Abstract Silymarin has been facing several challenges which reduce its therapeutic effect, mainly low solubility and poor bioavailability. This study aimed to develop and comparatively evaluate the stability and antioxidant activity of an oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion to encapsulate silymarin, formulated with two distinct natural carriers: grape seed oil (GSO) and Sacha inchi seed oil (SIO). To achieve a stable system, Tween 80 and Poloxamer 407 (F-127) were employed as the primary surfactant and co-stabilizer, respectively, using the phase inversion composition technique at a surfactant-to-oil mass ratio of 1.1:1 (w/w). The resulting optimized formulations demonstrated favorable physicochemical characteristics, including droplet sizes between 300 and 700 nm and PDI values from 0.2 to 0.5. High electrostatic stability was confirmed by negative zeta potentials exceeding −30 mV. The formulations with a lower silymarin content exhibited higher entrapment efficiency compared to those with a higher drug loading. While Fourier transform—infrared and microscopic analyses verified successful encapsulation and uniform morphology, DPPH assays indicated that the nanoemulsions maintained potent radical scavenging activity (52.88 and 13.82%), although they are lower than that of the free silymarin (92.08%) due to the protective encapsulation. Additionally, the use of GSO and SIO significantly enhanced oxidative stability, as reflected by low peroxide levels. These findings highlight SIO as a highly effective and promising platform for the advanced delivery of silymarin, which can be further formulated into popular and convenient dosage forms such as soft gel capsules or nanoemulgels.
Abstract Zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films were deposited on soda lime glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) to investigate the effect of triethanolamine (TEA) content and bath temperature on their structural, optical, and electrical properties for Cd-free buffer layer applications. The increase of the TEA concentration and bath temperature enhanced the surface coverage and promoted the growth of compact nanocrystalline films. X-ray diffraction patterns were consistent with nanocrystalline hexagonal (wurtzite) ZnS, while Raman and FTIR confirmed the ZnS phase. In the visible region, the films exhibited high optical transmittance (70%–90%) with direct optical energy band gaps ranging from 3.76 to 3.90 eV. The optimised film, deposited at 65 °C with 2 ml TEA, exhibited the photoluminescence emission bands at 379 nm (near-band edge) and 489 nm (defect-related). Hall-effect measurements confirmed n-type conductivity for all films. The optimized film exhibited a carrier concentration of 9.83 × 10 13 cm −3 , mobility of 2.8 cm 2 V −1 S −1 , and resistivity of 1.02 × 10 5 Ω⋅ cm . These results demonstrate that controlling TEA complexation and deposition temperature effectively tailors the properties of CBD-grown ZnS thin films, making them promising environmentally friendly Cd-free buffer layers for thin-film solar cells.
Abstract The co-precipitation method of creating clay/iron oxide nanocomposite is the subject of this study. A variety of analytical methods, such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR, FE-SEM, energy-dispersive x-ray, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and zeta potential analysis, were used to characterize the produced nanocomposite. The phase purity and particle size of about 17.57 nm were both validated by the XRD results. Additionally, the composite’s ability to absorb copper ions from aqueous solutions was assessed. The optimal contact time to reach equilibrium is 45 min, where the adsorption percentage reached 68.26%. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to investigate adsorption behavior based on experimental data collected at different temperatures. When it came to linear correlation, the Langmuir model outperformed the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the copper ion adsorption process was spontaneous based on the negative (Δ G ) values and endothermic based on the positive Δ H values. Increased disorder at the solid-liquid interface during adsorption was indicated by the positive (Δ S ) values. Using a prepared adsorbent surface, copper ions were extracted from water samples taken from three distinct locations in the practical application: the first was from Al-Faw (Ras Al-Bisha); the second was from Shatt Al-Basrah, which is close to the main sewage outlet of the Hamdan station under the Basra Governorate Sewerage Directorate; and the third was from Shatt Al-Basra, which is close to the mangrove nursery. According to the findings, the prepared surface removed 96.66% of the copper ion at the first position, 81.66% at the second, and 82.00% at the third.
