This study aims to analyze the role of social capital and local wisdom as the foundation of community resilience in reducing extreme poverty among the Osing community in Aliyan Village, Banyuwangi Regency. The study employs a qualitative approach using a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 17 informants, participatory observation, and document analysis. The analysis was conducted thematically using the framework of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital proposed. The research findings indicate that community resilience is shaped through the synergy of kinship networks, neighbourly solidarity, mutual aid practices, the Keboan tradition, and collaboration with the village government. Bonding social capital strengthens mechanisms for mutual assistance in meeting basic needs; bridging social capital broadens access to information and economic opportunities; whilst linking social capital enhances the community’s access to social protection programmes. Local wisdom serves not only as a cultural identity but also as an informal social protection mechanism that strengthens communities’ adaptive capacity in the face of economic vulnerability. These findings confirm that the integration of social capital, local wisdom and village governance constitutes a contextual, participatory and sustainable strategy for accelerating the eradication of extreme poverty.
Intensity urbanization and human activity have resulted in thermal environmental degradation in many cities. As one of Indonesia's largest urban regions, Special Capital Region of Jakarta is a high population density and economy-intensive area, which can amplify urban heat and reduce thermal comfort. This research is examining the spatio-temporal thermal comfort pattern in Jakarta using the temperature humidity index TH) in 2015, 2020, and 2025. An integration of land surface temperature (LST) derived from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery and relative humidity (RH) data from NASA POWER (Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources) was used in a quantitative descriptive study along with spatial analysis. LST was calculated by using Google Earth Engine and RH data were interpolated by ordinary kriging method before the calculation of THI. The results exhibit spatio-temporal trends of the thermal condition in the studied area. Thermally uncomfortable (>27°C) THI zones covered 94.94% of Jakarta in 2015, declined to 81.22% in 2020, and rose once more to 96.69% in 2025. These outcomes demonstrate ongoing thermal discomfort and the need for sustainable urban planning and heat reduction strategies to improve environmental quality and human health in large cities.
Indonesia has experienced a significant increase in the elderly population over the years and is currently among the top five countries with the highest number of elderly individuals. This study aims to analyze the quality of life of the elderly population in Malang City and Malang Regency, focusing on health aspects and the Human Development Index (HDI) of elderly couples. A quantitative approach was employed in this study, with research locations selected purposively based on the number of elderly individuals and their involvement in religious activities. The study subjects comprised elderly members of the Jawi Wetan Christian Church (GKJW), Malang I Regional Assembly, covering both Malang City and Malang Regency. The findings indicate that most respondents are in good health, which significantly contributes to their overall well-being. Elderly individuals in good health are able to engage in daily physical, social, and spiritual activities. Maintaining physical, mental, spiritual, and social well-being plays a crucial role in ensuring a fulfilling and healthier old age, minimizing health risks, and enhancing the quality of life. However, aging often leads to a decline in social roles and interactions, which can impact the social life of the elderly population.
Colonial buildings on small islands are often treated as isolated architectural relics, even though their locations can reveal broader patterns of maritime access, political negotiations, and cultural transformations. This study aims to analyze the geographic distribution of colonial buildings on Savu Island in eastern Indonesia by integrating Geographic Information Systems, remote sensing, and historical interpretation. This research uses high-resolution satellite imagery, Google Maps, Google Earth, GPS-based field verification, secondary historical sources, and local knowledge to identify and classify colonial heritage sites. The mapped sites include forts, churches, graves, and shipwrecks, which were then analyzed through spatial overlay with coastlines, roads, satellite imagery, hill shading, elevation gradients, contour lines, and slope maps. The findings indicate that colonial structures on Savu Island are strongly associated with coastal and near-coastal zones, reflecting the importance of maritime access, inter-island mobility, trade, missionary activities, and control of sea lanes. Relatively flat terrain supported administrative, residential, and religious functions, while elevated or transitional terrain offered opportunities for surveillance, symbolic authority, and defensive strategies. This study argues that GIS-based cultural heritage mapping can serve not only as an inventory tool but also as an interpretive framework for reconstructing the spatial logic of colonial occupation in small-island environments.
