By using first-principles simulations to study the relationship between structure and performance, DFT calculation results indicate that Zn3V2O8 has a band gap of 2.747 eV, classifying it as a wide bandgap semiconductor. Its intrinsic electronic conductivity is relatively low, which helps inhibit the reduction and decomposition of the electrolyte on the electrode surface, thereby reducing irreversible side reactions. Using ZnO and NH4VO3 as raw materials and NH4F as a fluxing agent, orthorhombic Zn3V2O8 was prepared via a high-temperature solid-state method by calcining at 750 ℃ for 4 h. The resulting material exhibited a morphology of regular polygonal particles with uniform size, averaging a particle diameter of 8 μm. At a current of 300 mA/g, the initial discharge specific capacity reached 970.92 mAh/g, with a Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 62.39
The RGB (Red Green Blue) Color Model is essential for display technologies and industries. Modulation of Blue-hue efficiently and its stability, has become a key objective in the development of electrochromic smart displays. This study presents a comparative analysis of V2O5–MoO3 composite and V2O5/MoO3/V2O5 heterostructure films fabricated via thermal evaporation. The incorporation of annealing process modified their morphology to evaluate their electrochromic performances. Structural and elemental analysis were carried out using XRD, Raman, and XPS, which confirms their crystallinity and oxidation states of the deposited films. FESEM and EDS analyses reveals rod-shaped morphology with uniform elemental distribution. Electrochemical analyses such as, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy confirmed cathodic colouring behaviour and provides insights into ion diffusion kinetics and the capacitive properties of the films. Chronoamperometry results indicated that the heterostructure thin films exhibited 11
Real-life driving cycle-based battery and thermal data are very helpful in accurate Electric Vehicle (EV) battery-thermal characteristic analysis and improving battery safety and lifetime under real-world operational conditions. In this study, 72 real-driving trips performed using a BMW i3 car were employed for validating the vehicle and heating circuit models. With validated models, strategies for using regenerative braking for cabin heating were developed, resulting in an improvement of the vehicle-driving range and battery life. The final data set records the relationship between the environmental, vehicle, battery and thermal system variables, and the target outputs are considered as Battery State of Charge (End) and Distance [km]. Four machine learning models, namely XGBoost, AdaBoost, CatBoost, and KNN, were applied and systematically assessed via an 80/20 train-test split and five-fold cross-validation. Among them, CatBoost gained the best baseline performance, with a test R² of 0.7260, RMSE of 0.0734, and MAE of 0.0592, together with the highest cross-validation accuracy (R² = 0.802). Subsequently, three metaheuristic optimization algorithms were employed to tune the CatBoost model, and the Horned Lizard Optimization–CatBoost framework obtained the best predicting performance with a test R² of 0.8408, RMSE of 0.0559, and MAE of 0.0434. Further analyses such as environmental scenarios, uncertainty, computational efficiency, Williams plot, and feature importance, validated the strength, interpretability, and practicality of the proposed approach regarding intelligent EV battery-thermal management system under real-life driving settings.
This study investigates the electrochemical impedance behavior of polymer lithium-ion batteries as a function of the state of charge (SOC), using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), especially focusing on the effects of over discharge. The impedance response was analyzed into two key components: charge transfer resistance (RCT) and Warburg impedance (W), both of which exhibited distinct trends depending on the SOC range. In the high SOC region (4.2–3.7 V), RCT increased while W remained rather steady. In contrast, in the low SOC and over-discharge zone (3.6–2.0 V), there was a significant rise in W and a drop in RCT, indicating enhanced diffusion restrictions and altered interfacial kinetics. Moreover, comparison at equivalent voltages and cycle numbers confirms that over discharge primarily induces progressive shifts in interfacial resistance and low frequence response rather than dramatic spectral distortion. With cycling, both RCT and W increased gradually, with the 10th cycle exhibiting significantly higher values than the 1st cycle, suggesting progressive electrode deterioration and loss of ionic transport efficiency. These findings stress that over discharge contributes to measurable yet systematic impedance evolution, highlighting the importance of impedance monitoring for early degradation detection and battery management in polymer lithium-ion batteries.
