The development of ruthenium-based oxide catalysts capable of activating the dual-site oxide pathway mechanism (OPM) is critical for achieving stable and efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under acidic conditions. In this work, a series of RuO2 electrocatalysts are designed with progressively tuned Ru-O bond covalency through the incorporation of 4f-electron lanthanides (Ln-RuO2). This structural modulation unlocks the dual-site oxide path mechanism during OER and significantly enhances catalytic durability. Owing to the distinctive 4f-electron properties, the covalency of Ru-O bonds can be effectively regulated during operation. The moderated Ru-O covalency promotes the OPM, which helps maintain the continuous activity of Ru sites. Furthermore, in the optimized Gd-RuO2 catalyst, the reduced intensity ratio of It2g/Ieg lowers the Ru valence state, thereby stabilizing the OER process. As a result, the Gd-RuO2 catalyst exhibits an overpotential of only 196mV at 10mAcm-2 in 0.1M HClO4 and demonstrates stable operation for 300h at 1Acm-2 in a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer. This study offers a new strategy for developing highly active and stable Ru-based OER electrocatalysts.

Selectively anchoring the catalyst to the organic phase of the benzyl alcohol (BA) / H2O two-phase system can achieve in-situ separation and extraction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through photocatalytic synthesis, effectively inhibiting product decomposition and thus ensuring its stability. However, at present, there have been very few systematic reports on the research of regulating the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the surface by modifying carbon-based materials to achieve this strategy. This work demonstrates a formic acid-assisted self-assembly synthesis of oxygen-doped porous rod-like graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4), where the hierarchical structure enhances active site exposure while oxygen doping optimizes band structures to promote charge carrier separation. DFT simulations confirm strengthened O2adsorption and LUMO orbital participation at dopant sites, concurrently boosting lipophilic and BA activation via O-H bond cleavage (adsorption distance: 0.975 & Aring;). These features drive a selective two-electron oxygen reduction pathway (n = 2.03) through consecutive single-electron transfers, synergized with hole-mediated BA oxidation. As the implementation of modified g-C3N4 in BA-phase photocatalytic H2O2production, the catalyst achieves 8.57 mmol center dot g-1 center dot h-1 yield within a biphasic system that enables spontaneous product separation and near-zero decomposition (Kd approximate to 0), establishing an efficient platform for solar-driven.

In peroxymonosulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PMS-AOPs), conventional radical-dominated pathways are easily quenched by coexisting inorganic anions, which impairs water purification efficiency. Thus, developing non-radical peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation systems, particularly those focusing on singlet oxygen (1O2) generation, is of great practical significance. Herein, cobalt nanoparticles encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (Co@NCNS) were synthesized using a zeolitic imidazolate framework-9 (ZIF-9) - graphene oxide (GO) hybrid as the precursor. Co@NCNS exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the PMS system: sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was completely degraded within 2 min, with a rate constant (k) of 2.0571 min−1. Continuous-flow experiments and multi-cycle reusability tests further verified its feasibility for practical applications. Abundant CoCo and CoN active sites synergistically enhanced PMS adsorption and activation. Among various reactive oxygen species (ROS), 1O2 was identified as the primary contributor to SMX degradation. Moreover, efficient electron transfer (ET) from Co@NCNS to PMS was the dominant pathway for 1O2 generation. This work provides mechanistic insights and a rational design strategy for high-performance non-radical PMS activation catalysts.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) play an important part in water splitting due to their advantages of easily adjustable composition and large specific surface area. However, due to their poor stability and inability to fully utilize their active sites, their performance is still unsatisfactory. In this study, we prepared a series of CoCe-LDH-TiO2@C electrocatalysts with non-epitaxial heterostructures, which demonstrate excellent electrocatalytic performance in alkaline media. Among these, Co0.1Ce0.01-LDH-TiO2@C exhibits the best HER and OER performance and is recognized as the target sample. Also, its stability exceeds 100 hours. When used in the overall water splitting test, at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, the voltage is only 1.724 V. The excellent performance of Co0.1Ce0.01-LDH-TiO2@C is closely related to the establishment of a heterostructure and an appropriate bimetallic ratio. The appropriate metal ratio provides more active sites, while the construction of the heterostructure facilitates charge transfer at the interface, reduces the kinetic energy barrier, and enhances the reaction rate.