International migration has become a global issue. One type of international migration that has garnered significant attention and has far-reaching implications is cross-border labor migration. Indonesia is the fourth-largest source country of migrant workers in the world. The trend in the placement of migrant workers from Indonesia has continued to decline from 2014 to 2021. The year 2014 saw the highest number of migrant workers, reaching 429,874 people. One of the major sources of foreign exchange for Indonesia is remittances sent by Indonesian migrant workers. This study aims to examine the dynamics of the number of migrant workers in Indonesia and to explore the relationship between remittances and the employment status of Indonesian migrant workers. This can be achieved through quantitative descriptive analysis and inferential analysis, which can be used to identify trends and relationships between remittances and the workers’ employment sectors. The results of the study indicate that there is a relationship between remittances and the employment sectors of migrant workers.
Climate change poses a direct threat to global food security, and tropical regions such as Indonesia, already exposed to floods and droughts, face more of that risk than most. This study assesses agricultural land suitability under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, across three future periods (2030s, 2050s, and 2070s) in Trenggalek Regency. The analysis combines field data collection, climate modeling through a 12-model ensemble from the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) initiative, and spatial suitability modeling. Model validation showed strong performance on both fronts, with an Overall Accuracy of 0.90 and Kappa Coefficient of 0.83 for the land-cover classification, and an R² of 0.85 with an RMSE of 1.24 for the regression linking climate variables, temperature and rainfall, to the land-suitability index. Climate projections based on this validated model indicate rainfall and temperature rising gradually under RCP 4.5 and considerably more sharply under RCP 8.5. Land suitability follows a similar trajectory, declining over time and most under the high-emission scenario, where highly suitable and suitable areas shrink markedly by the 2070s as temperatures exceed rice tolerance thresholds and rainfall becomes more extreme. Sustaining agricultural productivity through this shift requires adaptation strategies tailored to specific locations rather than applied uniformly.
This study examined tree species composition, floristic diversity, and spatial distribution patterns in Malabar Urban Forest, Malang City, Indonesia, a site situated within the Indomalayan biogeographic realm. Vegetation surveys used line transects and 20×20 m quadrat plots across 19 transects in April 2026. 16 transects passed systematic data quality screening. Spatial analysis included Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA), Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation, and Sørensen’s similarity coefficient. NNA yielded R = 1.328, indicating a dispersed transect arrangement. Shannon diversity (H’) ranged from 1.552 to 2.265 (mean 1.840). Moran’s I for H’ was -0.095 (pseudo-p = 0.711, n = 8), indicating no detectable spatial autocorrelation in floristic diversity. Of 11 dominant tree species, 9 were exotic (81.8%), and the Sørensen coefficient between sampling zones was 0.286, reflecting high intra-forest compositional heterogeneity. Swietenia mahagoni showed high occurrence frequency (FR = 42.1%) but low relative density (KR = 7.3%), consistent with a spatially distributed planting pattern. These results suggest that historical planting decisions shaped current floristic structure more than biogeographic processes, with implications for zone-specific native species enrichment in urban forest management.
Groundwater availability is a major issue in Klakeh Village, Bangilan Subdistrict, Tuban Regency, East Java, where karst topography leaves shallow groundwater scarce and seasonally unreliable. This study identifies deep groundwater potential by integrating passive audio-magnetotelluric (ADMT) sounding with UAV photogrammetry. The two techniques are applied as a mutually constraining rather than parallel workflow: the UAV orthomosaic supplies the terrain used to position the sounding transects and screens resistivity anomalies against surface morphology, while the resistivity models are converted into georeferenced drilling coordinates. Sixty-five stations were recorded at 5 m spacing along five intersecting transects of 50–100 m, each modelled from 10 m to 300 m depth. Two aquifer types were identified: an unconfined shallow aquifer at 8–20 m, vulnerable to seasonal fluctuation and surface contamination, and confined deep aquifers between 95 and 272 m. The most prospective zone lies below 195 m and is confirmed at three independent crossing points of transects A–B, C–D and E–F, where it returns the lowest resistivity values in the dataset together with the greatest thickness and lateral continuity. Two drilling points are recommended, at 111.6866186° E / 6.9757246° S and 111.6866167° E / 6.9758148° S, targeting 210–270 m. As no borehole log was available, these are prioritised targets rather than verified aquifer positions. The workflow is replicable at the village and district scale, where conventional deep resistivity imaging and exploratory drilling are logistically and financially prohibitive.