A quaternary NiO-In₂O₃-MoO₃-g-C₃N₄ hybrid nanocomposite was effectively prepared by the hydrothermal method and subsequent thermal annealing in this study. Formation of well-integrated heterostructure with good crystallinity, a high degree of interfacial contact, and even dispersal of metal oxide nanoparticles over g-C3N4 nanosheets were confirmed by comprehensive structural and morphological characterizations, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV -Vis absorption, photoluminescence (PL), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high The large specific surface area and the large quantity of active sites have been offered by this hierarchical architecture, which are very favorable in catalytic applications. The prepared nanocomposite exhibited high visible-light-driven photocatalytic efficiency against Rhodamine B (RhB), achieving 89.7
To fabricate supercapacitors with high energy density, a nanoflower-like FeOOH/Ti3C2Tx composite electrode was developed using electrochemical deposition. Leveraging the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged Ti3C2Tx and Fe3+ ions under an electric field, a nanoflower-like FeOOH/Ti3C2Tx composite formed on the nickel foam. The presence of FeOOH effectively inhibited the restacking of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, while the flexible Ti3C2Tx layers mitigated structural deformation and volume expansion of FeOOH during electrochemical cycling, thereby preserving the structural integrity of the electrode. The optimized electrode delivered a high areal specific capacitance of 745 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2. An asymmetric supercapacitor, assembled with the as-prepared anode and an MnO2-deposited carbon paper cathode, achieved an energy density of 270.3 µWh cm-2 at a power density of 1003.5 µW cm-2, and exhibited outstanding cycling stability, retaining 86
The battery performance, safety and lifespan can be significantly affected by the battery thermal management systems (BTMS). This study proposes wavy channels designed using a sine function. A three-dimensional mathematical model is employed to simulate and evaluate the corresponding thermal performance. Compared with the traditional serpentine channel, the serpentine wavy channel exhibits better performance. It reduces the maximum battery temperature by 0.39 K and the temperature difference by 0.19 K. Meanwhile, the pressure drop is slightly increased. Furthermore, this study investigates the influence of key channel structural parameters (amplitude and wavelength), as well as different gradient designs on the thermal performance. The results demonstrate that both increasing the amplitude and reducing the wavelength can contribute to a reduction in both the maximum battery temperature and the temperature difference. In addition, the increasing gradient amplitude and decreasing gradient wavelength designs can reduce the maximum battery temperature and temperature difference. This study reveals the potential of gradient wavy channel configurations in elevating the thermal management capability of battery liquid cooling plates.
A Ni/Ni(OH)2 composite-phase electrode was fabricated in situ on a copper substrate via one-step direct-current electrodeposition for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline water electrolysis. While pure Ni exhibits limited catalytic activity and Ni(OH)2 is restricted by conductivity and reconstruction issues, in this work, we adopted a synergistic modulation strategy of NO3- and Cl- to prepare the Ni/Ni(OH)2 composite phase catalyst, and the joint control over phase ratio and mesoporous architecture enhances both electrocatalytic activity and operational durability. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the Ni/Ni(OH)2 electrode exhibits favorable OER catalytic performance, requiring only 254 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 and achieving a Tafel slope of 50.3 mV dec-1. These data reveal its markedly accelerated reaction kinetics compared with conventional nickel-based catalysts. Furthermore, the electrode exhibits favorable durability in a 100 h chronopotentiometry durability test at 50 mA cm-2. Mechanistic analysis confirms that the composite system consisting of metallic Ni and low-crystallinity Ni(OH)2 facilitates interfacial electron transfer. Meanwhile, the introduced nitrate and chloride ions can adjust surface morphology and the size of deposited particles to expose more active sites and improve OER performance. Overall, this work offers a facile route to the design of low-cost, high-performance non-noble-metal OER electrodes, with important implications for industrial alkaline water electrolysis.
