Heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME) in lung cancer plays a crucial role in disease progression and resistance to therapy. Despite advances in single-cell and bulk omics profiling, these methods often overlook spatial context, which is vital for understanding cell-cell interactions and regional heterogeneity. In recent years, spatial omics technologies-including spatial genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-have revolutionized the ability to map molecular landscapes while maintaining tissue architecture. These advancements have become essential components of next-generation lung cancer management. By providing unprecedented resolution in characterizing the lung cancer TME, spatial omics could reveal prognostic and predictive biomarkers and identify new therapeutic vulnerabilities. This review will provide the first critical evaluation of spatial multi-omics approaches for lung cancer prognosis. It will also assess various integration strategies for multi-omics data to explore the clinical translational potential of these tools for therapy selection and patient stratification. Therefore, a deeper understanding of spatial omics technologies and their application in lung cancer can significantly improve precision diagnostics and therapeutic decision-making.
Background Many patients experience cognitive decline after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT). This retrospective analysis evaluated trajectories of cognitive function in HCT patients. The study purpose was to identify the most common predictors of post-HCT cognitive change and inform earlier identification and pursuit of interventions to improve the impact on healthcare compliance, quality of life, and survivorship. Materials & methods Duke Adult Bone Marrow Transplant clinic Clinical Pre-, Peri, and Post-HCT Optimization Program (C-POP) assessments data collected between 2018 and 2023 were analyzed (n = 282). Cognitive function was measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results Fifty-six (19.9%) participants’ MoCA scores were <26 (mild cognitive impairment cutpoint) at pre-treatment sign-off (SO). Pre/post-HCT comparisons from SO to year-1 (Y1) (n = 103) indicated 57 (55.3%) unchanged scores. At Y1, 15 participants’ scores (14.56%) decreased ≥2 points, 31 (30.1%) improved ≥2 points, and only eighteen (17.4%) scored <26. Predictors for decreased scores included older age, female sex, decreased grip strength and frailty at Y1. Scores decreased for the cognitive domains of abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation. Changes were significant across timepoints. Those aged 40-59 showed the most decline for delayed recall and orientation. Conclusions Prospective assessment of grip strength, frailty, and cognitive function (MoCA) may inform tailored interventions and rehabilitation interventions. Future research to investigate prehabilitation to maximize nutritional, cognitive, and fitness status is warranted.
BACKGROUND:Thymomas, though rare, are the most common anterior mediastinal neoplasms in adults, with incidence of 0.13 per 100,000 person-years. Due to indolent nature and lack of randomized trials, treatment relies on retrospective data. Literature on outcomes of unresectable thymomas in India is limited. METHODS:This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary cancer centre in north India, analysing records of patients with advanced/unresectable thymic malignancies (stage III-IV) treated between January 2012 and December 2023. Clinicopathological features, response rates, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. RESULTS:A total of 43 patients (median age 40 years [range 22-72]; 76.7% male) were included. Histology revealed thymoma in 36 (83.7%), thymic carcinoma in 4 (9.3%), and thymic neuroendocrine tumours in 3 (7%). Common symptoms were cough (60.5%), dyspnoea (60.5%), and chest pain (55.8%). Stage distribution was - III (20.9%), IVA (46.5%), and IVB (32.6%). Liver (14%) was the most common site of distant metastasis. Myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia occurred in 7% each. Forty (93%) patients received systemic therapy, primarily Cyclophosphamide-Adriamycin-Cisplatin (75%). The objective response rate for first-line systemic therapy was 37.5% (all partial responses) with a clinical benefit rate of 87.5%. Twelve (30%) underwent surgery, with R0 resection in 6 (15%). Median PFS was 16.4 months, and OS was 56 months. CONCLUSION:Systemic therapy and surgery in selected cases provide meaningful outcomes in unresectable thymomas, emphasizing the need for prospective studies to refine treatment strategies.