Abstract Mn-substituted La 0.6 Ga 0.4 Fe 1- x Mn x O 3 ceramics were synthesized by solid-state reaction and investigated using Rietveld-refined x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and room-temperature magnetometry. All compositions crystallize in the orthorhombic Pnma structure, while Mn incorporation induces anisotropic lattice variations and local modifications of the (Fe, Mn)–O octahedral environment. XPS analysis reveals composition-dependent changes in near-surface Fe, Mn and O chemical environments associated with mixed-valence-like contributions and oxygen-related surface components. Magnetic measurements show weak ferromagnetic-like behavior superimposed on an antiferromagnetic background, with a decrease in saturation magnetization from 5.79 to 3.33 emu g −1 and composition-dependent horizontal and vertical hysteresis-loop shifts. The magnetic response is discussed within a hierarchical structural framework consisting of micrometer-scale sintered grains containing smaller coherent diffraction domains (approximately 117–221 nm) previously reported for the same composition series. This multiscale organization, together with Mn-induced lattice distortion and near-surface chemical heterogeneity, provides a basis for understanding the evolution of magnetic interactions in the substituted perovskite ceramics. The results highlight the importance of correlating coherent-domain structure, local chemical environments and magnetic properties in functional oxide materials.
Abstract Green synthesis techniques provide an efficient and cost-effective method for synthesizing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. In this study, ZnCo 2 O 4 NPs were synthesized via a green hydrothermal synthesis using Foeniculum vulgare seed extract. The synthesized ZnCo 2 O 4 NPs were characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDS, XRD, and XPS. Their anticancer activity was assessed using the MTT colorimetric assay against non-cancerous cell lines (HEK293) and cancerous cell lines from human breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG2), and acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1) tumor cell lines. The results showed that ZnCo 2 O 4 NPs obtained from F.oeniculum vulgare seed extract had significant cytotoxic effects on HEK293, MCF-7, HepG2, and THP-1 cell lines at different concentrations (2.5–100 µ g ml −1 ). IC 50 values were determined. A qRT-PCR analysis examined specific targets, including CDK1, Cyclin B1, and Survivin, which are key genes modulating the cell cycle. The results revealed a significant decrease in mRNA expression levels. Molecular docking analysis revealed the strong binding affinities of ZnCo 2 O 4 NPs to the selected protein target, HIF-1 α (−13.4 kcal mol −1 ). These findings suggest that ZnCo 2 O 4 NPs could serve as potent anticancer therapeutic agents.
Abstract Traditional delivery system encounters obstacles stemming from its constrained solubility, stability and targeted release, while nanoencapsulation holds immense promise in revolutionizing drug delivery system. It significantly enhances the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, overcoming a major hurdle in pharmaceutical development. Nanoencapsulation ensures the protection of sensitive drug molecules from degradation, thereby extending their shelf life and preserving their efficacy. The nanoscale size of encapsulated particles facilitates targeted delivery to specific sites, while minimizing off-target effects and systemic toxicity and it enables the controlled release of active molecules over extended periods, allowing for sustained effects and reducing the frequency of dosing. The versatile nature of nanoencapsulation techniques permits the incorporation of various functional materials in the nano sized carriers. This review explores nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and controlled release, discussing methods like solvent evaporation and drying techniques to enhance drug properties. It also examines their application beyond pharmaceuticals, highlighting their use in releasing beneficial microbes and bioactives in food and nutrition, as well as in agriculture for improved efficacy and environmental sustainability.
Currently, ZnO/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (ZnO/rGO) have attracted considerable attention due to their outstanding photocatalytic degradation capability. In this work, the fabrication of ZnO/rGO was carried out via a hydrothermal method. The role of hydrothermal reaction times (6, 12, 18, 24 h) was studied in detail to assess their structure and photocatalytic performance in degrading the azo dye methyl orange. The morphological and structural characteristics of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO, as well as the reduction of graphene oxide, were elucidated using field emission scanning electron microscopy images, XRD patterns, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Notably, the sample synthesized for 6 h showed a well-oriented structure, small defect, and demonstrated the highest efficiency (94.34%) with fastest reaction rate (0.012 39 min-1) in the methyl orange degradation process. Our study contributes meaningfully to the broader framework of effective dye removal strategies, offering promising insights into environmental remediation technologies.