This study investigates the long-term evolution of the urban thermal environment in Malang, Indonesia, from March 1944 to May 2026. A comparative analysis using Thom’s Discomfort Index (TDI), Humidex (HMDX), monthly minimum temperature (T_{min}), and daily diurnal temperature profiles was conducted to assess changes in thermal comfort. Results indicate a progressive deterioration of Malang’s urban bioclimatic conditions, transforming the city from a historically cool hill station into an increasingly thermally stressed urban environment. Uncomfortable thermal conditions now persist for 25-31 days per month, particularly during October-April. This trend is primarily associated with intensified nocturnal warming, reflected by rising T_{min} and an upward shift in the 24-hour temperature cycle, indicating enhanced heat retention within the urban canopy layer. The observed changes are linked to the accumulation of high thermal inertia materials, such as asphalt and concrete, which reduce nocturnal cooling, and are further amplified by anthropogenic heat emissions from transportation and buildings. These findings suggest that elevation alone can no longer offset the thermal impacts of rapid urbanization, highlighting the urgent need for climate-sensitive urban planning and nature-based mitigation strategies.
Population growth in Salatiga City between 2014 and 2024 raised demand for settlement land. This growth risks creating gaps between existing land use and the Detailed Spatial Plan (RDTR). This study analyzes the direction and patterns of settlement development, evaluates the compliance of settlement areas in 2024 Salatiga City RDTR and provides recommendations for controlling settlement. The method used was GIS-based spatial analysis. Landsat 8 imagery was classified using supervised classification with the Random Forest algorithm in Google Earth Engine, followed by overlay analysis in ArcGIS and Overall Accuracy. Settlement areas grew by 94.50 ha, from 1,873.67 ha to 1,968.34 Ha. Argomulyo recorded the highest growth rate at 6.30%. Sidorejo followed closely at 5.83%. Both areas showed a mix of ribbon development and urban sprawl. Spatial conformity analysis found 1,236.11 ha (62.80%) of settlements conforming to the RDTR. The remaining 732.23 ha (37.20%) do not conforming. Encroaching primarily into Trade and Services zones Sidorejo recorded the highest non-conforming rate. Classification resulted in Overall Accuracy of 86.67%. Zoning enforcement better building permit control, provide planners with a data based reason for adaptive spatial planning. This method can minimize conflicts in land use and promote sustainable urban development.
Coffee is one of Indonesia's main export commodities, with most of its production coming from the people's agroforestry system. Land management, especially the pruning of shade trees, affects the soil quality and productivity of Arabica coffee. This study aims to examine the local knowledge (ethnopedology) of male and female farmers on land management and soil quality on pine-coffee agroforestry land on the slopes of Mount Arjuno. The research was conducted with a descriptive qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with 27 farmers (23 men and 4 women) and measurements of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil on representative land. The results showed that there were differences in knowledge and perception between male and female farmers in plant care, shade tree management, organic waste utilization, and pest and disease control. Male farmers tend to focus on plant care techniques and the use of waste as compost, while female farmers emphasize more on the use of waste as firewood and traditional methods of pest control. Both understand dark and loose soil as an indicator of fertility, but there is still a knowledge gap in the eight soil quality indicators. The low level of education and lack of participation in socialization are the main factors in the limitation of this understanding. Continuous assistance and policies that are in accordance with the socio-economic conditions of farmers are needed to increase understanding of land management and soil quality.