Hybrid supercapatteries require electrode materials with high charge-storage capability, rapid charge transport, and stable cycling behavior. Herein, a positive electrode of the heterostructure of oxygenated carbon nanotube-interlinked Cr₂O₃/MgCo₂O₄ was fabricated for hybrid supercapattery energy storage. The composite is intended to take advantage of the structural stability of Cr₂O₃, the high faradaic activity of MgCo₂O₄, and the conductivity of the oxygenated carbon nanotubes network. This successful synthesis of the Cr₂O₃/MgCo₂O₄@OCNT heterostructure was further confirmed using structural and surface analysis. The surface area of the composite was found to be high at 87.69 m² g⁻¹, and the charge-transfer resistance was low at 31 Ω, which means that the material has excellent electrolyte accessibility and faster electrochemical kinetics. In the three-electrode system with 1 M KOH electrolyte, the specific capacities were found to be 1963 and 2214 C g-1 for 10 mV s-1 and 2 A g-1, respectively, of the Cr₂O₃/MgCo₂O₄@OCNT electrode. The hybrid device comprised a positive electrode of Cr₂O₃/MgCo₂O₄₄@OCNT and a negative electrode of activated carbon. Cr₂O₃/MgCo₂O₄@OCNT//AC was able to run in the voltage window from 0 to 1.4 V and exhibited specific capacities of 370 C g⁻¹ at 10 mV s⁻¹ and 423 C g⁻¹ at 2 A g⁻¹. The device was found to have a maximum energy density of 96.2 Wh kg⁻¹ and a maximum power density of 2494 W kg⁻¹. It has also been able to retain 90.31
In this study, a morphology control strategy is proposed: MnWO4 nanomaterials were prepared via a hydrothermal method, and their morphology and electrochemical energy storage performance were tuned by introducing different types and dosages of surfactants.It is found that CTAB exhibits the best regulation effect. By adjusting the molar ratio of manganese nitrate to CTAB (1:1 to 1:1/6), various morphologies including granular, cubic and sponge-like structures can be obtained without altering the crystal structure of MnWO4.The sample with a molar ratio of 1:1/4 shows a porous sponge-like structure, delivering a specific capacitance of 812 F g−1 (equivalent to 112.78 mAh g⁻1) at a current density of 1 A g−1. After 1000 charge–discharge cycles, the capacity retention rate still exceeded 74
In this work, clam shell derived honey-comb structured porous active carbon (CAC) supported sphere-like Ce doped LaCoO3 (LC:Ce) perovskite composites (CAC/LC:Ce) were synthesized using facile hydrothermal method. The synthesised CAC, LC:Ce, and CAC/LC:Ce were characterized using XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, XPS, BET, EDAX analyses. Mott–Schottky analysis was performed to elucidate the semiconductor characteristics and band structure of LC:Ce and CAC/LC:Ce. The transient photocurrent responses of LC:Ce and CAC/LC:Ce under intermittent light irradiation were also measured. The environmental pollutant degradation efficiencies of these materials were analysed for discoloration of the widely used phenolic dye bromophenol blue (BPB) under visible-light illumination. The dye removal percentage (DRP) of CAC, LC:Ce, and CAC/LC:Ce were measured to be 75
Vanadate glasses are widely studied for potential use in next-generation energy storage devices due to multiple oxidation states enabling electronic conduction and charge transport while maintaining structural disorder. Lithium-doped barium vanadate glasses were systematically fluorinated with composition varying from 60V2O5-20BaO-20Li2O to 60V2O5-20BaF-20LiF, keeping the transition metal oxide content constant. Their physical, thermal, structural, electrical and electrochemical characterization revealed interesting results, which, when correlated, helped in understanding the role of fluorine in their structure and properties. While the glass transition temperature increased monotonically with increasing fluorine content, the electrical conductivity showed non-monotonic variation. Intriguing double plateaus were observed at lower temperatures in conductivity plots of all oxyfluoride glasses, merging into single plateaus at temperatures above 190 °C. The data was fitted using Jonscher’s power law for both single and double plateaus. While FTIR revealed that the distorted VO6 structure is present as VO4 and VO5, both Raman and EPR spectra helped us in understanding how the fluorine substitution affected the structure, the varying concentration of V4+ and V5+ ions in the matrix, and the ionic conductivity due to Li+, in turn affecting the total conductivity with changing glass structure. The structural observations from Raman data were confirmed by EPR analysis. The electrical properties and the relaxation mechanism were also interpreted using the Cole-Cole plots and the electric modulus approach. The electrochemical study using cyclic voltammetry and Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) helped in finding their specific capacitance and stability. This study revealed that VBOLF glass has best conductivity, highest specific capacitance (242.7 F/g at 0.1 A/g) and good stability and would be a good potential material for use in energy storage devices.
Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) offer a compelling compromise between the high ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes and the safety of solid polymers, yet their performance under fast-charging conditions remains limited by uncontrolled solvation and interfacial degradation. Here, we introduce a zwitterionic GPE (PSGPE) designed via in-situ copolymerization of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and pentaerythritol triacrylate within a carbonate-based liquid electrolyte. The zwitterionic framework electrostatically immobilizes PF6⁻ anions while providing dynamic Li⁺ coordination sites, establishing a hopping transport mechanism that decouples cation migration from both anion flux and polymer segmental dynamics. This architecture achieves a room-temperature ionic conductivity of 6.72 mS cm⁻¹ and a Li⁺ transference number of 0.69. In 1 Ah NCM523||graphite pouch cells, PSGPE enables stable 2 C charging/5 C discharging cycling over 500 cycles with 80.7
Short-duration and repetitive power fluctuations associated with train acceleration, braking, and regenerative-energy recovery require energy-storage devices with rapid response, high-rate capability, and stable cycling. Here, a CoS2/Nd2O3 composite positive electrode prepared at a confirmed Co/Nd molar feed ratio of 2:1 and a sulfur-treated carbon-nanotube (S-CNT) negative electrode were combined in an aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor. The composite exhibited a predominantly mesoporous architecture with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 213.21 m2 g−1, while the S-CNTs retained a continuous one-dimensional conductive network and sulfur-related surface species. The CoS2/Nd2O3 electrode delivered 1961 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and retained 1401 F g−1 at 20 A g−1, with 87.6
Quasi-solid polymer electrolytes (QSPEs) have emerged as a promising electrolyte architecture for next-generation lithium-ion batteries by bridging the gap between conventional liquid electrolytes and fully solid-state systems. Despite significant progress in polymer electrolyte design, achieving simultaneously high ionic conductivity, mechanical robustness, and stable electrode-electrolyte interfaces remains a major challenge for practical implementation. The incorporation of inorganic fillers and hybrid phases has emerged as an effective strategy to improve ion transport, electrochemical stability, mechanical properties, and interfacial compatibility. This review summarizes recent progress in QSPE design with particular emphasis on the role of inorganic components in regulating electrode-electrolyte interfacial chemistry. The classification of QSPE systems, polymer matrices, and fundamental lithium-ion transport mechanisms are discussed, followed by a critical analysis of oxide fillers, lithium-ion-conducting ceramics, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and ceramic-polymer hybrid structures. Particular attention is given to the influence of inorganic fillers on solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) formation, including mechanisms associated with inorganic-rich interphases, enhanced lithium-ion transport, reduced side reactions, and improved cycling stability. The analysis demonstrates that rational filler selection and interface engineering are key factors for achieving high-performance QSPE-based batteries. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives, including scalable fabrication, advanced operando characterization, and data-driven electrolyte optimization, are discussed. Overall, this review emphasizes that rational integration of polymer chemistry, inorganic filler design, and interfacial regulation is essential for the development of next-generation QSPE-based lithium-ion batteries with enhanced safety, durability, and practical applicability.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) and sodium-sulfur (Na-S) battery systems are regarded as promising next-generation energy storage technologies owing to their high theoretical energy density and cost-effectiveness; however, their practical implementation is severely limited by the shuttle effect of soluble polysulfides and sluggish redox kinetics. In this work, a novel rare-earth oxysulfide, lanthanum oxysulfide (La2O2S), is explored as a multifunctional material to regulate polysulfide behaviour in both Li-S and Na-S systems through synergistic chemisorption. Distinct from conventional oxide or sulfide materials, La2O2S possesses a unique dual-anion framework comprising La-O and La-S bonding environments, which enables strong chemical interaction with Li2Sn/Na2Sn species and facilitates rapid charge transfer. The polar La-O sites provide effective anchoring of polysulfides via Lewis acid-base interactions, thereby suppressing their dissolution and migration. This dual functionality ensures optimized adsorption of polysulfides and improves redox kinetics and effectively mitigates the shuttle effect. As a result, the La2O2S-based system exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1158 mAh g− 1 at 0.5 C in case of Li-S battery and 922 mAh g− 1 at 0.5 C in case of Na-S battery. This study not only introduces La2O2S as a previously unexplored and efficient polysulfide anchoring material for metal-sulfur batteries but also provides new insights into the rational design of dual-anion systems for advanced polysulfide regulation and enhanced electrochemical performance.