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) have been widely functionalized with various biomolecules to enable targeted and synergistic cancer therapies, employing approaches such as coordination chemistry, polymer coatings, and linker molecules for surface modification. In this study, we developed a simple and effective strategy to functionalize Fe3O4 NPs with glucose oxidase (GOx) through tannic acid (TA)-mediated surface modification, resulting in Fe3O4-TA@GOx nanocomposites. The structural and morphological characteristics of the nanosystem were systematically analyzed using UVVis spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The Fe3O4-TA@GOx NPs were shown to generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via GOx-catalyzed glucose oxidation, which was subsequently converted into highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH) through Fenton-like reactions mediated by Fe ions, thereby inducing potent anticancer effects. The selective cytotoxicity of the nanocomposites was evaluated on both normal fibroblast cells (L929) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7), demonstrating the preferential toxicity toward cancer cells. These findings highlighted the potential of Fe3O4-TA@GOx NPs as a multifunctional nanoplatform for enhanced cancer therapy by integrating chemotherapy, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based treatment, and starvation therapy.
In this work, pristine and chromium (Cr)-substituted cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using a co-precipitation approach. A comprehensive investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of Cr incorporation on the structural, morphological, surface area, optical behavior, photocatalytic efficiency, and antimicrobial performance. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a cubic spinel structure, with Cr doping inducing lattice modifications due to ionic substitution. Scanning electron microscopy examination revealed the irregular spherical morphology of the synthesized MNPs and EDX analysis confirmed the elemental composition. BET analysis indicates the 5% Cr doped Co(3)O4 NPs exhibited the higher surface area with lower pore volume and diameter. UV-Vis DRS showed enhanced optical absorption and a tunable band gap (2.85-3.1 eV) with Cr doping. FTIR analysis identified functional groups, while photoluminescence spectra revealed reduced emission intensity, suggesting lower recombination rates of charge carriers. Dielectric studies indicated increased polarizability and optical conductivity with Cr incorporation. The photocatalytic efficacy was assessed by the breakdown of MB dye under sunlight, where 5% Cr-doped Co3O4 showed the highest degradation efficiency (96%) and rate constants, demonstrating superior photocatalytic activity. Antibacterial testing against E. coli and P. aeruginosa and antifungal testing against Aspergillus niger and C. albicans revealed improved antimicrobial efficacy with Cr doping. The doping of Cr into Co3O4 NPs enhances their photocatalytic activity toward MB dye degradation under sunlight, while Cr incorporation also inhibits microbial growth, making them more suitable for photocatalytic and antimicrobial applications.
Abstract Nanostructured SnO 2 materials are crucial for gas sensors, but synthesizing crystalline porous structures to enhance sensitivity remains challenging due to the significant impact of porosity and physical properties on performance. Here, we report an instant synthesis of porous SnO 2 nanosheets by a simple wet chemical method for low temperature gas sensors. The obtained porous SnO 2 nanosheets have large pore size of about 45 nm and thin thickness of 40 nm, enabling the effective adsorption sites for gas sensor application. Gas-sensing properties were systematically investigated for detection of NO 2 gas at different concentrations. Notably, the porous SnO 2 nanosheets based sensor exhibited the highest response at 50 °C, with a maximum response of 2364 for 5 ppm NO 2 . Additionally, the sensor displayed outstanding repeatability and remarkable selectivity. This work highlights the potential of porous SnO 2 nanosheets for efficient and sensitive low-temperature NO 2 gas sensing applications.