The widespread application of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is severely hampered by the sluggish kinetics and poor stability of electrocatalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which imposes higher demands on catalysts since it needs operate under highly corrosive acidic conditions and high anodic potentials. Herein, we report a facile and ultrafast Joule heating strategy for alloying Ruthenium (Ru) and Cobalt (Co) as nanoparticles supported on carbon paper (RuCo@CP). The optimized RuCo@CP catalyst exhibits exceptional OER performance in 0.1 M HClO4, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at a low overpotential of only 179 mV along with remarkable long-term stability for over 500 h. The in-situ spectroscopic characterizations and electrochemical analysis reveal the introduction of Co effectively modulates the electronic structure of Ru sites, resulting in a dual-pathway coexistence mechanism (AEM and LOM) on the prepared catalyst. This synergistic effect not only optimizes the adsorption energy of oxygen intermediates but also suppresses overoxidation and dissolution of Ru sites, thereby simultaneously enhancing both catalytic activity and stability. This work demonstrates the high potential of the Joule heating technique for the rapid synthesis of advanced alloy catalysts for energy conversion applications.

Binary nickel-cobalt sulfides are attractive supercapacitor electrode materials due to rich redox sites and good conductivity, yet dense microstructures suppress ion transport and limit exposed active sites, greatly impairing their supercapacitor performance. In this study, we first prepared nickel sulfide precursors with diverse morphologies by three synthesis processes, and subsequently constructed a series of Ni-Co bimetallic sulfides using an ion-exchange strategy. Benefiting from its unique flower-like spherical morphology and abundant bimetallic active sites, the optimized CoNi2S4/β-NiS-S-100 electrode achieves a prominent specific capacity of 1264 C g⁻1 (2525 F g⁻1) at 1 A g⁻1, maintains 71% of its initial capacity at 20 A g⁻1 and delivers extremely small charge transfer resistance, which are far superior to those of α-NiS/β-NiS-S. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) assembled with this electrode achieves an energy density of 44.9 Wh kg⁻1 at a power density of 1031 W kg⁻1, and retains 82% of its initial capacity after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. The all-solid-state supercapacitor (SASC) also demonstrates superior performance with an energy density of 35.1 Wh kg⁻1 at 857 W kg⁻1; two series-connected SASCs can power an LED for over 4 minutes, fully validating their practical application potential.

Developing structurally well-defined single-atom catalysts (SACs) is of great significance for understanding the enhancement mechanism of Fenton-like catalysis in wastewater purification. Herein, using a stable Zr-based metal-organic framework (Zr-MOF, UiO-67) as the support and introducing bipyridine linkers as anchoring sites, a Co-based SAC (UiO-67-Co) was successfully fabricated. HRTEM and XAFS clearly demonstrated that Co atoms are bonded to the bipyridine N sites as isolated sites. Benefiting from the active Co-N sites, UiO-67-Co achieved high efficiency in Fenton-like peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, removing 100% sulfamethoxazole (SMX) within 30min with a rate constant of 1.036min-1. Moreover, owing to the robust Zr–O bonds, UiO-67-Co exhibited stable performance and structural integrity during recycling experiments. Compared with pristine UiO-67, the single-atom-anchored UiO-67-Co showed enhanced charge transfer capability and PMS adsorption affinity, thereby accelerating the Co(II)/Co(III) redox conversion and facilitating PMS activation. Mechanistic analysis revealed that radicals (O2·-) and non-radical species (1O2 and high-valent CoO2+) served as the dominant reactive oxygen species for organic pollutant degradation. In terms of environmental adaptability, UiO-67-Co retained favorable catalytic performance across diverse reaction conditions, including the presence of HCO3-, Cl-, H2PO4-, and humic acid (HA), and showed reduced biological toxicity of degradation by-products formed in the reaction process. This work offers novel perspectives on the exploitation of MOF-supported single-atom catalysts in advanced oxidation processes for water treatment.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been commonly used in photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) due to tunable morphology, controllable pore size and exposed active sites. However, the recombination between photogenerated electrons and holes still hinder the application of COFs. Donor-acceptor (D-A) heterojunctions which are constructed by electron-riched and electron-deficient units, could effectively modify the band gap and optoelectronic properties. Meanwhile, D-A structure accelerates the rate of charge transfer during the process. Herein, thiadiazole-linked D-A COF has been devised and prepared using 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucino (Tp) and 1,3,4-thiadiazole-3,5-diamine (TD) through solvothermal reaction. The resultant COF-TD1 present the production rate of 527.50 mu mol g- 1 h- 1, showing good performance in photocatalytic preparation of hydrogen peroxide. Eventually, the most possible mechanism is demonstrated to be two-step one-electron ORR reaction, suggesting robust organic photocatalysts by the introduction of D-A structure with heterocycle for future photosynthesis of H2O2.

