The Valley of Flowers National Park (VOFNP) in the Himalayas in India is a World Heritage Site (WHS) inscribed by UNESCO. It is a natural heritage having significant populations of Himalayan flora and fauna with global conservation significance. The WHS is under threat from religious tourism and population pressure. A methodology has been developed to create 3D models of VOFNP. The models can act as an effective medium of communication among the stakeholders and aid in conservation management. The DEM data of VOFNP in ASCII file format is converted into 3D STL file format. Singularities in the data are removed. Walls and a base are made to obtain the 3D STL file. A scaled-down model of VOFNP was made in Ultimaker 2 Extension+, an FDM-based additive manufacturing (AM) machine. The model adds very high value for long-term monitoring of the WHS. Le parc national de la Vall & eacute;e des fleurs (PNVF) dans l'Himalaya, en Inde, est un site du patrimoine mondial (SPM) reconnu par l'UNESCO. C'est un patrimoine naturel recelant de grandes populations de flore et de faune himalayennes, d'une importance mondiale sur le plan de la conservation. Ce site est menac & eacute; & agrave; cause du tourisme religieux et de la pression d & eacute;mographique. Les auteurs ont mis au point une m & eacute;thodologie pour cr & eacute;er des mod & egrave;les 3D du PNVF, lesquels peuvent constituer un mode de communication efficace chez les intervenants et contribuer & agrave; la gestion de la conservation. Les donn & eacute;es du mod & egrave;le altim & eacute;trique num & eacute;rique du PNVF en fichier ASCII sont converties en fichier STL 3D et leurs singularit & eacute;s sont supprim & eacute;es. Des murs et une base sont fabriqu & eacute;s pour obtenir le fichier STL 3D. Un mod & egrave;le r & eacute;duit du PNVF a & eacute;t & eacute; fabriqu & eacute; & agrave; l'aide de l'imprimante Ultimaker 2 Extended+, une machine de fabrication additive (FA) par proc & eacute;d & eacute; FDM. Le mod & egrave;le apporte une tr & egrave;s haute valeur ajout & eacute;e & agrave; la surveillance & agrave; long terme de ce SPM.
Map icons are tiny pixel-based symbols that locate people, places, and events commonly prepackaged into icon libraries. Given their size and ubiquity, map icons are often overlooked and applied universally in maps despite reflecting social injustices. Feminist mapping offers an alternative framework that centres power structures, situated knowledge, and embodiment and can be used to challenge and expand mapping conventions. Recent work in feminist mapping and icon design explores the depiction, abstraction, and erasure of bodies in icon symbolization and provides a framework for redesigning icon sets like the Mapbox Maki library. Building from this work, I facilitate a series of workshops based on this framework for feminist icon design where designers used sketch mapping techniques to redesign the Maki icon set, one icon at a time. I collate the icon sketches across the workshops and semiotically analyse the impacts of feminist principles on their designs. I argue that a feminist framework for icon design disrupts conventional and universal approaches to icon design concluding that feminist perspectives generate alternative graphic vocabularies for icon design and expand possibilities for feminist map design, more broadly. Les ic & ocirc;nes cartographiques sont de minuscules symboles pixelis & eacute;s couramment contenus dans des biblioth & egrave;ques d'ic & ocirc;nes, qui situent des individus, des lieux et des & eacute;v & eacute;nements. & Eacute;tant donn & eacute; leur nombre et leur ubiquit & eacute;, les ic & ocirc;nes cartographiques sont souvent occult & eacute;es et appliqu & eacute;es universellement sur les cartes, m & ecirc;me si elles refl & egrave;tent des injustices sociales. La cartographie f & eacute;ministe offre un autre cadre, qui concentre les structures de pouvoir, les connaissances contextuelles et l'incarnation et qui peut & ecirc;tre utilis & eacute; pour remettre en question et & eacute;largir les conventions cartographiques. De r & eacute;cents travaux sur la cartographie f & eacute;ministe et la conception d'ic & ocirc;nes explorent la repr & eacute;sentation, l'abstraction et l'effacement des corps dans la symbolisation iconique et proposent un cadre pour reconceptualiser des ensembles d'ic & ocirc;nes comme celles de la biblioth & egrave;que Maki par Mapbox. & Agrave; partir de ces travaux, l'autrice facilite une s & eacute;rie d'ateliers reposant sur ce cadre pour concevoir des ic & ocirc;nes f & eacute;ministes, au cours desquels les concepteurs ont utilis & eacute; des techniques de cartographie pour reconcevoir l'ensemble d'ic & ocirc;nes Maki, une ic & ocirc;ne & agrave; la fois. Elle a rassembl & eacute; les dessins d'ic & ocirc;nes effectu & eacute;s lors des ateliers et proc & eacute;d & eacute; & agrave; l'analyse s & eacute;miotique des effets des principes f & eacute;ministes sur leur conception. Elle avance que le cadre f & eacute;ministe de conception d'ic & ocirc;nes en perturbe les approches traditionnelles et universelles et conclut que les points de vue f & eacute;ministes produisent d'autres vocabulaires graphiques de la conception d'ic & ocirc;nes et & eacute;largissent encore davantage les possibilit & eacute;s de conception d'ic & ocirc;nes f & eacute;ministes.