Abstract Liver disease is an increasing global issue, influenced by factors like heavy alcohol use, genetic factors, and contact with harmful substances. Nanoparticles have become potential therapeutic agents for the diagnosis and treatment of liver disease, especially alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and liver cancer. Several factors such as oxidative stress, toxicity from acetaldehyde, inflammation, immune system abnormalities, and gut-liver axis disruption contribute to ALD. By focusing on particular cells, tissues, or molecular pathways, nanoparticles facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. Nanoparticles have the ability to modulate transcription factors like NF-κB, STAT3, Nrf2, and β -catenin, and can be utilized to deliver therapeutic agents such as resveratrol and siRNA to target specific pathways associated with liver cancer. Various types of nanoparticles, such as cerium oxide, bilirubin, and iron oxide nanoparticles, have demonstrated the ability to modulate crucial transcription factors and signaling pathways related to liver disease. Additionally, nanoparticles can improve imaging methods like MRI, CT, ultrasound, and fluorescence imaging, providing new opportunities to enhance clinical results. This review highlights the potential of nanoparticles in advancing liver disease diagnosis and treatment, and underscores the need for further research to fully explore their therapeutic potential.
Developing efficient and recyclable photocatalysts for visible-light-driven degradation of organic pollutants remains crucial for sustainable water purification. Herein, a magnetically separable g-C3N4/CuFe2O4 heterojunction nanocomposite was synthesized through a simple solvothermal route. The material was comprehensively characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET, UV-Vis DRS, PL, and vibrating sample magnetometer analyses, confirming a well-integrated heterostructure in which CuFe2O4 nanoparticles were uniformly anchored on g-C3N4 nanosheets. The optimized composite (N3) achieved 99.6% degradation of Rhodamine B within 150 min under visible light, with an apparent rate constant of 10.81 & times; 10-3 min-1, which is 5.7 and 52 times higher than pristine g-C3N4 and CuFe2O4, respectively. Radical-trapping tests revealed that center dot OH and center dot O2- species dominated the reaction. Band-edge analysis and photoluminescence quenching indicated a direct Z-scheme charge-transfer mechanism, effectively suppressing electron-hole recombination and maintaining strong redox ability. The photocatalyst exhibited excellent magnetic recoverability and retained over 95% of its activity after five cycles. This work demonstrates a facile and scalable approach to designing visible-light-active, magnetically retrievable Z-scheme photocatalysts for efficient wastewater treatment.
In the present study, a Co-Ni-Pd/CaO0.85ZrO0.15 trimetallic nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize its structural and morphological properties. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanocomposite was also evaluated against selected gram- positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The results of FTIR confirmed the formation of acetylacetonate ligands and metal-oxygen bonds in the nanocomposite. XRD patterns confirmed the crystalline structure with identified diffraction peaks of cubic CaO and ZrO2 phases. TEM images showed agglomerated nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 45 to 85 nm. The novelty of this study focuses on the incorporation of Co, Ni, and Pd into the CaO-ZrO2 matrix, which leads to the generation of multiple active surface sites and enhances synergistic interactions, thereby improving the antibacterial performance. The antibacterial activity of the prepared nanocomposite was assessed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Increased inhibition zones were noted at higher concentrations, recorded 9.80 mm for Staphylococcus lentus, 9.73 mm for Bacillus subtilis, 11.33 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 11.65 mm for Escherichia coli at 10 000 ppm. The nanocomposite showed higher antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) than the gram-positive one (Staphylococcus lentus and Bacillus subtilis). These results provide a preliminary indication of the antibacterial potential of the nanocomposite, particularly against gram-negative bacteria. Nevertheless, further biological studies are necessary to comprehensively evaluate and confirm its antibacterial efficiency.