ABSTRACT Photocatalytic‐self‐Fenton system (PSFs) hold great promise for water purification through in situ generation‐consumption of H2O2, yet is constrained by two main obstacles: (1) the scarcity of cost‐effective and sustainable photocatalysts, which restricts the overall H2O2 production, and (2) the dependence on exogenous Fe2+, leading to issues such as Fe sludge formation and narrow pH operating ranges. Herein, a highly crystalline CN bearing K+, cyano groups and polyethyleneimine is synthesized through doping and molten‐salt assistance calcination. The obtained catalyst exhibits a strong built‐in electric field (KPFM and SPV) and efficient spatial charge separation (series photoelectric tests and DFT calculations). The exposed active sites (SBET = 102.2 m2·g−1) and abundant terminal ‐NH2 groups create quasi‐homogeneous system (SEM/TEM/AFM and free deposition experiment). The catalyst also exhibits high oxygen adsorption capacity and promotes the reaction pathway of O2→·O2−→H2O2→·OH, enabling photosynthesis H2O2 rate up to 14.90 mmol·g−1 h−1 (22.2 times that of CN). The constructed Fe‐free PSFs achieves 100% degradation of high‐concentration tetracycline (100 mg L−1) within 10 min with a kinetic constant 3.46 times higher than that of common photodegradation system while overcoming the limitation of a narrow operational pH range. Furthermore, the Fe‐free PSFs can also 100% degrade sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin, and diclofenac sodium. At last, the improved degradation mechanisms, key reactive species, degradation pathways, and toxicity are systematically elucidated. This study overcomes key limitations of CN‐based photocatalysts and provides novel insights into developing efficient Fe‐free PSFs for pollutant photodegradation over a wide‐pH.

In advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), hindered interfacial electron transfer at the catalyst interface typically results in the instability of high-valent metal active species, reduced non-radical generation efficiency, and severely compromised catalyst cycling stability. This work proposes an interfacial electron spin polarization strategy. Through theoretical screening and experimental synthesis, a facet-matched ZnFe2O4@CoO core-shell heterojunction is constructed, unlocking an efficient Fe 3d-O-Co 3d electron transfer channel that enables selective photocatalytic peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and stable generation of high-valent metal oxo species (HVMOs). In situ characterization and first-principles calculations reveal that strong FeCo d-d hybridization at the interface induces an upward shift of the d-band center and triggers a pronounced spin polarization effect, breaking spin degeneracy and suppressing charge carrier recombination. The resulting spin-polarized electronic states further stabilize the highly reactive Co(IV)-oxo species, establishing a spin-matched electron transfer pathway that markedly lowers the PMS activation energy barrier and enables efficient non-radical oxidation dominated by HVMOs. The ZnFe2O4@CoO/PMS coupled system achieves complete degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) within 12 min, exhibits high tolerance to coexisting anions, demonstrates exceptional catalyst recycling stability, and yields degradation products with significantly reduced phytotoxicity. This study elucidates the atomic-level mechanism by which spin polarization regulates electron transfer and stabilizes high-valent metal active centers, offering new strategies and theoretical guidance for designing efficient and stable non-radical advanced oxidation catalysts.