Beginning in the twentieth century, theoretical and practical advances in computer technology, communications, and cartography have led to new paradigms in mapping. For the design of the Expert-Topographic Map Service in Mexico, we adopted a theoretical cybercartography framework that we expanded to incorporate expert systems. Another line of research is to include other artificial intelligence resources. Using a transdisciplinary approach, we were able to focus our efforts on the interconnection between knowledge and geotechnology to offer solutions to complex societal problems. This paper explores the theoretical pillars that support the design of an Expert-Topographic Map Service, including cybercartography, knowledge-based systems, and surface mathematical modeling. This is the first study to apply cybercartography to topographic mapping. As shown, we used the Triangular Irregular Network Model to transform a map that in the digital era was conceived solely as an information system into a container of knowledge through the abstract representation of features such as relief. We were thereby able to bridge digital topographic maps with other knowledge-based models, such as expert systems. Given the societal demand and empirical context for this research, topographic maps and services are still at the core of cartographic initiatives in the twenty-first century. Depuis le vingti & egrave;me si & egrave;cle, les progr & egrave;s th & eacute;oriques et pratiques en technologie de l'information, en communications et en cartographie ont donn & eacute; lieu & agrave; de nouveaux paradigmes dans le secteur de la cartographie. Pour concevoir le service expert de cartes topographiques du Mexique, les auteurs ont adopt & eacute; un cadre de cybercartographie th & eacute;orique qu'ils ont & eacute;largi pour y int & eacute;grer des syst & egrave;mes experts. Un autre axe de recherche consiste & agrave; inclure d'autres ressources en intelligence artificielle. Les auteurs ont adopt & eacute; une d & eacute;marche transdisciplinaire pour concentrer leurs efforts sur les interconnexions entre le savoir et la g & eacute;otechnologie et proposer des solutions & agrave; des probl & egrave;mes soci & eacute;taux complexes. Le pr & eacute;sent article explore les piliers th & eacute;oriques en appui & agrave; la conception d'un service expert de cartes topographiques, y compris la cybercartographie, les syst & egrave;mes ax & eacute;s sur la connaissance et la mod & eacute;lisation math & eacute;matique de surface. C'est la premi & egrave;re & eacute;tude & agrave; appliquer la cybercartographie aux cartes topographiques. Comme il est d & eacute;montr & eacute;, les auteurs ont utilis & eacute; le mod & egrave;le de r & eacute;seau triangul & eacute; irr & eacute;gulier pour transformer une carte qui, & agrave; l'& egrave;re num & eacute;rique, & eacute;tait con & ccedil;ue uniquement pour servir de syst & egrave;me d'information dans un r & eacute;cipient de connaissances par la repr & eacute;sentation abstraite de caract & eacute;ristiques comme le relief. Les auteurs ont ainsi pu relier les cartes topographiques num & eacute;riques & agrave; d'autres mod & egrave;les de connaissance, tels que les syst & egrave;mes experts. & Eacute;tant donn & eacute; les exigences soci & eacute;tales et le contexte empirique de cette recherche, les cartes et les services topographiques demeurent au c oe ur des initiatives cartographiques du vingt et uni & egrave;me si & egrave;cle.