Accurately predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is essential for determining appropriate replacement times. Traditional RUL prediction methods often suffer from poor accuracy and robustness when batteries have undergone different formation protocols. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel RUL prediction method that employs an Unscented Transformation tailored for variable formation protocols and a hybrid UPF-GRU framework with a protocol-sensitivity compensation module. First, we develop an exponential empirical degradation model using an Unscented Particle Filter (UPF) to capture the battery aging mechanism. Next, we construct a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network that takes key features from constant-current/constant-voltage charge-discharge cycles as inputs and treats the battery’s state of health (SOH) as a hidden state, with RUL under varying formation protocols as the output. By integrating empirical modeling with data-driven prediction, our method refines the RUL estimates and adapts dynamically to protocol variations. We validate the approach on data from the University of Michigan Battery Lab. The results show that the proposed method achieves a coefficient of determination R² of 99.41
Composite solid polymer electrolytes (CSPE) have been identified as one of the most promising electrolytes for next-generation energy storage devices due to their combined advantages of mechanical stability, high ionic conductivity, and improved safety compared to liquid electrolytes. This research addresses this need by fabricating CSPE using phytagel (phy), with added KCl salt, iron-based MOF, and glycerol (gly). The materials were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and electrochemical studies. Results showed that the MOF-based CSPE had a high ionic conductivity of 1.10 mS/cm. Polymer–MOF interaction improved ionic conductivity compared to both pristine MOF and the MOF–salt system. After 1000 cycles, a two-electrode coin cell assembled with KCl/MIL-101(Fe)/phy/gly showed a specific capacitance of 80 F/g, an energy density of 0.8 Wh/kg, and a power density of 22 W/kg, with 98
We have studied a proton-conducting composite electrolyte composed of solid acid and pyrophosphate and evaluated its electrochemical, thermal, and structural properties. The addition of ZrP2O7 enhanced the conductivity and stability of CsH2PO4, resulting in composites with values that differed from those of pure CsH2PO4. The highest conductivity value of composite electrolyte S2 was found to be 8.31 × 10–2 S cm− 1 at 320 °C by about 3 to 4 orders of magnitude compared to the pure CsH2PO4. Composite electrolytes based on CsH2PO4 have attracted considerable interest due to the proton conductivity of acidic salts at intermediate temperatures, which have shown that they can be used as heterogeneous additives to other composite solid electrolytes.
Composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) have both high safety and long cycle life, and are the key materials for the next-generation lithium batteries. However, due to low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial compatibility, their practical application in high-energy-density lithium metal batteries is limited. This work introduces one-dimensional (1D) halloysite nano tube (HNT) into a Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/ lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)/ Li6.85La2.95Yb0.05Zr1.85Ta0.15O12 (LLYZTO) CSE (PLLH-x), and investigates its effect on the structure, mechanical and electrochemical properties. HNTs nanotubes with external negative and internal positive electrical polarity, can construct continuous lithium ions (Li⁺) transport pathways between LLYZTO particles and delay the diffusion of TFSI- anion. The obtained PLLH-7 electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of 8.52 × 10-4 S cm-1, a Li⁺ transference number of 0.80 and a mechanical strength of 12.3 MPa. The Li symmetric cells assembled based on it exhibit long cycle stability for 2400 h and realize effective inhibition of lithium dendrites. The Li/PLLH-7/LiFePO4(LFP) battery still has a discharge specific capacity of 131.6 mA h g-1 after 350 cycles at 0.2 C, with the Coulombic efficiency of 95.4