Formaldehyde is a highly toxic volatile organic pollutant that poses severe threats to human health and the ecological environment. This study utilizes oyster shells and eggshells (two types of solid waste) as raw materials to construct a biomass-derived porous CaCO3 matrix, and then CuS nanoparticles were in-situ loaded onto the CaCO3 surface by low-temperature degreasing and hydrothermal treatment, followed by the integrating of full-spectrum responsive TiO2 to achieve defect complementarity. The resulting ternary composite integrates adsorption and photocatalytic functionalities via multi-mechanism synergy. CuS extends TiO2's light absorption range into the visible and near-infrared regions; the porosity of biomass CaCO3 synergistically enhances specific surface area and active site density with CuS. Under simulated sunlight irradiation, this composite achieved 85.38% formaldehyde adsorption efficiency and 98.31% degradation rate through efficient photogenerated charge separation and reactive oxygen species generation. This work demonstrates broad application prospects in formaldehyde removal and offers new insights into solid waste resource utilization.

The development of heterogeneous photocatalysts with high stability and activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a significant challenge in solar fuel production. This study presents the successful construction of a novel, high-performance POM@MOF composite photocatalyst, SYNU-6. The design principles of size matching and charge kinetic optimization were employed. The material utilizes tetrakis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)ethylene (TIPE), which exhibits aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties, as a ligand. It assembles with Co2+ nodes to form a three-dimensional porous framework. An in situ assembly strategy was used to precisely confine Keggin-type silicotungstic acid (SiW12O404-) within its one-dimensional square channels. When SYNU-6 was used as a catalyst, it yielded an O2 output of 8494.20 μmol/g and a turnover number (TON) of 74.20, demonstrating optimal catalytic efficiency. This approach regulates the spatial distribution of active components and promotes charge transfer, providing a reference for the rational design of high-performance POM@MOF photocatalytic water oxidation materials.

Developing a convenient catalyst preparation strategy capable of efficiently activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) holds crucial significance for facilitating the large-scale application of advanced oxidation technologies. Herein, the leaf-like zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L) was in situ grown on stainless steel mesh (SS) through impregnation at room temperature, and the derivatives of ZIF-L/SS were obtained via rapid combustion to form CoOx@C/SS. The CoOx@C/SS catalyst was employed for activating PMS to degrade the sulfamethoxazole (SMX). In cyclic experiments, ZIF-L/SS could be rapidly recovered and reused in subsequent reactions. Structural evolution studies reveal that after the unstable carbon nanotubes on the catalyst surface detach during the initial reaction cycle, the catalytic performance stabilizes, and metal leaching is significantly suppressed. Reactive species capture experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests demonstrated that superoxide radicals (O2•-) and high-valent cobalt oxygen species (Co(IV)=O) played crucial roles in SMX degradation. Considering its simple preparation process, low cost, as well as its effectiveness and stability, CoOx@C/SS undoubtedly represents a promising catalyst for environmental applications.

This work aims to construct self-supported oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes with high activity and excellent stability via an interface engineering strategy. Innovatively, Ni₃(BO₃)₂ was introduced as an "interfacial bonding enhancer" to construct a robust three-tiered architecture of "substrate-Ni₃(BO₃)₂ interface-self-reconstructed metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived active layer". The resulting MOOH-MOF/BNF electrode exhibited outstanding OER performance, requiring overpotentials of 207 mV and 268 mV to reach current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm-2, respectively. More importantly, the electrode showed remarkable long-term durability, maintaining stable potential during continuous operation for 500 h at 100 mA cm-2. Theoretical calculations indicated that the Ni₃(BO₃)₂ modification effectively optimized the local electronic environment of Ni and O sites, enhanced orbital hybridization and electron-cloud overlap, and thereby significantly strengthened the covalency of the NiO bond. Combined experimental and theoretical analyses revealed that the high performance originates from the strong NiOB bonding between B atoms in the Ni₃(BO₃)₂ interlayer and Ni/O atoms in the catalytic layer. This strong interaction acts like a "chemical rivet", which firmly anchors the catalytic layer, optimizes interfacial charge transfer, and ensures structural integrity under high-current-density conditions. This study offers a new principle for the rational design of robust interfacial chemical bonding to construct efficient and durable electrocatalytic electrodes.