The popularity of web maps has grown rapidly in recent years. While some older individuals may still remember it, it is hard for younger people to even imagine a world without web maps (or, similarly, without mobile phones), a world that was a reality less than a third of a century ago. This article explores the development of the internet and the Web, examines the evolution of web mapping through Web 1.0 and 2.0 technologies, and highlights the emerging opportunities that Web 3.0 and beyond present for cartography and mapping.
The continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early twentieth century was a pivotal advancement in our understanding of the Earth’s geological configuration and its graphical representation. However, already in 1858, the adventurer Antonio Snider-Pellegrini had published La Création et ses Mystères Dévoilés, which included the first-ever depiction of continental drift in two compelling globe maps, drawn by the planetary mapper Charles Bulard, illustrating the Earth’s surface “before” and “after separation.” The first part of this contribution explores the earlier versions of the continental drift hypothesis from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, identifying the theories and concepts that likely influenced Snider and Bulard’s work. Subsequent sections provide a detailed analysis of their theory, while in the final section, a hitherto unpublished account of Snider’s and Bulard’s lives sheds light on the circumstances and encounters most likely to be relevant to their conceptualization of continental drift. Among these was the presence of the geographer and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. Snider and Bulard’s theory of continental drift is the outcome of a combination of planetary representation, scientific theorization and human exploration, and offers new research perspectives.
There are maps that do not attract attention at first glance; they do not show sensational discoveries, nor are they equipped with impressive cartouches. What makes them important is the story behind them. The article presents a case study of a manuscript map of the Huayabamba Valley (Peru), from 1913, which is kept in the Royal Geographical Society’s Collection. Created on the basis of a Peruvian American expedition, this map hides three exceptional stories. The first one refers to what the cartographer unexpectedly mapped, while the other two reveal how strange the circulation and consumption of a map can be. In the analysis of the map, an innovative processual approach was applied, in which mapping is understood as a process consisting of three equally important phases: production, circulation and consumption, thus investigating participants involved, purpose of mapping, places (the physical sites of maps’ circulation), and practices (strategies and techniques). The post-colonial nature of geographical knowledge and the role of indigenous intermediaries are particularly considered. In this regard, the article offers an example of alternative readings of the map within complex relationships between society, personal history, local conditions, and the holding institutions.
This article contributes to the debate on the role of open geospatial data in digital capitalism. Geospatial data with uniform global coverage and high spatial and temporal resolutions are essential for many digital platform services. A few commercial providers of geospatial data, particularly Google, have dominated the field. A prominent alternative for geospatial data is the open and community-based geodatabase OpenStreetMap. In recent years, OpenStreetMap data have become more relevant to large digital platforms, and several large commercial players have become involved in this project. This involvement has not been without conflict, because the contradictory rationalities of commercial interests and digital commons clash here. This article examines key developments in the reorganization of the geospatial data domain. First, the authors work out the fundamental importance of geospatial data for many services on the large platforms of digital capitalism. Using Meta/Facebook as an example, they reconstruct how this platform company became involved with OpenStreetMap and how its engagement is received by the OpenStreetMap community. They then suggest understanding the establishment of the Overture Maps Foundation in 2022 by three large digital platform companies and one geospatial service provider as a reaction to the tensions between commercial actors and the digital commons OpenStreetMap.
The so-called Casket Map is one of the more curious artefacts in the history of cartography. The name refers to the world map engraved onto the lid of a steel box, which has been referred to as a casket, and embellished with gold and silver. In the present paper, it will be argued that the Casket Map, originally believed to have been made either shortly after 1511 or about 1560, but more recently understood to be a late eighteenth-century forgery, is derived from a previously unknown early sixteenth-century printed world map. This conclusion is reached by comparing the geographical depictions on several maps. Historians of cartography often use methodologies similar to those of art historians, particularly visual comparative analysis, to study and interpret a map. The maps being compared are notable for showing an enigmatic island-continent in the South Indian Ocean. This large and puzzling, but non-existent, island is key to unravelling the mystery of the lost Casket Map.