Background Coaxial nanowire solar cells offer a promising strategy to enhance light absorption and charge extraction in thin-film photovoltaics. Lead-free perovskites such as MASnI₃ provide additional advantages of environmental stability compared to conventional lead-based devices. Methods This study employed SILVACO TCAD simulations to investigate a radial p–i–n Cu₂O/MASnI₃/TiO₂ coaxial nanowire architecture, composed of a Cu₂O hole-transport core, a MASnI₃ absorber shell, and a TiO₂ electron-transport shell. Device performance was systematically optimized by varying the nanowire length (L), electron transport layer (ETL) thickness (Tₑ), and hole transport layer (HTL) core radius (Rc). Results Simulations revealed that ultrathin TiO₂ ETLs (10–15 nm) and short nanowire lengths (~1 µm) were sufficient to maximize efficiency due to the high absorption coefficient and radial charge transport of MASnI₃. Among geometric parameters, Rc had the strongest influence. Unlike Si and InP nanowires, the Cu₂O–MASnI₃–TiO₂ device maintained nearly constant short-circuit current density (~29 mA/cm²), confirming structural tolerance. The best performance was achieved at Rc = 50 nm, with a power conversion efficiency of 22.24% (Jsc = 29.50 mA/cm², Voc = 0.89 V, FF = 84.71%). Conclusion The results demonstrate that MASnI₃-based coaxial nanowires are scalable, efficient, and environmentally benign, representing a practical pathway toward high-performance, lead-free perovskite photovoltaics.
The development of nanomaterials for wood coating is of considerable ecological and economic relevance that has enhanced performance and improved safety. This work presents the reflux assisted modified hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2/MgO mixed oxides nanoparticles for different concentration of Ti (9, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60)% and Mg (91, 88, 85, 80, 70, 40)%. Two phases were observed for all samples (i) cubical crystal structure for MgO lattice and (ii) rutile phase of TiO2. The crystallite size was estimated using both the Scherrer and Williamson-Hall methods. The crystallite size increases from 10.12 to 18.60 nm by increasing the concentration of Ti in the mixed oxides samples and compressive strain that originated from dopant incorporation during synthesis. The granular morphology of agglomerated particles in the form of clusters was observed with closely packed particles. The intensive peaks in the EDX result indicated the desired mass percentage of the elements (Ti, Mg and O) present in the samples. The redshift was observed in absorption spectra and reduction in bandgap was noted from 5.81 (9%Ti and 91%Mg mixed oxides) to 3.30 eV (30%Ti and 70%Mg mixed oxides) with increasing Ti concentration along with a slight increase in the bandgap of 3.93 eV for 60%Ti and 40%Mg mixed oxides sample. TGA results revealed that all samples are thermally stable with low weight loss for 50 to 600 degrees C temperature. The Nail wood was coated with a mixture of TiO2/MgO and sodium silicate and the results showed excellent fire resistance and self-extinguished within 50 s with low mass loss. The results indicated that 9% Ti and 91% Mg mixed oxides coated wood displayed lowest mass loss (4%) in just 38 s of self-extinguished as compared to the other samples. These results strongly correlated with structural and optical properties. These mixed oxides nanoparticles can enhance the performance of coating with long-term durability under real conditions and such materials can be used for industrial applications.
The effective and rapid removal of hazardous dyes from wastewater remains a pressing environmental issue. Herein, we present the synthesis of hollow-spherical MgO/Mg(OH)(2) nanomaterials via a simple, rapid, and surfactant-free microwave-assisted method using elemental magnesium as the precursor. Structural analyses confirmed the formation of uniform hollow spheres with a high specific surface area (176.3 m(2) g(-1)) and mesoporous structure, which were strongly influenced by the H2O/H2O2 volume ratio and microwave power. The optimized material, synthesized with a high H2O2 content and elevated microwave power, exhibited exceptional catalytic performance, achieving the complete degradation of malachite green dye (200 mu mol l(-1)) in a mere 1 min under ambient conditions. Furthermore, the material demonstrated excellent recyclability, maintaining high removal efficiency over five consecutive cycles. Mechanistic studies indicated that dye degradation is primarily attributed to the generation of hydroxide ions in an alkaline medium, facilitating a nucleophilic attack on the dye's chromophore structure. The combination of rapid synthesis, high efficiency, and reusability makes the synthesized MgO/Mg(OH)(2) nanomaterial a promising candidate for practical wastewater treatment applications
Cross-response remains a major challenge for semiconducting metal oxide resistive gas sensors, as interference from non-target gases often limits selectivity. In this study, NiO nanofibers (NFs) were synthesized via a simple electrospinning process. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated an optimal calcination temperature of 600 degrees C. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy imaging showed that the as-spun fibers had diameters of 200-300 nm, which decreased to 80-100 nm after calcination. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Ni and O in the NFs, while the Si signal originated from the Si/SiO2 substrate. X-ray diffraction analysis verified the formation of crystalline cubic-phase NiO. The gas-sensing performance of the NiO NF sensor was evaluated toward NO2 (1-10 ppm), acetone, ethanol (25-200 ppm), and H2 at operating temperatures of 350 degrees C-450 degrees C. Furthermore, an intelligent algorithm (principal component analysis) successfully classified the tested gases, demonstrating its potential to enhance gas identification and reduce cross-response in practical sensing applications.
