This paper examines the potential of Italian depleted gas reservoirs, particularly in the offshore Adriatic Sea region, for CO2 geological sequestration. A pairing publication will explore the option of converting these reservoirs into hydrogen storage sites. The relevant field data were taken from publicly available sources and categorized into main scenarios. Sensitivity analyses were performed on a set of simplified yet representative cases, varying the reservoir depth and volume, as well as the size of the confining aquifer. A 3D geological (static) model was set up for each scenario: the structural trap was assumed to be an anticline, and the reservoir made of turbiditic deposits. The geological models served as the input for 3D coupled geochemical-fluid flow (dynamic) numerical models, used for the simulation of the conversion of depleted gas reservoirs into CO2 storage facilities. The mineralogic composition of the reservoir rock and the chemical composition and pH of the formation water were taken from the literature. After reproducing the natural gas production phase, CO2 injection was simulated. Storage capacity and injectivity of the reservoirs, as well as the CO2 geochemical interactions over time, were assessed to identify the most promising reservoir characteristics. The storage safety issues, including the geomechanical response induced by underground CO2 injection, were not addressed as they were beyond the scope of the work.
This paper examines the use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technologies for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of strategic structures, with particular attention to offshore installations and critical infrastructure. The study reviews current GNSS methodologies for structural monitoring, analysing both static and kinematic positioning techniques, including Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The integration of multi-constellation GNSS data for enhanced monitoring accuracy is discussed through examples from offshore wind turbines and marine platforms, where traditional monitoring systems often face practical and environmental constraints. Results reported in the literature show that GNSS-based monitoring systems can achieve millimetre-level displacement accuracy while maintaining continuous operation even in demanding conditions. Technical issues such as multipath effects and atmospheric interference are typically mitigated through advanced filtering procedures and sensor-integration strategies. Overall, the review suggests that GNSS-based SHM represents a viable option for continuous structural assessment, particularly in environments where conventional instrumentation is difficult to deploy. The analysis aims to support the development of improved monitoring approaches for the management and maintenance of critical infrastructure.
In December 2023, a rockfall of approximately 25,000 m3 disrupted traffic along the SS52 bis highway, under the jurisdiction of Anas S.p.A., at the Monte Croce Carnico Pass-an important international mountain crossing connecting Italy and Austria. The geological assessment made it possible to determine the magnitude of the event and to identify the most effective technical solution to ensure the safety of personnel and the timely reopening of the route. The site underwent slope stabilization works, removal of unstable rock masses using explosives, and the installation of high-performance rockfall barriers with a Maximum Energy Level (MEL) of 11,178 kJ marking their first deployment in Italy. The works were completed with the installation of a slope-mounted monitoring system, impact sensors on the falling rock protection kits, and a ground-based radar scanning system for the entire slope.
Caprock sealing capacity is a fundamental aspect of the safe implementation of underground gas storage systems, which serve as a foundational solution for the decarbonization of the energy matrix and the transition toward a new and more sustainable energy mix. This study implemented a multidisciplinary approach combining laboratory tests and numerical simulations for the investigation of the sealing efficiency of the caprock. Different core samples from a reference formation (Scioto Sandstone) were investigated via routine core analyses for the determination of porosity and absolute permeability, and their characterization was complemented by data from technical literature. A series of step-by-step laboratory tests were performed to measure the breakthrough pressure (i.e. threshold pressure) for the quantification of the sealing efficiency: the focus was on the influence of the temperature and the length of the core samples on the test results. Furthermore, the lab tests were reproduced via numerical simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics (R) to obtain a full understanding of the phenomenon from theoretical and experimental views. The laboratory tests showed a negligible effect of temperature on the measured threshold pressure, whereas the influence of sample length on this value remains uncertain due to the counteracting effect of increased permeability in the longer core sample. The numerical simulations were able to reproduce, with some limitations, the key results of the laboratorytests.
Water in tunnels represents a challenge in any geological condition. When dealing with cohesive material, this aspect might bring additional problems linked to the low permeability, which does not allow effective and quick drainage to stabilize the ground around the tunnel. Ordinary drainage systems are an effective method, especially in higher permeability grounds, but these are losing efficacy in soft clays. This paper focuses on an innovative technique for stabilizing the tunnel face and surrounding ground by using a special soil nail consisting of a fiberglass bar element and an external sheath devised to contain the injected grout, which can also be integrated with a coaxial drain. The advantage of this technique is not only a decrease in the pore water pressure but also an increase of cohesion and elastic modulus over time thanks to the induced consolidation process of the clay and a consequent improvement of the mechanical characteristics.