Here, we consider how the process of mapping influences affect, creativity, and pedagogy through a sketch mapping workshop with youth teenagers from the Bridge-Lake Point-Waunona Neighborhood Center in Madison, Wisconsin (USA). Specifically, we asked how the mapmaking process promotes (1) a pleasant and activated affective experience for non-verbal emotional expression; (2) a creative, therapeutic-like activity for intra- and interpersonal discovery and healing; and (3) a critical pedagogical intervention for learning about how mapping can be a meaningful and empowering process. We learned several processual insights from the workshop. First, engaging with the process of sketch mapping supported a positive affective experience and enabled non-verbal emotional expression, demonstrating the importance of interpreting each participant's sketch mapping process individually. Second, participants expressed excitement for high-quality art materials and preferred multiple forms of visual expression, leading to unexpected collaborative sketching, interpersonal exchange, and processing of real traumas. Third, the use of sketch mapping centred the process of mapmaking, reducing self-consciousness of incomplete designs and promoting an inclusive mapmaking experience. Finally, our experience led to several recommendations for using sketch mapping as critical pedagogy, including limiting free sketching, injecting elements of play and competition, delineating sketching media, making the experience less school-like, and phrasing critical thinking prompts on process over product.
Narrative transportation - the extent to which a reader is drawn into a story - is a new term for cartographers borrowed from social psychology. Transporting stories lead readers to develop strong emotions and motivations about the content, physically and psychologically immerse themselves, and take on beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours implied in the story. In this article, the authors review the literature on narrative transportation to provide concrete suggestions for cartographers designing storytelling maps. Specifically, they describe how to integrate the key concepts of narrative transportation - cognition, emotion, and imagery - into storytelling maps. Second, they describe how cartographers should hold back information to create intrigue, make causality and non-linear aspects of a story explicit, and create plots and characters that readers can identify to better tell stories with maps. Finally, they conclude by describing how research cartographers might use narrative transportation and specifically the transportation scale to measure how much readers are transported into a storytelling map. Le transport narratif - le degr & eacute; d'immersion du lecteur dans un r & eacute;cit - est un nouveau terme que les cartographes ont emprunt & eacute; & agrave; la psychologie sociale. Le transport dans les r & eacute;cits incite les lecteurs & agrave; & eacute;prouver des & eacute;motions et des motivations fortes & agrave; l'& eacute;gard du contenu, & agrave; s'y immerger physiquement et psychologiquement et & agrave; souscrire aux croyances, aux attitudes et aux comportements implicites du r & eacute;cit. Dans le pr & eacute;sent article, les auteurs analysent les publications sur le transport narratif pour fournir des suggestions concr & egrave;tes aux cartographes qui con & ccedil;oivent des cartes narratives. Plus pr & eacute;cis & eacute;ment, ils d & eacute;crivent comment int & eacute;grer les principes cl & eacute;s du transport narratif, tels que la cognition, l'& eacute;motion et l'imagerie, dans des cartes narratives. Ensuite, ils d & eacute;crivent que les cartographes devraient taire de l'information pour cr & eacute;er du myst & egrave;re, expliciter les aspects de causalit & eacute; et les aspects non lin & eacute;aires d'un r & eacute;cit et cr & eacute;er des intrigues et des personnages auxquels les lecteurs peuvent s'identifier pour mieux raconter des r & eacute;cits & agrave; l'aide de cartes. Ils concluent par la description des fa & ccedil;ons dont les cartographes de recherche peuvent utiliser le transport narratif, et notamment l'& eacute;chelle de transport, pour mesurer & agrave; quel point les lecteurs sont transport & eacute;s dans une carte narrative.
