Objective(s) To evaluate the effect of aluminum chloride (AlCl3)–based hemostatic agent contamination and various decontamination protocols on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a universal adhesive applied in self-etch mode, and to assess resin–dentin interface adaptation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and methods Eighty-four extracted human molars were prepared and randomly assigned to seven groups (n = 12): control, contaminated, and five decontamination groups (water, sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl], chlorhexidine [CHX], phosphoric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]). Following contamination and respective surface treatments, Prime & Bond Universal adhesive was applied in self-etch mode. Composite cylinders were bonded to dentin surfaces, and SBS was measured. One specimen from each group was subjected to SEM analysis to evaluate the resin–dentin interface. Data was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results Contamination with the hemostatic agent significantly reduced SBS (p < 0.001). Decontamination with NaOCl, phosphoric acid, and CHX restored bond strength to values comparable to the control group (p > 0.05). In contrast, water and EDTA groups showed significantly lower SBS than the control (p < 0.05). SEM analysis supported these findings, demonstrating improved interfacial adaptation in NaOCl, phosphoric acid, and CHX-treated groups. Conclusion(s) AlCl3-based hemostatic agent contamination adversely affected bonding performance. Decontamination with NaOCl, phosphoric acid, and CHX effectively restored bond strength and interfacial integrity, whereas water and EDTA were less effective.
Background High-frequency vibration (HFV) has been proposed as an adjunctive approach to accelerate tooth movement and modulate bone remodeling during orthodontic treatment. However, whether HFV affects alveolar trabecular bone microarchitecture differently according to force magnitude and anatomical site during orthodontic tooth movement remains unclear. Methods Thirty-six male Wistar rats were assigned to six groups: control, HFV, light force (LF; 5 g), light force with vibration (LFV), optimal force (OF; 10 g), and optimal force with vibration (OFV). HFV was applied at 125 Hz for 5 min daily. Animals were sacrificed on Days 1, 7, and 14. Bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) were evaluated at compression and tension sites using micro-computed tomography. Three-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used for analysis. Results No significant between-group differences were observed on Day 1. By Day 14, OFV showed lower BV/TV (27.34% vs 37.57%) and Tb.Th (56.20 vs 58.10 μm) and higher Tb.Sp (70.10 vs 67.90 μm) than OF at the compression site. At the tension site, LFV showed higher BV/TV (87.14% vs 80.10%) and Tb.Th (82.95 vs 77.18 μm) and lower Tb.Sp (41.70 vs 50.11 μm) than LF. Conclusions HFV was associated with force- and site-dependent changes in alveolar trabecular microarchitecture. These animal-model findings require further biological and clinical validation.
Background Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is an autologous biomaterial containing growth factors that may improve bone regeneration and wound healing after alveolar bone grafting (ABG) in patients with cleft-related alveolar defects. Objective To evaluate whether PRF used as an adjunct improves the outcome of alveolar bone grafting for alveolar cleft reconstruction. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA 2020 (PROSPERO: CRD420261447817). PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched up to July 2026. Randomized or non-randomized comparative clinical studies of PRF plus bone grafting versus bone grafting alone were eligible. Outcomes were newly formed bone, graft volume, graft height (resorption), and bone density. Risk of bias was appraised with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool and certainty of evidence with GRADE. Results Of 1101 records identified, five randomized controlled trials with 126 patients were included. Three trials reported more newly formed bone or less graft resorption with PRF, and two found no difference between groups. In an exploratory meta-analysis of two trials, the random-effects mean difference in newly formed bone was 9.31% (95% CI: −1.07 to 19.70; I2 = 83.5%). For graft height (three trials), the mean difference was 0.88 mm (95% CI: −1.13 to 2.90; I2 = 89.4%). Bone density, reported by two trials, did not differ between groups. Certainty of evidence was very low for all outcomes. Conclusion Current evidence is too limited and too uncertain to show that PRF improves the results of iliac crest bone grafting alone. Larger, well-designed multicenter trials are needed.
Clear aligner therapy (CAT) has evolved from an aesthetic modality into a widely used orthodontic treatment system capable of addressing increasingly complex malocclusions. Improvements in thermoplastic materials, digital planning, staging protocols, and attachment design have broadened the scope of treatment; however, rotational correction remains one of the least predictable tooth movements. The expression of derotation is influenced by tooth morphology, rotational direction, magnitude of correction, available space, staging velocity, attachment geometry, wear compliance, and unintended three-dimensional side effects. Yet much of the available evidence continues to evaluate rotation as a single endpoint, thereby limiting the clinical utility of reported predictability estimates.This narrative review synthesises clinical, systematic-review, and biomechanical evidence on rotational correction with clear aligners, emphasising movement-specific determinants, evidence limitations, and practical management strategies. The available literature suggests that derotation may be more predictable when treatment planning accounts for tooth-specific anatomy, movement magnitude and direction, space availability, staging strategy, attachment design, and treatment compliance. For severe or resistant rotations, adjunctive or hybrid mechanics may be considered when adequate expression cannot be achieved with aligner-only mechanics. Overall, a movement-specific and biomechanics-informed approach may help improve the clinical management of rotational correction, although further prospective evidence is needed to establish the relative contribution of individual treatment variables.
Background Residual microorganisms within dentinal tubules remain a key factor in persistent endodontic infections. Therefore, the ability of intracanal medicaments to effectively penetrate these tubules is critical for post-endodontic treatment success and effective long-term prognosis. Aim To evaluate and compare the dentinal tubule penetration capabilities of a novel nano calcium hydroxide–zinc oxide (NCAL + ZnO) formulation with conventional calcium hydroxide (RC CAL) and triple antibiotic paste (TAP) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Materials and methods Forty-five extracted single-rooted human teeth were biomechanically prepared using standardized protocols and randomly allocated into three groups (n = 15). Medicaments were labelled with rhodamine B and placed into root canals. Samples were sectioned at coronal, middle, and apical thirds and analyzed using CLSM. Penetration depth (μm) was measured and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results RC CAL demonstrated the greatest penetration depths in the coronal and middle thirds, while NCAL + ZnO was the only material showing penetration in the apical third. All intergroup differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion The novel nano Ca(OH)2–ZnO formulation showed a distinct advantage in apical penetration, suggesting potential clinical relevance for improving disinfection in anatomically challenging apical regions.