The Po Plain basin in the Emilia Romagna Region (Italy) has been historically affected by strong land movements ascribed to both anthropogenic and natural sources, as well as theirsuperposition. The paper aims to the identification, geolocation and quantification of the main land movement phenomena of the Region via the time-series decomposition and the clustering analysis on the vertical component of satellite DInSAR time-series. The results were interpreted on the basis of ancillary information, such as: land use maps, water production (in terms of wells positions and produced volumes) and position of underground gas storage sites. In particular, the analysis of the purelyseasonal components allowed a straightforward correlation between the identified land movement phenomena and the gas storage operations or aquifer recharge/ground water productions seasonality.
In shielded mechanized tunnelling, the annular void created during the advancement of a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) must be continuously filled to minimize surface settlements and ensure optimal contact between the segment lining and the surrounding soil. Two-component grout is widely used in the backfilling process due to its ability to meet both operational and performance requirements. This grout system comprises component A (a mixture of water, bentonite, cement, retarding fluidifying agent and additives) and component B (an accelerator, typically sodium silicate). This study investigates the influence of bentonite dosage in a mix design on the properties of two-component grout, focusing on both freshly prepared component A and component A aged for 72 hours. Laboratory tests were conducted to analyse key parameters, including density, bleeding, gel time, viscosity, surface compressive strength (SCS), and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) also in the case when the component A is not "fresh". These tests provide insights into the role of bentonite dosage in optimizing the performance of two-component grout mixtures across different stages of preparation.
Bentonite slurries are essential for the operation of Slurry Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs), helping to stabilize the excavation face, prevent soil collapse, and control groundwater inflow. This study examines the performance of a sodium-activated bentonite slurry used in tunnelling, focusing on its physical-chemical properties, rheological behavior, and interaction with soil. Tests were conducted to measure parameters such as unit weight, flowability, bleeding, fluid loss, filter cake quality, and pH. Rheological properties like apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength were also evaluated. Additionally, the interaction between the slurry and soil was analyzed to study the filter cake formation. The results showed that slurry with 5% bentonite performs well for TBM applications, offering strong stability, effective fluid loss control, and good rheological properties. This highlights the importance of optimizing bentonite slurries, future research could explore the potential of using additives to enhance performance to ensure safe and efficient tunnelling, especially in challenging ground conditions.
The IN-GEST SOIL project aims to address soil degradation, particularly soil erosion by water, in hillslope vineyards in the Piedmont region of Italy. This study proposes a methodological framework for comprehensive vineyard characterization to establish a baseline for soil health investigations. The characterization involves using regional databases for climatic, geological, and pedological data, integrated through field surveys. Soil samples were collected to determine bulk density, granulometry, and organic matter content. The results indicate significant variability in geology, soil texture, organic matter content, and bulk density across different sites. Bulk density measurements revealed that soil compaction was close to or exceeded the threshold affecting root growth, particularly in the track position, where compressive effects from tractor wheels or tracks are concentrated. These findings highlight the need for site-specific soil management strategies to optimize vineyard productivity and sustainability. This preliminary study serves as a foundation for future research focused on long-term monitoring of soil management practices and their impact on vineyard sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change. Engaging local farmers and stakeholders in adopting sustainable practices is crucial. The choice of management strategies will be informed by data from this study and insights from a parallel study on winegrowers' perceptions and behaviours.
Geothermal energy, sourced from the geological subsurface and/or unconfined aquifers, plays a crucial role in addressing the energy and environmental challenges of urban areas. By leveraging closed-loop and open-loop geothermal systems, cities can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy sustainability. As urban energy demands grow, geothermal systems offer a promising solution, seamlessly integrating into existing infrastructures. Open-loop systems, with their ability to manage large water volumes and provide continuous heating and cooling, are particularly suited for high-demand buildings. While retrofitting existing structures poses challenges, the long-term benefits include energy efficiency, cost savings, and reduced emissions. Although regulatory frameworks in Italy have advanced to facilitate geothermal installations, particularly for closed-loop systems, complexities remain for open-loop systems due to specific regional administrative procedures. Raising awareness among policymakers and the public, along with fostering collaboration between the public sector, private enterprises, and research institutions, is essential to promoting geothermal adoption. Case studies exemplify the potential of geothermal systems to mitigate urban environmental impacts and support sustainable urban energy futures. Investing in these technologies is vital for fostering greener, more resilient cities and contributing to a global shift toward renewable energy.