In today's information and visual world, where misinformation, including in the form of maps, is often encountered, map-making is a beneficial activity and skill. Creating maps contributes to one's understanding of cartographic concepts and helps to develop various geographical and cross-disciplinary competencies. Therefore, the authors aim to characterize teachers' views on map-making in geography lessons in lower-secondary schools. To fulfill this aim, a questionnaire was developed, which 253 geography teachers then filled out. The results show that many of these teachers include map-making in a few of their lessons and that, in these lessons, pupils largely create less complex map types. However, the exalted status of drawing into outline maps, an activity that more than 90 percent of respondents consider map-making and include in their teaching, is worrying. This affected what the respondents frequently reported as reasons why their pupils make maps, such as improving pupils' spatial orientation and imagination. The respondents also perceived many obstacles to map-making, including a lack of time for map creation in geography lessons and insufficient software equipment in schools, due to which they do not make maps more often and mainly make them by hand. Dans le monde de l'information et le monde visuel d'aujourd'hui, o & ugrave; la d & eacute;sinformation est fr & eacute;quente, y compris sur les cartes, la construction de cartes est une activit & eacute; et une comp & eacute;tence b & eacute;n & eacute;fiques. La cr & eacute;ation de cartes contribue & agrave; la compr & eacute;hension des concepts cartographiques et & agrave; l'acquisition de diverses comp & eacute;tences g & eacute;ographiques et transdisciplinaires. C'est pourquoi les auteurs ont voulu caract & eacute;riser les points de vue des enseignants sur la construction de cartes dans les cours de g & eacute;ographie du premier cycle du secondaire. Pour r & eacute;aliser cet objectif, un questionnaire a & eacute;t & eacute; pr & eacute;par & eacute;, auquel 253 enseignants en g & eacute;ographie ont r & eacute;pondu. Les r & eacute;sultats r & eacute;v & egrave;lent que bon nombre de ces enseignants int & egrave;grent la construction de cartes & agrave; quelques-uns de leurs cours et que les & eacute;l & egrave;ves y cr & eacute;ent largement des types de cartes moins complexes. Cependant, le statut privil & eacute;gi & eacute; accord & eacute; au dessin sur des cartes muettes, une activit & eacute; que plus de 90 % des r & eacute;pondants consid & egrave;rent comme de la construction de cartes et qu'ils incluent dans leur enseignement, est inqui & eacute;tant. Cette situation a influ & eacute; sur ce que les r & eacute;pondants qualifient souvent de raisons pour lesquelles leurs & eacute;l & egrave;ves construisent des cartes, comme l'am & eacute;lioration de l'orientation spatiale et la stimulation de l'imagination des & eacute;l & egrave;ves. Les r & eacute;pondants per & ccedil;oivent & eacute;galement de nombreux obstacles & agrave; la construction de cartes, y compris le manque de temps dans le cadre des cours de g & eacute;ographie et l'absence de mat & eacute;riel appropri & eacute; dans les & eacute;coles. C'est pourquoi les & eacute;l & egrave;ves ne construisent pas de cartes plus souvent et les construisent surtout & agrave; la main.
Place names lend themselves very easily to cartographic and geographic research, and they have been studied extensively from these perspectives. Recent technological advances have allowed for a more rapid geographical study of toponyms of many types. An additional, albeit less visible resource with a robust place name system is the FamilySearch genealogical database. FamilySearch is the world leader in open-source genealogical data and hosts a user-contributed family tree that contains more than one billion names. In this article, the authors explore how the FamilySearch genealogical database likewise offers a user-contributed dimension for analysing and mapping place names. They then use the filter functions of the FamilySearch place database tool to map the spatial diffusion of 438 communities across Canada and the United States that share the names of European capitals. The authors find that these North American "imported capitals" provide evidence of local connections to larger-world happenings, thus broadening the implications of Wilbur Zelinsky's 1967 theory to include the significance of not only Greco-Roman values but Europeanness as well. Les noms des lieux se pr & ecirc;tent tr & egrave;s facilement aux recherches cartographiques et g & eacute;ographiques et ont fait l'objet d'& eacute;tudes approfondies en ce sens. Les progr & egrave;s technologiques r & eacute;cents ont favoris & eacute; une & eacute;tude g & eacute;ographique plus rapide de nombreux types de toponymes. La base de donn & eacute;es g & eacute;n & eacute;alogique FamilySearch est une autre ressource, moins & eacute;vidente, mais dot & eacute;e d'un robuste syst & egrave;me de nom de lieux. FamilySearch, chef de file mondial des donn & eacute;es g & eacute;n & eacute;alogiques en acc & egrave;s libre, h & eacute;berge des arbres g & eacute;n & eacute;alogiques enrichis par les utilisateurs de plus d'un milliard de noms. Dans le pr & eacute;sent article, les auteurs & eacute;valuent la dimension d'enrichissement qu'apportent les bases de donn & eacute;es g & eacute;n & eacute;alogiques FamilySearch pour analyser et cartographier les noms de lieux. Ils utilisent ensuite les fonctions de filtre de l'outil de la base de donn & eacute;es de lieux de FamilySearch pour cartographier le rayonnement territorial de 438 communaut & eacute;s du Canada et des & Eacute;tats-Unis qui partagent le nom des capitales europ & eacute;ennes. Les auteurs d & eacute;couvrent que ces << capitales import & eacute;es >> nord-am & eacute;ricaines d & eacute;montrent la pr & eacute;sence de liens locaux avec les & eacute;v & eacute;nements d'un monde plus vaste, ce qui & eacute;largit la port & eacute;e de la th & eacute;orie de Wilbur Zelinsky de 1967 pour inclure l'importance non seulement des valeurs gr & eacute;co-romaines, mais & eacute;galement de l'europ & eacute;anisme.