This work presents a theoretical investigation of the electronic and transport properties of a telescopic nanoelectronic device based on a coaxial double-walled MoS2(6, 6)@WS2(14, 14) nanotube contacted by metallic carbon nanotubes (13, 13). It is shown that the formation of a van der Waals heterostructure leads to a narrowing of the band gap to approximately 0.75 eV due to interlayer hybridization of d- and p-orbitals and the associated redistribution of electronic charge density. The density-of-states spectra exhibit pronounced one-dimensional van Hove singularities, indicating the quantized nature of the electronic spectrum. Analysis of the transport characteristics reveals the presence of a wide transport gap (similar to 2.25 eV) and a strong dependence of electron transport on the twist angle between the nanotubes arising from the formation of a moir & eacute; superlattice. An increase in the twist angle results in the emergence of additional resonant transport channels and a substantial enhancement of conductivity. The calculated current-voltage characteristics demonstrate pronounced diode-like behavior with threshold turn-on at similar to 1.4-1.5 V and maximum conductance at a twist angle of 12.8 degrees. The obtained results highlight the potential of double-walled transition metal dichalcogenide nanotubes as tunable nanodiodes for hybrid nanoelectronic devices.
This paper presents the synthesis and photocatalytic performance of Ag/Rb:ZnO thin films deposited utilizing the sol-gel spin-coating methodology. Pure and Ag/Rb:ZnO films with varying dopant concentrations (1, 3, and 5 at%) were deposited on glass substrates and annealed at 500 degrees C. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with no secondary phases. Increasing dopant concentration reduced crystallite size from 8.23 nm (pure ZnO) to 4.52 nm (5% doping) with increased lattice strain. Surface morphology showed aggregated irregular particles decreasing from 90.45 nm to 68.22 nm at 5% doping, with Zn, Ag, and Rb confirmed by EDS. Optical studies revealed a redshift in absorption, with the band gap narrowing from 3.28 eV to 3.25 eV (3% doping) due to localized states. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under UV light showed 3% Ag/Rb:ZnO achieved the highest efficiency (similar to 49%) versus pure ZnO. These findings highlight the potential of Ag/Rb:ZnO thin films for wastewater treatment applications.
The integration of chemotherapy with photothermal therapy (PTT) offers a powerful strategy to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicity by generating localized heat. In the present study, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), an efficient drug carrier, was decorated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNs) using an in situ growth approach for synergistic chemo-PTT. The ZIF-8 coating enables efficient loading of doxorubicin (DOX) and pH-responsive drug release, while BPNs serve as effective photothermal transducers under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. The resulting BPNs/ZIF-8 nanocomposites exhibit a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 27.3% and accelerated DOX release under acidic conditions, which is well fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The in vitro results showed that BPNs/ZIF-8 + DOX, upon NIR irradiation, significantly enhanced cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptosis induction in MDA-MB-231 cells. Synergistic analysis by the Chou-Talalay method further confirms a synergistic chemo-photothermal effect (combination index = 0.86). Consequently, the development of BPNs/ZIF-8 + DOX unveils an innovative approach and proves to be significantly advantageous for synergistic chemo-photothermal treatment.