This study presents the design and testing of a scaled Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) injector for two-component grout, developed to emulate the injection system of a full-scale TBM. The injector facilitates the turbulent mixing of two liquid components, A and B, just prior to injection, ensuring a homogeneous mix, rapid gelation and subsequent hardening. Laboratory tests were conducted to compare the properties of grout samples casted using the scaled TBM injector against those casted by hand, according to the standardised procedure set-up at Politecnico di Torino. The results, based on the mechanical characterisation, highlighted that samples produced with the scaled TBM injector are comparable to those cast by hand, with the injector samples exhibiting reduced air incorporation compared to the ones casted by hand. This study underscores the potential of the scaled TBM injector in producing high-quality two-component grout useful for characterisation phase and studies to be performed before the application in construction sites.
Abandoned hydrocarbon wells offer significant potential for extracting geothermal energy from the subsurface if effectively repurposed. Among the discussed geothermal systems, closed-loop wellbore heat exchangers (WBHEs) represent one of the most promising technologies. Simplified methods to assess the exploitable temperature potential of decommissioned wells, using coaxial and U-tube WBHEs and integrating geological and technical considerations, have been developed and are available in the literature. Such solutions are useful tools for evaluating the suitability of a selected well for geothermal repurposing during the preliminary analysis phase. This study focuses on the application of simplified approaches for the preliminary assessment of the extracted temperature following the implementation of coaxial and U-tube WBHEs in the San Benigno and Cinzano wells, leveraging on-site temperature data. These assessments allowed the identification of these wells as economically unsuitable for repurposing, unlike others studied and located within the Italian territory.
The phenomenon of commercial structures facing decommissioning is a significant challenge across European territories, with Italy witnessing a surge in such closures. These structures are often temporarily reopened without strategic foresight, creating a need for long-term, sustainable redevelopment plans. This paper addresses the urgent requirement for an integrated and mixed approach to guide the decision-making process in the urban transformation of Taranto, Southern Italy. The proposed redevelopment strategy pivots around the renovation of a local shopping center, aiming to revitalize the surrounding area. The project's objectives include enhancing site accessibility, introducing new services, and promoting tourism in anticipation of the Mediterranean Games scheduled for 2026 in Taranto. The redevelopment leverages an assortment of evaluation models, embracing various approaches and scales. Initial stakeholder and STEEP analysis laid the groundwork for presenting four distinct visions for the area, which were critically assessed using the PROMETHEEII decision-making tool. The most viable option was further examined through discounted cash flow analysis (DCFA) for financial feasibility and a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to gauge environmental sustainability. The comprehensive evaluation model integrates urban design with economic, social, and environmental criteria, providing a holistic framework for transformation. By aligning with circular economy principles, the approach promotes adaptive reuse of existing structures, conservation of natural resources, the implementation of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), and social inclusivity. This strategy enriches both the built and natural environments, fostering a resilient and sustainable urban community.
The Mining Surveying Department performs a wide range of tasks: it takes part in drawing up plans for the development of a deposit, monitors compliance with design decisions during the construction of a quarry, deals with issues of monitoring the movement of a rock mass, calculates production volumes and supports drilling and blasting. In this regard, the issue of automation of daily mining surveying tasks is acute. To date, there are technologies that allow to automate most of the daily tasks of the mining surveying service and bring economic benefits to the enterprise. Such technologies include systems for positioning the working bodies of mining equipment - a set of sensors and controllers installed on a working machine. These systems are already actively used abroad and in some Russian road construction companies. The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency of the mining surveying service in open-pit mining by introducing a positioning system for mining equipment. The article deals with the issue of using in the production of systems for positioning the working bodies of mining equipment in order to update mining surveying plans and digital surface models. The accuracy with which these solutions can work is calculated.
One of the expected effects of global warming is the gradual melting of permafrost. Its melting will significantly impact soil material properties, potentially causing instability of infrastructures and triggering natural hazards. The objective of this experimentation is to quantify the effect of thawing on the geomechanical strength of a reconstituted fine soil. More specifically, it is intended to qualify the initial frozen state and compare it to the state after thawing. This study was carried out in three steps. To begin, soil samples were identified by the usual parameters. Then, artificial samples were sheared at a tempe-rature of -5 degrees C in our temperature controlled triaxial press in order to determine the soil's parame-ters. Finally, identical tests were carried out at a temperature of +5 degrees C in order to thaw the soil com-pletely before the shearing. In total, three tests for each temperature were compared and discussed.The expected results aim at a better understanding and quantification of soil strength reduction after the thawing phase. As many infrastructures are now built on permafrost, such as infrastructu-res, or alpine chalets, they will be affected by this phenomenon in the near future. A better under-standing of (geo)mechanical consequences might facilitate risk analysis, evaluation and mitigation.