Following the introduction of the marine compass in Europe during the last decades of the thirteenth century, an intimate - and sometimes problematic - relationship between the Earth's magnetism, navigation and nautical cartography developed. Because charts were constructed using uncorrected compass courses collected by pilots at sea, their coastlines often appeared distorted, reflecting the effect of magnetic declination. Although the phenomenon was acknowledged by the late fifteenth century, serious consideration of its effect on charts was slower to come. This status quo was first put in question after Magalh & atilde;es and Elcano's voyage to South-East Asia (1519-1522), when it was realized with surprise that, contrary to contemporary nautical cartography, the coveted Spice Islands were not situated in the Spanish hemisphere, according to the terms the Treaty of Tordesillas. The issue triggered a long discussion between politicians, cosmographers, chart-makers, and pilots, not only about the necessity of correcting the mistake but also about how navigation should be conducted and charts made. At the core of the debate was the inescapable clash between the contemporary cartographic model, based on routes, and the Ptolemaic map prescriptions, based on geographical coordinates. This article explores how nautical cartography responded to such issues. By analysing the geometry of Africa in early modern charts of different origins, the author first clarifies whether and when they began to be corrected for magnetic declination and then offers hypotheses about how and why those changes were made. The results indicate that rather than correcting the orientation of coastlines on charts to conform with either true geographical directions or up-to-date compass readings, the adjustments involved astronomical measurements of longitude. Apr & egrave;s l'introduction du compas en Europe au cours des derni & egrave;res d & eacute;cennies du treizi & egrave;me si & egrave;cle, une relation intime et parfois probl & eacute;matique s'est d & eacute;velopp & eacute;e entre le magn & eacute;tisme de la Terre, la navigation et la cartographie nautique. Puisque les cartes marines avaient & eacute;t & eacute; construites selon des itin & eacute;raires erron & eacute;s & eacute;tablis & agrave; la boussole par les pilotes en mer, les lignes de c & ocirc;te semblaient souvent d & eacute;form & eacute;es en raison de l'effet de la d & eacute;clinaison magn & eacute;tique. M & ecirc;me si le ph & eacute;nom & egrave;ne & eacute;tait reconnu & agrave; la fin du quinzi & egrave;me si & egrave;cle, il a fallu plus de temps pour en envisager s & eacute;rieusement les cons & eacute;quences sur les cartes. Ce statu quo a d'abord & eacute;t & eacute; contest & eacute; apr & egrave;s le voyage de Magalh & atilde;es et d'Elcano en Asie du Sud-Est (1519-1522), lorsqu'il a & eacute;t & eacute; constat & eacute; avec surprise que, contrairement & agrave; la cartographie nautique contemporaine, les & icirc;les aux & eacute;pices convoit & eacute;es n'& eacute;taient pas situ & eacute;es dans l'h & eacute;misph & egrave;re espagnol, comme l'indiquaient les conditions du trait & eacute; de Tordesillas. Cet enjeu a d & eacute;clench & eacute; une longue discussion entre politiciens, cosmographes, constructeurs de cartes et pilotes, non seulement sur la n & eacute;cessit & eacute; de corriger l'erreur, mais & eacute;galement sur le mode de navigation et la pr & eacute;paration des cartes. Au c oe ur du d & eacute;bat se trouvait le conflit in & eacute;vitable entre le mod & egrave;le cartographique contemporain reposant sur les itin & eacute;raires et les prescriptions des cartes ptol & eacute;ma & iuml;ques d'apr & egrave;s les coordonn & eacute;es g & eacute;ographiques. Le pr & eacute;sent article explore la r & eacute;ponse de la cartographie nautique & agrave; ces