This article is a case study that addresses challenges archivists and introductory composition instructors can experience when working to embed archival and primary source literacy into a course and models how to successfully overcome related obstacles. Building on the excellent work of James Roussain, it employs the archivist-as-educator model not only to teach the students but also to train the disciplinary instructor. Teaching instructors archival and primary source literacy and training them how to teach these types of literacy enhances student success. Acknowledging the literature that discusses the ineffectiveness of one-shot guest lectures, the authors have designed and piloted an archival and primary source literacy toolkit that provides a scalable and effective model for embedding a module and assignment into an introductory composition course at a large research university. The inquiry-based active-learning activities in the toolkit are scaffolded to prepare students for the assignment. Furthermore, the toolkit provides guidance on how instructors and archivists can collaboratively develop the skills they need to successfully embed the module into introductory composition courses.
This article looks at solicitor-client privilege and the lawyers’ duty of confidentiality from the perspective of the harm done to legal history and Canada’s documentary heritage by the claim that privilege never ends. After discussing the emergence of the field of legal history, the scarcity of lawyers’ papers preserved in archives, and efforts to address the perpetual privilege problem, the author examines the rationales for privilege and the justifications for its purportedly absolute and unending nature and finds them wanting. The article then sets out the role of archival institutions in preserving historically valuable records and making them available for research. The author argues that, after a reasonable interval, the public interest in access to lawyers’ papers trumps privilege and that archivists have the tools and experience to manage (temporary) access restrictions to such materials. The recent guidelines on disclosure of historical records under the Access to Information Act signal that privilege need not be perpetual and indicate the need to start a conversation to finally resolve the conflict between privilege and fuller documentation of both the legal profession and its impact on society.
In 2021, French President Emmanuel Macron announced that the French government would make classified archives about the Algerian War accessible 15 years ahead of schedule, in an effort to improve Franco-Algerian relations. The announcement, which came after decades of requests that the archives be returned to Algeria, seemed to be a good-faith effort to address France’s difficult heritage with respect to the Algerian War (1954–1962) – particularly the widespread use of torture and the “disappearing” of dissidents during the war. The Algerian War has always occupied a contentious place in French history, having been largely left out of history textbooks and referred to as a war only after 1999. By opening the archives ahead of schedule, Macron seemed to commit the French government to healing generational wounds and improving relations with Algeria. The declassification of Algerian archives led the status of the Algerian War and, as a result, that of Algerian immigrants in contemporary France, to become major talking points for candidates on the right and on the left during the 2022 presidential election. While the opening of the archives appears to have done away with the archival silence that has shrouded the history of the war, this article will argue that France and its political actors have selectively lifted archival silence to privilege certain narratives and continue to silence others.
In November 2023, the Central Archives of Gaza was bombed during Israel’s ongoing incursion in the strip, reducing 150 years of the cultural record to ash. This attack is but one moment in the long history of archival theft and destruction in Palestine, the culmination of a sphere of colonial epistemicide. Palestinian ways of knowing face a constant threat of annihilation, and Palestinian archives are built under the looming peril of physical destruction. Palestinian archives struggle to appraise for the future and engage instead in massified forms of appraisal and digitization in efforts to preserve everything they can in the face of these threats. Taking stock of some current prominent instances of archival projects in Palestine, this article thinks through some current approaches to appraisal, wondering if they apply here and whether they can be expanded to account for the particularities of this environment. It then attempts to reimagine what a liberatory appraisal might look like, thinking about the Palestinian archive as a counter to epistemic violence and exploring the processes through which appraisal methods and categories might be gleaned by anticipating liberated futures.
This communication details an emerging partnership between the collections coordinator of the Algonquin Provincial Park Archives and Collections (APPAC), and anthropologists at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, and Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. This partnership offers students at Queen’s practical experience in working with oral histories, including transcription and basic discourse analysis, by engaging directly with recordings accessioned at the APPAC. In this article, we reflect on the collaborative process that gave rise to this project, outline what worked well, suggest ways to improve upon our pilot efforts, and provide a working model for other interdisciplinary partnerships focused on archival collections. We also suggest ways that archival collections can be used in interdisciplinary pedagogy and reflect on how these kinds of collaborations can be fruitful for academic researchers, archival users, students, and museum visitors.
Developing and sustaining digital infrastructure is challenging for small community archives. The promise of open-source technologies can seem elusive for those faced with the steep development costs of implementing and configuring new systems and migrating data from legacy systems. When community archives co-operate by forming consortia, the costs and challenges of development, implementation, and migration can be mitigated and shared. We offer a case study of the development of an open-source Access to Memory (AtoM) database among a consortium of Mennonite archives.
Archives are more-than-human spaces, and scholars are increasingly exploring how traditional archival material can be used to understand the historical lives of animals. There are traces of animals in any archives because humans do not exist in isolation and have historically been ecologically and socially entangled with other species. There is, however, a great deal of scope to develop innovative methods for telling animals’ histories in ways that treat them as subjects, not objects. Using my PhD research into the historical problematization of cows in Kingston, Ontario, between 1838 and 1938, this article charts some of the methods I developed to better position historical animals as experiential subjects in analyses of the past. More specifically, I focus on how I found traces of cows in the Queen’s University Archives by looking at a range of municipal records, including city assessments and health documents. I also explain how I conducted a multispecies discourse analysis of those traces by using contemporary knowledge about the psychology and physiology of cows, employing map-making techniques, and crafting speculative vignettes. I conclude that tracing animals in municipal records, being sensitive to contemporary knowledge about them, and making use of creative methodological tools to visibilize their spatial and social worlds is both academically interesting and politically significant. These methods challenge the anthropomorphism typical of historical and urban analyses, consequently creating openings for different ways of telling stories.
This article reports on findings from semi-structured interviews with 25 archivists and curators who work with LGBTQIA+-related collections and materials about the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Specifically, it reports on how these practitioners define and engage with ethical practices, access-based obligations, and community relations in creating and sustaining their archives. The article focuses on how participants, including practitioners from various community and institutional archives of varying size and scope across the United States, understood community accountability within their work. This emphasis on community accountability necessitated that practitioners reframe archival ethics, reconsider subjective and embodied collection and curation work, and prioritize community well-being over quantitative collection building. In response to these findings, the article identifies theoretical and practical implications for queer archives related to methods of archival production, approaches to community outreach and engagement, and the intersecting impact of these implications and approaches on questions of archival sustainability for queer and other historically marginalized histories.
In recent years, the increasing volume of born-digital materials (i.e., those created digitally rather than digitized from analog originals) deposited in archives has fostered the development of new software-based tools and workflows for processing archivists. Archivists seeking practical guidance for preserving digital materials have a wealth of resources at their disposal, including many community-owned tools, workflows, and tutorials. This case study examines how archival standards and technological advances have influenced the semiautomated description of born-digital audio records through the lens of a recent project at the Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections (CTASC) at York University Libraries (YUL). The Mariposa Folk Foundation Fonds, containing a large and growing collection of born-digital audio recordings, served as an opportunity to design and test a new software-aided descriptive workflow. The project leverages the programmable nature of born-digital materials in an attempt to streamline the time-consuming process for creating the item-level descriptions typically associated with sound recordings and born-digital records while also improving the discoverability of this material in the unmediated environment of online finding aids. This case study demonstrates how technology has influenced descriptive practices, with the advent of online finding aids providing increased access to archival descriptions, online databases permitting keyword searching, and tools to script metadata extracted from born-digital records enabling robust archival descriptions.