BACKGROUND:B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, comprising almost 25 % of childhood malignancies. Despite advances in chemotherapy, relapse remains a major cause of treatment failure, particularly in high-risk patients. Blinatumomab, a CD19-directed bispecific T-cell engager, approved for relapsed/refractory and measurable residual disease (MRD)-positive B-ALL, but its benefit in pediatric patients at increased risk of relapse remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether adding blinatumomab to chemotherapy improves survival and MRD outcomes in pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory or high-risk frontline B-ALL. METHODS:We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library through March 2025, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating blinatumomab versus chemotherapy in pediatric B-ALL patients at increased risk of relapse. Primary outcomes were disease-free survival (DFS). Overall survival (OS), MRD, and adverse effects were also assessed. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models. RESULTS:Four RCTs involving 2,011 patients were included. Blinatumomab significantly improved DFS (RR: 0.63, 95 % CI: 0.47-0.83; P = 0.001) and OS (RR: 0.62, 95 % CI: 0.47-0.84; P = 0.002). No statistically significant improvement was observed in MRD clearance (RR: 1.21, 95 % CI: 0.56-2.62; P = 0.62). Adverse event rates were similar between groups (RR: 1.00, 95 % CI: 0.57-1.75; P = 0.99), although heterogeneity was high. CONCLUSION:This meta-analysis suggests that adding Blinatumomab to chemotherapy improves survival in pediatric relapsed/refractory B-ALL and selected high risk frontline populations. However, limited frontline evidence and variability in MRD and toxicity reporting warrant further standardized pediatric studies.
BACKGROUND:Chemoimmunotherapy is the standard first-line treatment for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC); however, a limited number of real-world cases meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria of clinical trials. This study investigated whether chemoimmunotherapy is selected in patients with ES-SCLC who meet eligibility criteria in real-world practice and identified their clinical characteristics. METHODS:A total of 198 patients diagnosed with ES-SCLC received first-line treatment at 11 institutions between August 2019 and June 2023. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of first-line treatment in patients meeting the eligibility criteria of the IMpower133 and CASPIAN trials. This multicenter retrospective study included 78 patients (39.4%) who met the eligibility criteria. RESULTS:Fifty-six (71.8%) and twenty-two (28.2%) underwent chemoimmunotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively. The proportion of patients aged ≥75 years was higher in the chemotherapy group. The median progression-free survival in the chemoimmunotherapy and chemotherapy groups was 5.1 versus 4.6 months (hazard ratio [HR] 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.84), respectively. The median overall survival in the chemoimmunotherapy and chemotherapy groups was 17.1 versus 9.4 months (HR 0.51; 95% CI, 0.29-0.88), respectively. The discontinuation rate of treatment-related adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups (5.4% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.555). CONCLUSION:First-line chemoimmunotherapy is considered a valuable treatment option for patients with ES-SCLC who meet the eligibility criteria for clinical trials. However, even among eligible patients, chemotherapy alone may be selected based on various reasons, such as older age. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of real-world data is required. TRIAL REGISTRATION:This study was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trial Registry (A multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with immunotherapy for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer in the real-world setting, UMIN000053134).