enjeux. Par l'analyse de la g & eacute;om & eacute;trie de l'Afrique sur des cartes de diverses origines con & ccedil;ues au d & eacute;but de l'& egrave;re moderne, l'auteur & eacute;tablit d'abord quand elles ont commenc & eacute; & agrave; & ecirc;tre corrig & eacute;es pour tenir compte de la d & eacute;clinaison magn & eacute;tique, lorsque c'est le cas, puis propose des hypoth & egrave;ses sur la mani & egrave;re et les raisons pour lesquelles ces changements ont & eacute;t & eacute; apport & eacute;s. D'apr & egrave;s les r & eacute;sultats, plut & ocirc;t que de corriger l'orientation des lignes de c & ocirc;te sur les cartes pour les rendre conformes aux v & eacute;ritables orientations g & eacute;ographiques ou aux nouvelles lectures de compas, les rajustements incluaient des mesures astronomiques de longitude.
Over the past decades, Earth science data have dramatically increased and have been used to understand the Earth system. Land cover and land-cover change (LCLCC) data have been an integral part of monitoring the Earth's surface, understanding environmental conditions, and managing resources. Visualizing LCLCC plays an important role in increasing the usability of LCLCC data and science for researchers and practitioners. However, visually communicating large, spatiotemporal LCLCC data sets, with different levels of complexity, to a variety of audiences presents a number of challenges. To explore ways to address this matter, this article provides background information on fundamental concepts and methods of data visualization. The authors review visualization methods found in LCLCC literature (2015-2023) and provide illustrative examples for a study domain in California, USA. They discuss challenges associated with developing LCLCC visualizations, with the focus on complex information in a single visualization. To address this challenge, the authors highlight data visualization approaches that aimed at simplifying the high-information content of LCLCC and improving land-cover science communication and the usability of LCLCC data. Depuis quelques d & eacute;cennies, les donn & eacute;es sur les sciences de la Terre se sont beaucoup accumul & eacute;es et ont & eacute;t & eacute; utilis & eacute;es pour comprendre le syst & egrave;me terrestre. Ainsi, les donn & eacute;es sur le couvert v & eacute;g & eacute;tal et ses variations (CVV) font partie int & eacute;grante de la surveillance de la surface de la Terre, de la compr & eacute;hension des conditions environnementales et de la gestion des ressources. Les chercheurs et les praticiens doivent visualiser le CVV pour mieux utiliser les donn & eacute;es et le savoir scientifique sur le sujet. Cependant, plusieurs d & eacute;fis s'associent & agrave; la communication visuelle de vastes ensembles de donn & eacute;es spatiotemporelles sur le CVV aux divers degr & eacute;s de complexit & eacute; et & agrave; divers auditoires. Pour explorer les mani & egrave;res d'aborder cette question, le pr & eacute;sent article fournit de l'information contextuelle sur les concepts fondamentaux et les modes de visualisation des donn & eacute;es. Les auteurs analysent les modes de visualisation propos & eacute;s dans les publications sur le CVV (de 2015 & agrave; 2023) et proposent des exemples d'un domaine d'& eacute;tude en Californie, aux & Eacute;tats-Unis. Ils abordent les difficult & eacute;s reli & eacute;es & agrave; l'& eacute;laboration des visualisations du CVV, notamment l'information complexe contenue dans une seule visualisation. Pour relever ce d & eacute;fi, les auteurs exposent les approches de visualisation des donn & eacute;es visant & agrave; simplifier le contenu hautement informationnel du CVV et & agrave; am & eacute;liorer les communications scientifiques sur le couvert v & eacute;g & eacute;tal et la fa & ccedil;on d'utiliser les donn & eacute;es se rapportant au CVV.
