulated nanofluidic memristor-based neuromorphic system. This work offers a new strategy for the development of advanced functional neuromorphic devices by introducing ion concentration sensitivity for environment-adaptive dynamic perception.