BACKGROUND:Oncotype DX Recurrence Score (RS) guides adjuvant chemotherapy decisions in early-stage hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative breast cancer (BC). However, the survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with pT1, low-grade, and low clinical risk disease remains incompletely characterized, particularly across different age groups. METHODS:This retrospective cohort study utilized the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to identify women with pT1, Grade 1-2, HR+/HER2-, lymphovascular invasion (LVI)-negative BC who underwent genomic testing (Oncotype DX or MammaPrint) and received either adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) alone or chemoendocrine therapy (CET) between 2010-2021. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, log-rank testing, and univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were employed to compare OS between treatment groups, stratified by age (≤50 vs. >50 years), genomic risk category, and combined age-genomic risk strata. RESULTS:Among 11,411 patients analyzed, 26% received CET. In age-stratified analysis, CET was associated with improved OS only in patients >50 years (log-rank p=0.01; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=0.70, 95% CI 0.63-0.87) but not in those ≤50 years (p=0.73; aHR=0.90, 95% CI 0.15-1.50). When stratifying by combined age and genomic risk, CET conferred an OS advantage exclusively in patients >50 years with intermediate-risk RS (log-rank p=0.001; aHR=0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.92) and high-risk RS (log-rank p=0.001; aHR=0.75, 95% CI 0.61-0.93). No significant OS benefit was observed with CET in patients with low genomic risk regardless of age. CONCLUSIONS:These findings support genomic risk-stratified treatment decisions in early-stage HR+/HER2- BC and suggest limited benefit of chemotherapy in the lowest-risk subgroups.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a pathology that necessitates collaborative care and multidisciplinary management. There is a role for timely surgical involvement which evolves at different stages of disease progression. Upfront surgery remains the standard of care for resectable disease at certain subsites to provide locoregional control and definitive pathologic information for accurate staging and guidance of adjuvant therapies. Surgery also fits into advancing treatment paradigms with neoadjuvant systemic approaches. This requires early assessment of surgical candidacy to ensure operability and sequence scheduling. While never the ideal outcome, in the setting of post-chemoradiation and persistent or recurrent disease, salvage surgery and the timely referral still can offer the best opportunity for durable control. Operative intervention can provide meaningful palliation for airway compromise, bleeding, or severe dysphagia. Surgeon team members are essential in shared surveillance, managing treatment-related sequelae, and intervening early when systemic therapy response is suboptimal.
BACKGROUND:Treatment decisions in advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer require comprehensive clinical, genomic, and imaging evaluations. FDG-PET and radioactive iodine (RAI) scans image different biological clones of tumor subsets and are frequently complementary. We describe our institutional experience utilizing an innovative single time-point paired scan protocol for comprehensive disease assessment and management. METHODS:We reviewed all patients over age 18 who underwent single time-point paired Thyrogen-stimulated FDG-PET and RAI scans for thyroid cancer staging or restaging at our institution between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2024. RESULTS:53 paired scans for 51 unique patients were included. 58.8% were female. Mean age was 61 years (range 19- 84). 80.3% of patients had papillary carcinoma, 5 had follicular carcinoma, 2 had Hurthle cell, and 2 had mixed histology. Most patients (29, 56.8%) had local disease, 21.6% had locoregional recurrence and 21.6% had distant metastasis. 34 patients had previously received RAI and 5 had received tyrosine-kinase inhibitor. Of 53 paired scans, 12 showed disease on both scans, 11 were negative on both scans, 20 showed FDG-avidity not seen on RAI scan, 9 showed RAI-avidity not seen on FDG-PET, and one showed mixed disease on both FDG-PET and RAI scans. DISCUSSION:The combination of FDG-PET and RAI scans offers several advantages, including prognostication as imaging biomarkers, enhanced detection of disease not visible on RAI scan alone due to biological heterogeneity of lesions, guidance for novel RAI resensitization strategies and RAI augmentation schemes. CONCLUSIONS:Single time-point paired FDG-PET and RAI scans offer critical and often complementary information to guide differentiated thyroid cancer management, especially in patients with locally advanced disease, distant metastases or RAI-refractory disease.
This study highlights the vital role of personalized treatment strategies in managing multiple myeloma (MM) among older patients, a population greatly affected by this disease. We conducted a retrospective analysis using data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) collected between 2004 and 2021. Multiple myeloma patients ≥70 years were included in the analysis, as this age threshold aligns with NCDB categorization and reflects a group with higher clinical complexity. Utilizing a data analysis software, patients were categorized into three age groups: 70-74 years, 75-79 years, and 80 years and above. Patients were excluded if treatment regimen exposure could not be definitively confirmed in the database. Additionally, those lacking follow-up beyond diagnosis or with an unknown vital status were not included in the study. Analysis shows that while survival outcomes typically decline with age, tailored regimens can provide substantial benefits. The combination of chemotherapy, bisphosphonate therapy, and immunotherapy, where all treatments were given within 30 days of each other (C + H + I), yielded the highest median overall survival (64.2 months) and the lowest adjusted hazard ratio for mortality (HR = 0.575), yet this regimen remains underutilized in older patients. Findings emphasize that with proper patient selection and supportive care, intensive regimens like C + H + I can be both effective and safe. Furthermore, extended treatment duration-particularly beyond 180 days-was linked to improved survival, supporting maintenance and continuous therapy approaches. This study underscores the necessity of moving away from uniform treatment models and toward individualized care plans that account for functional status and comorbidities in older adults with MM.