Electrocatalytic water splitting plays a very important role in promoting the electrification of the transportation sector, improving the utilization efficiency of renewable energy, and achieving efficient storage and conversion of clean energy. However, issues such as slow kinetics, high overpotential, high catalyst cost, and insufficient stability have restricted its practical application and large-scale development. In this work, a series of Ce doping CoNi-LDHs were prepared on a nickel foam substrate by electrochemical deposition, namely CoNi-LDH, Ce0.01CoNi-LDH, Ce0.05CoNi-LDH, and Ce0.1CoNi-LDH. Ce doping-induced lattice expansion accelerates the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by optimizing the electronic structure and reducing the activation energy. As evidenced by the experimental data, the Ce0.05CoNi-LDH catalyst requires an overpotential of only 275 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² in 1 M KOH, highlighting its outstanding OER performance. This research achievement provides new ideas and technical directions for the development of efficient water electrolysis catalysts.

Strengthening the stability of metalu2013oxygen (Mu2013O) bonds in catalysts is imperative for the advancement of efficient and durable electrocatalytic water splitting. Herein, using a mild boron-reduction strategy, a self-supported electrode with robust Cou2013B bonds was constructed. The Cou2013B@Co(OH)2u2013Ru/nickel foam (NF) (Cou2013B@CRN) electrode demonstrates low overpotentials for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, 20 mV) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER, 160 mV) at 10 mAu00B7cmu22122. Furthermore, long-term stability was achieved for over 400 h at 10 mAu00B7cmu22122 and 270 h at 200 mAu00B7cmu22122, respectively. For overall water splitting, the assembled electrolyzer exhibited a low voltage of 1.40 V at 10 mAu00B7cmu22122, with stable operation maintained for over 240 h. Detailed extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) characterization verified the mixed valence state of Co and the Cou2013B coordination environment. Further electronic analysis indicated strong hybridization between Co d-orbitals and B p-orbitals. The B bonding induced a downward shift in the d-band center at the Co site, thereby significantly suppressing metal leaching during catalysis and stabilizing electronic structure regulation. This research shows that the boron reduction strategy offers an effective dynamic regulation mechanism for the electronic structures and coordination environments of transition metals, enabling a highly efficient and stable overall water splitting process.

Development highly efficient and stable carbon-loaded cobalt-based catalysts holds great significance for Fenton-like wastewater purification. The incorporation of N atoms into the carbon substrate can effectively modulate the charge distribution of the catalyst and generate multiple active sites. Herein, using ZIF-9 and melamine as precursors, Co nanoparticles encapsulated N-doped carbon nanotubes (Co@NCNT) were constructed. In Fenton-like catalysis, Co@NCNT could efficiently activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), and completely degrade sulfamethoxazole (SMX) within 5 min. Meanwhile, the Co@NCNT/PMS system shows good resistance to inorganic anions and natural organic matter and is highly adaptable to various organic pollutants. Continuous 10 h operation of SMX degradation indicates Co@NCNT has good cycling stability and practical application potential. Mechanism analysis reveals the synergistic effect between radicals (SO4 center dot-) and non-radicals (1O2, Co(IV) = O). In addition, there are two active sites (Co-Co/Co-N) to propel PMS activation, Co-Co bonds primarily contribute to the formation of 1O2, Co(IV) = O, and SO4 center dot-, whereas Co-N bonds generate a minor amount of 1O2, minimize Co leakage, and enhance electron transfer efficiency. In summary, this work provides a strategy for the simple fabrication of catalysts with dual active sites for efficient Fenton-like catalysis.