This study examines the accuracy of positional data recorded in the war diaries ( Kriegstagebücher or KTB) of German U-boats during World War II, with a focus on U-156’s fourth patrol. U-boat navigational methods, including celestial navigation, dead reckoning, and radio direction-finding, are analyzed to assess their precision. U-156’s KTB is scrutinized, comparing 106 recorded latitude and longitude coordinates with corresponding naval grid squares, revealing an 89.6 percent match rate within a 5-nautical-mile tolerance but only 55.7 percent within exact grid squares. The study identifies errors in the KTB due to recording inaccuracies and map reading challenges, exacerbated by operational conditions. Encounters with other U-boats and distress calls provide additional data points, confirming discrepancies. The findings underscore the inherent limitations of World War II navigational technology and suggest a need for caution when using these historical records for precise location verification. This analysis contributes to a nuanced understanding of maritime navigational accuracy during the war, highlighting both the strengths and pitfalls of U-boat war diaries as historical sources.
In the second half of the twentieth century, the Soviet school of cartographic thought offered an alternative theoretical framework for cartography. Konstantin Salishchev, the school’s founder, was a prominent leader of the International Cartographic Association who debated against the communication paradigm widely accepted by Western scholars. The reason was the widespread adoption of the Marxism-Leninism ideology by Soviet geographers and cartographers. The concept of “map as a model of reality” was a key idea of the Soviet school. It was aligned with Lenin’s reflection theory and the practical demand for high-quantity map production. Having dialectic materialism at its core, Marxism-Leninism imposed the principle of non-reductionism on Soviet science, which led to the rejection of the cartographic communication paradigm. An analysis of the proceedings of the International Cartographic Conference of 1976 and 1980 brought evidence of the underrepresentation of user study research within the Soviet school. Although several other theoreticians of cartography opposed Salishchev (cartographic dissidents), they did not change the school of thought. The successors of Salishchev “inherited” the school, also applying a cognitive paradigm to geoinformation science and remote sensing. Due to the lack of cartographic communication research, adopting the geovisualization paradigm seems challenging in contemporary Russia.
Working on future cities requires projecting oneself into realities that do not yet exist. One method consists of creating models. “Modelling” is based on the principle that what does not yet exist can be deduced with a high probability from calculations that take into account the data that exist, describing the present or the past; from their setting in systems; and from projections oriented in this or that way. Yet behaviours, uses, and cultures are strongly dependent on individual, subjective and imaginary phenomena. These phenomena are not easily modelled, perhaps not measured either, and even escape the very conditionality condition. They are, however, at work at all times. The authors borrow the concept of figuration to literary theory and transfer it to urban planning and urban planning pedagogy to report on an experience of sensitive and perceptual cartography and an experience of climate fiction found footage. The authors show that both can be used to propose a protocol for exploring how urban subjectivity may face the climate crisis.
A new candidate is added to Limasawa and Butuan as the location of the first Easter Sunday Mass in Mazaua (Philippines) in 1521, with an eastern route at Mindanao. Pigafetta’s maps, combined with his distances in modern reconstructions of the archipelago’s map, advocate a Mazaua beyond Mindanao’s north-eastern corner. Reconsidering the primary sources suggests Masapelid Island with Mahaba Island. An appendix shows Magellan’s day-to-day progress in the Pacific Ocean. In it, the Fakahina and Caroline Islands are confirmed by calculation as Magellan’s San Pablo and Tiburones (Sharks) Islands.
The article covers using cartographical products for propaganda purposes. The issue of map reliability is examined, which is given special importance in the present day. The main focus is placed on propaganda maps, which represent a type of tendentious map. Their use could play an important role in hybrid warfare, providing geographic data collection and analysis for decision-making. The experience of using propaganda maps is analysed. The content and meaning of the term Mapaganda as a form of propaganda are described. Examples of its use in disseminating inaccurate information about the borders of Ukraine, as well as the distortion of its borders on various cartographic images of certain world-famous map producers and distributors are outlined. In addition, the article reveals the current aspects of Ukraine’s resistance to propaganda in cartography and highlights the risks of using propaganda maps.