INTRODUCTION:The ability of time to PSA nadir (TTN) to predict early treatment failure after focal therapy for prostate cancer remains unclear. We assessed whether TTN and PSA nadir-related parameters are associated with early oncologic failure after primary cryotherapy or high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). MATERIALS AND METHODS:We relied on a prospective registry of 319 men treated with primary cryotherapy (n = 221) or HIFU (n = 98). TTN was categorised as ≤6, 6-12, or >12 months. PSA nadir and nadir PSA density (nPSAD) were analysed. Treatment failure (TF) included biochemical/local recurrence, metastatic progression, or salvage therapy. Primary endpoint was early TF (≤24 months). Independent predictors were evaluated with Firth logistic regression; failure-free survival (FFS) was estimated with Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS:Men selected for HIFU had slightly more favourable baseline features. Median TTN was 6 months overall but longer after cryotherapy than after HIFU (6 vs 3 months; p < 0.001). Cryotherapy achieved lower PSA nadir and nPSAD than HIFU (each p < 0.001). At a median follow-up of 26 months, overall FFS was 84.8% (82.1% after cryotherapy and 90.8% after HIFU; p = 0.046). TTN strata were associated with differences in FFS (log-rank p < 0.001). In multivariable models, TTN >12 months independently predicted early TF after cryotherapy (OR 17.5; p < 0.001). After HIFU, ablation extent was independently associated with early treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS:Delayed TTN was independently associated with early failure after cryotherapy, whereas no independent association emerged after HIFU. These findings support modality-specific interpretation of TTN when planning post-ablation follow-up.
Lung cancer, the leading cause of death worldwide, claims millions of lives yearly, largely due to limited early interventions. Currently used lung cancer screening methods are still limited in their reach and accuracy due to invasiveness, radiation exposure, and low sensitivity, especially in early stages, necessitating the need for innovative technologies. This review examines emerging tools for the early detection of lung cancer, utilizing biomarkers in conjunction with omics approaches and AI technology, which could significantly impact its clinical landscape. Tumor cells release specific biological indicators called biomarkers, which can be cellular components, nucleic acid fragments, protein fragments, or metabolites, detected from bodily fluids through non-invasive methods. The integration of biomarkers with omics technologies (such as proteomics and genomics) or multi-omics provides a comprehensive insight into the molecular profiles of various cancer subtypes and stages. Artificial intelligence, including machine learning and deep learning tools, further increases the accuracy and precision of these techniques. However, challenges still persist in its clinical translation, including technical limitations, regulatory hurdles and ethical concerns. Overcoming these limitations requires standardised protocols, interdisciplinary collaborations, and strategies for equitable access to innovative technologies. Novel, cutting-edge technological interventions, such as advanced imaging techniques, sensor technology, nanotechnology, breathomics, and microbiome analysis, have the potential to enhance early lung cancer diagnosis, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the global burden of this disease.
Neoadjuvant immunotherapy has emerged as a cornerstone of therapy for resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Advantages over adjuvant therapy include possibly higher efficacy given the higher neoantigen load and intact lymphatics, tumor downstaging with more R0 resections, earlier assessment of response or futility, and cost effectiveness. Furthermore, by allowing a window of opportunity, it accelerates the drug development process. However, many pertinent questions remain unanswered. Biomarkers predicting maximal benefit from these agents require further research; impact on surgical safety is less understood; and it is unclear whether patients achieving pathological complete response require further therapy. A number of trials are ongoing to answer these questions, making this a rapidly evolving area of oncology. This narrative review details the currently available evidence in context of clinically important questions, and also explores possible future directions for research. For comprehensiveness, chemotherapy and targeted therapy in resectable NSCLC have also been addressed briefly.