The rapid erosion of alpine valleys can be prevented by torrential barriers. For their design is crucial the thrust acting upon them due to earth and water pressures. From the evaluation of damage events and field investigations it can be inferred that often no water saturation and thus not the full hydrostatic pressure acts upon such barriers. The uncertainty associated herewith is reflected in various guidelines. The field observations can be explained by the structure of the backfill but also by the distribution of the water pressure. An empirical assessment of the loads on such structures is here proposed, which takes into account the probabilities of the individual events.
The Po Plain area in the north of Italy can be considered a natural geological and geophysical laboratory due to its complex geological evolution, particularly from the Miocene to today. Much of our understanding about the subsurface of the Po Plain is due to the large amount of data collected during the period of hydrocarbon exploration in Italy. In total more than 7000 wells have been drilled and thousands of km of seismic acquisition lines have been acquired. Furthermore, the study of the natural gas fields contributed with additional data facilitating the creation of detailed structural and stratigraphic models of the subsurface. The majority of the "original" data, including well logs, seismic and geological profiles existed in paper format thus posing challenges for their integration into modern models where digital data are incorporated to achieve a sound description of the subsoil. Livani et al. (2023) have collected and digitized a large number of "original" data and subsequently used them to recreate the overall subsurface architecture of the Po plain and extract the physical properties of the main geological units. In this study, we use the results of the work of Livani et al. and we perform a preliminary statistical analysis on them. We explore relationships between rock density and geological formations, we compare log data (GR, sonic) with lithologies and we investigate the lithological content for each of geological formations. Ultimately, we compare some of our results with previously published research.
The objective of this review is to analyse the risks associated with the use of fluids in chainsaws operations, comparing traditional and eco-friendly materials. We chose to investigate operations involving the use of portable equipment, particularly those that still use internal combustion engines. Indeed, they pose a high risk to operators due to their proximity to the machine. The scientific literature concerning fuel mixtures and chain oils was studied. Correlating the examined activities, equipment and machines and their materials, the risks associated with the use of standard and alkylate fuels and mineral and vegetable chain oils in relation to their use in chainsaw operations were analysed. The risks depend on the use of the fluids in the different work phases. In the liquid state of the fuel, the absence of benzene in alkylate fuels clearly reduces the carcinogenic risk. In combustion products, the literature review shows that, in the case of 2 -stroke engines, the emissions of alkylate fuels are lower than those of conventional fuels for most compounds; on the other hand, the concentrations of PM and formaldehyde do not decrease when alkylate fuels are used. The literature analysis also shows that the adoption of vegetable chain oils is an improvement.
The area known as 'delle roccette' on the Tonale and Mendola Road shortly after Passo Mendola is subject to rockfall, avalanche and debris flow events. To mitigate risks derived from natural hazards, structural and non-structural mitigation measures have been adopted, such as the establishment of an avalanche commission to provide decision-making support to the Road Service. The evaluation of both efficiency and effectiveness of the measures taken, has been validated by the degree of acceptability of residual risk of human life loss before and after mitigation strategies have been applied.
Copper and its alloys are nowadays used for many applications required to support energy transition and their market demand is growing. Due to a still limited re-cycling technology is likely that for the next years the request will be mainly covered by the traditional mining of geological deposits or from the reactivation of abandoned mines. The costs of extraction and production of minerals through open-pit or underground extraction activity are given by the direct costs of cultivation (e.g. mining operations) and indirect costs which depend on the characteristics of the ore body, including transport, environmental costs for the reclamation and the security of infrastructures. In this study, the authors developed the assessment of the technical feasibility and economic viability of the re-activation of the Ollomont underground abandoned Cu-mine (Aosta Valley - Italy). The field is located within a metallogenic province of the Western Alps well defined for on banks of pyrite and chalcopyrite located in contact between Prasinites and Calcescists. The cultivation activities involved a mineralized strained layer of cupriferous pyrite. The analysis of the geological documentation allows estimating the reserves of exploitable ore still in place to about 20,000 tons at 0.9 divided by 1% Cu. Following parametric analysis on the present market current value the price of Ollomont's raw copper can be estimated 67 /t while the total cost of re-starting of the mining activity can be estimated up to 135 /t (including profits 10%). Therefore, the hypothesis of reopening turns out to be not sustainable at least in the short term and at the current values.