This study addresses the critical challenge of efficiently removing refractory organic pollutants from high-salinity wastewater. Via the pi-pi self-assembly strategy, iron tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (FeTCPP) were immobilized on graphene to fabricate the FeTCPP-G composite catalyst, which was tailored for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and subsequent degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). This catalyst enabled complete 2,4-DCP removal within 3 min and retained good performance even in a high-salinity medium (200 mM), exhibiting robust anti-interference capability. Its distinguished catalytic activity originates from three design features: (1) Strong pi-pi conjugation drives the self-assembly of graphene and FeTCPP, which not only simplifies the preparation procedure and guarantees structural stability, but also yields highly dispersed Fe-N4 active sites. (2) The interfacial strong pi-pi interaction constructs efficient electron transfer pathways, remarkably accelerating PMS activation kinetics. (3) The main radical (O2 center dot-) and non-radical mechanisms (1O2 and electron transfer) ensure efficient water treatment under high salinity conditions. This work provides a reasonable design strategy for developing a Fenton-like system that has both efficient degradation capabilities and strong environmental resistance.

Developing efficient, low-toxicity, recyclable catalysts is essential for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and antibiotic wastewater detoxification. Herein, a nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube-confined Fe-Fe3C heterojunction was constructed using ZnFe-based metal-organic framework and melamine as precursors for effective antibiotic detoxification via radical and non-radical pathways. The Fe-Fe3C@NCNT catalyst effectively activated PMS to degrade sulfamethoxazole (SMX), achieving 99.0% removal efficiency within 30 min (k = 0.362 min-1). In a continuous flow system, 12 L of SMX solution could be purified in 20 h with over 80% removal efficiency. The dispersed Fe-Fe3C nanoparticles and carbon nanotube structure enhanced both activity and stability. Mechanism analysis and theoretical calculations revealed that O2 center dot-, 1O2, and electron transfer dominated pollutant removal, while the Fe-Fe3C unit exhibited strong adsorption ability for PMS and tended to cleave the O - O bond to generate SO4 center dot- and center dot OH. Toxicity assessments demonstrated low biotoxicity of degradation solution: F81 cell viability reached 92.2% after 30 min of degradation, as determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, while live/dead cell staining, and barley growth experiments further confirmed the significant detoxification effect against SMX. In addition, Fe-Fe3C@NCNT also exhibited minimal metal leaching and high magnetism for easy separation and reuse, demonstrating great potential for practical applications.

Developing low-cost and efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential to produce green hydrogen for the decarbonization of the industry or heavy-duty applications. In this study, Ni-Co alloy electrodes for alkaline water electrolysis were fabricated via scanning jet electrodeposition, using porous Ni-Fe substrates with varying Fe content. To understand the role of substrate composition, the influence of Fe concentration on electrode morphology and OER performance was systematically investigated. The results showed that increasing the Fe content in the substrate led to the formation of finer and denser micro-nanoparticle structures on the Ni-Co alloy surface, which is favorable for catalytic activity. The different substrate compositions affected the deposition structure of the alloy, thereby altering the bubble contact angle of the electrode surface. Among them, the Ni-Co alloy electrode prepared on the Ni/Fe = 0.14:1 substrate exhibited better hydrophilicity with a bubble contact angle of 29.8 degrees. Enhanced OER activity was observed with increasing Fe content; the electrode on Fe foam showed a low overpotential of 247 +/- 3.02 mV vs RHE at 10 mA cm(-2). The novelty of this work lies in the scanning jet electrodeposition strategies for different substrate compositions to control the nucleation, which leverages the Fe content of the porous Ni-Fe substrate to directly control the Ni-Co alloy electrode's nucleation, microstructure, and wettability without additives or post-treatment. This coupling between substrate compositions and scanning jet electrodeposition provides a simple, scalable, and cost-effective method for improving OER activity. Our results demonstrate that substrate composition is an effective design control method for fabricating Ni-Co electrodes with high OER performance.