Purpose Multiple studies of bladder cancer noted worse outcomes in females compared to males. Few focused on prospective comparisons of sex regarding treatment response, survival, and toxicity. This phase 2 study compared outcomes of males and females with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with eribulin mesylate. Methods Patients were treated with eribulin on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Primary endpoint was best observed response (ORR) per RECIST. Secondary endpoints included disease control (DCR), progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were assessed in a subset of patients. Results Females and males had similar ORR, DCR, PFS, OS, and toxicities. Thirty-one percent of females and 33% of males experienced a CR or PR (p=0.86); 57% females and 59% of males experienced disease control (p=0.86). There was a higher percentage of CRs amongst females (16% vs 4%). For females and males respectively, median PFS was 4.1 and 4.0 months, while median OS was 9.7 and 9.2 months. Forty-three percent of females and 35% of males experienced Grade 4+ hematologic toxicity (p=0.38). Females had more Grade 2+ nausea and vomiting than males. Females had lower AUCs (median: 913 vs. 1,129 µg/L·hr, p=0.023), but there was no difference in other PK parameters. There was a correlation of poorer baseline ECOG status with grade 3+ non-hematologic toxicity, but this was similar between sexes. Women with baseline grade 1+ anemia were more likely to develop grade 2+ anemia during therapy. Multivariate analysis of baseline characteristics relative to outcome measures did not demonstrate significant differences between females and males. Conclusion In patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with eribulin, there were no significant differences in toxicity, ORR, DCR, PFS, or OS between males and females. Females receiving eribulin therapy may warrant use of standard antiemetic prophylaxis more than males. Micro Abstract The study compared the outcomes of males and females with advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with eribulin mesylate. Male and females had similar observed response rates, disease control rates, progression free survival, overall survival (OS), and toxicity. There was a higher rate of complete responses (CR) observed amongst females compared to males, and this may warrant further study.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), traditionally risk-stratified by genetic abnormalities, is an aggressive malignancy with high relapse and modest survival. Immune dysregulation is an emerging pathogenic mechanism. We investigated cellular immune subsets and metabolic mediators of the PD-L1/PD-1 and IDO1-kynurenine-AhR pathways, including vitamin D as an immunomodulatory component in 78 newly diagnosed adult AML uniformly treated with intensive therapy. Lower TLC (<30 × 109/L) and blast percentage (<67%) were associated with higher CR rates (OR=3.9, p = 0.006; OR=2.9, p = 0.025). Higher baseline activated cytotoxic-T-cells (aCTLs; CD8+ PLCγ1+) predicted better OS (18-month OS 60.9% vs. 32.2%; p = 0.023). Other baseline clinical, vitamin D, and immune parameters were not associated with OS or LFS. Post-induction, kynurenine and Treg/CTL ratio increased, while tryptophan, aCTLs, and aTreg/aCTL ratio decreased. Higher post-treatment kynurenine was associated with better OS (30% vs. 64%; p = 0.017) and LFS (44% vs. 71%; p = 0.09). These findings highlight complex, plastic immune interactions in AML with potential prognostic and therapeutic implications. Micro-abstract: This study in de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) demonstrates that higher baseline activated cytotoxic T cells (CD8+PLCγ1+) and increased post-induction kynurenine are novel prognostic markers associated with improved survival after intensive chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic treatment induces dynamic immune-metabolic changes, underscoring the importance of integrating immune profiling into clinical AML management.
BACKGROUND:Hospital-Based Cancer Registries (HBCRs) are vital for cancer surveillance under India's National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP). However, most HBCRs rely on retrospective, manual, or semi-digital workflows, leading to delayed, incomplete, and non-standardized data. OBJECTIVE:To critically review existing evidence and propose a mobile application-based framework integrated with the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) to enhance HBCR data capture, standardization, and interoperability. METHODS:This short narrative review synthesizes published evidence from Indian HBCRs, mobile health applications in cancer care, and comparable low- and middle-income country (LMIC) experiences to identify operational challenges and inform registry-support mobile application design. RESULTS:Mobile applications enable real-time data entry, improve coding accuracy, reduce duplication, and support longitudinal tracking through ABHA (Ayushman Bharat Health Account) identifiers. Evidence from India and other LMICs demonstrates improved data completeness and workflow efficiency when mobile systems are integrated with routine care processes. CONCLUSION:ABDM-integrated mobile applications represent a scalable and sustainable approach to strengthening HBCRs and supporting evidence-based cancer surveillance and planning in India.
Measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring has dramatically improved outcomes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients while, the prognosis in adult B-ALL remains poor. Biological heterogeneity, therapy-related toxicity, and inconsistent MRD-integration contribute to this disparity. This study evaluates the early prognostic value of MRD by flow cytometry in high-risk adult B-ALL patients. METHODS:The present study included 47 high-risk adult B-ALL patients stratified by cytogenetic-risk groups (Age range: 18 - 66 years) and treated between January 2020 and December 2024 at Tata Medical Center, Kolkata. MRD was assessed using an 11-color flow cytometry panel at end-of-induction (EOI) and end-of-consolidation (EOC) timepoints. Patient details including demographics, cytogenetic risk profiles, treatment protocols, and survival outcomes were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using univariable, multivariable (MANNOVA) and multivariable cox-regression tests. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for survival at 18-months. RESULTS:At EOI time point, 27 patients were MRD-negative, while 20 had detectable MRD (4 low-level <0.01%, 16 high-level ≥0.01%). MRD positivity at EOI significantly correlated with inferior survival at 18 months (log-rank p = 0.004). On univariable cox regression, EOI MRD positive patients demonstrated an approximately six-fold higher hazard of relapse or death compared with MRD-negative patients (HR = 6.33; 95% CI, 0.39-103.07). Multivariable and cox-regression analysis confirmed EOI MRD positivity as an independent predictor of OS (p = 0.004). Additionally, Day 8 prednisone response showed prognostic significance with survival (cox-regression p-value = 0.003; MANNOVA p ≈ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The EOI MRD positivity, is a robust independent predictor of 18m-survival in high-risk adult B-ALL patients. Additionally, a longitudinal MRD monitoring enhances risk stratification and informs therapeutic decisions. Therefore, incorporating MRD assessment into routine clinical practice is essential for dynamic risk stratification and optimizing outcomes in High-risk adult B-ALL.
Background The CYP3A5 gene plays a crucial role in drug metabolism and carcinogen activation, potentially influencing breast cancer susceptibility. However, its genetic association with breast cancer risk in the Bangladeshi population remains under explored. Objective This study aims to examine the expression and genetic correlation of the CYP3A5*3 (rs776746) polymorphism in relation to breast cancer susceptibility. Methods A case-control study was performed with 150 breast cancer patients and 150 healthy controls to investigate genotypic variations of the CYP3A5*3 (rs776746) polymorphism using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The relationship between the CYP3A5*3 variant and breast cancer risk was assessed by calculating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through logistic regression models. Results The CYP3A5*3 polymorphism exhibited a significant association with increased breast cancer risks. Breast cancer risk was found to be higher in heterozygotes than in homozygotes. Individuals carrying the heterozygous (*1/*3) and mutant homozygote (*3/*3) genotypes had a 3.04-fold (p = 0.0005) and 1.9-fold (p = 0.0227) increased risk of developing breast cancer respectively. Furthermore, the combined (*1/*3 + *3/*3) genotype was significantly linked to a 3.67-fold higher susceptibility to breast cancer risks (p < 0.0005). Conclusion Our findings suggest that the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism is significantly associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer in Bangladeshi population.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, in combination with other treatments or medications, presents a groundbreaking development in cancer immunotherapy. CAR-T immunotherapy has shown remarkable progress, with multiple therapies approved by the US FDA for hematological malignancies. Studies indicate that CAR-NK and CAR-M therapies are more effective against solid tumors than CAR-T-based therapy. The synergistic potential of combining CAR-based therapies with immunomodulatory agents, cytokines, oncolytic viruses, and immune checkpoint inhibitors presents a promising strategy for treating various cancers. This comprehensive review examines the current status and application of CAR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M therapies, particularly their integration with immunomodulatory agents and other molecules for treating solid tumors, including glioblastoma, pancreatic, gastric, liver, ovarian, lung, and breast cancers.