The Kayutangan Heritage Area is one of the heritage tourism destinations in Malang City that boasts historical and cultural value, as well as distinctive colonial architecture. The increase in tourism activity has had an impact on environmental conditions, such as a rise in waste volume and limited sanitation facilities. These conditions call for an environmental management strategy to support sustainable tourism. The research objectives include (1) determining the state of environmental management in the Kayutangan Heritage Area, (2) identifying internal and external factors using SWOT analysis, and (3) formulating an environmental management strategy. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed through field observations, semi-structured interviews, and a review of documentation. The research subjects consisted of [1.1] area managers and business operators. The results indicate that the Kayutangan Heritage Area possesses strengths in the form of a relatively clean environment, well-maintained heritage buildings, a waste bank program, and community participation. Environmental management strategies focus on strengthening the waste bank program, improving sanitation facilities, promoting environmental education, and enhancing collaboration among the community, government, and the private sector.
Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in climate change mitigation and adaptation through the absorption and storage of blue carbon. However, several challenges, such as anthropogenic pressures, can reduce their ecological function. This study maps mangroves in the Kendal– Semarang coastal area using Sentinel-2 imagery, then estimates carbon sequestration, oxygen production, and the economic value of carbon based on international carbon market prices. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of spatial, ecological, and economic aspects in assessing mangroves at the coastal area scale. Mangrove mapping was conducted using 2026 Sentinel-2 imagery processed in Google Earth Engine with a Random Forest classification combined with visual interpretation. The results identified 1,331.69 ha of mangroves distributed across seven subdistricts in Kendal Regency and Semarang City. The ecosystem was dominated by Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata . Carbon sequestration and oxygen production were estimated using an oxygen production coefficient of 28.56 tO 2 /ha/year derived from a carbon sequestration rate of 39.27 tCO 2 /ha/year. Total oxygen production reached 38,033.07 tO 2 /year, while total carbon sequestration was estimated at 52,295.47 tCO 2 /year. Carbon valuation based on international carbon price scenarios ranged from USD 261,477 to USD 1,045,909 per year at carbon prices of USD 5–20/tCO 2 . These findings provide baseline information for sustainable coastal management and blue carbon assessment in industrial coastal regions.
This study aims to analyze the role of vegetable farming in supporting food security and examine its spatial distribution in Tasikmalaya City. A descriptive quantitative approach integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial analysis was employed. Data were collected through field surveys, structured interviews, and direct observations involving 30 purposively selected vegetable farmers from Tamansari, Mangkubumi, and Kawalu sub-districts. The results indicate that vegetable farming contributes to local food security across the dimensions of availability, access, utilization, and stability, with local production meeting approximately ±42% of household vegetable consumption requirements. Spatially, vegetable production is unevenly distributed and concentrated in major production areas, particularly Tamansari, Mangkubumi, and Kawalu, reflecting the influence of biophysical conditions and regional accessibility. The distribution of agricultural yields is also closely associated with transportation networks and market accessibility, with Mangkubumi and Tamansari serving as major supply corridors to Cikurubuk Market. Field observations further reveal the adoption of container-based and vertical farming systems as adaptations to limited urban agricultural land. However, vegetable farming sustainability remains constrained by agricultural land conversion and limited post-harvest technology. These findings highlight the importance of integrating GIS-based spatial analysis into urban food security planning, particularly for agricultural land protection, production optimization, and sustainable food system development.Introduction.
Madura Strait, located between Java and Madura is an area heavily impacted by human activities that cause waste to enter the ocean waters. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is an important water quality parameter that affects the optical properties of water. This study aims to analysis the spatial distribution and concentration of TSS at a depth of ±0.3 m in the Madura Strait using Sentinel-2A imagery with a spatial resolution of 10 m. The field survey data for this study consisted of 27 points. The bands used include single bands and ratio bands. Correlation tests were used to determine the relationship between the bands and field TSS if a band exceeded the significance threshold, it was included as an input variable in the regression analysis. Regression analysis was used to develop the best empirical model, B4/B2 was identified as the best empirical model with an R² value of 0.8923. Spatial analysis revealed higher TSS concentrations in coastal zones influenced by river flow, while mid ocean area showed lower values. Based on 27 survey points, the total estimated TSS on January 14, 2026, was 3.4 metric tons.
Accurate knowledge of rice growth stages underlies effective crop health assessment, productivity estimation, and food-security planning, since phenology data supports timely agricultural management and sustainable production practices. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides a practical alternative to optical monitoring in this context, as its cloud-penetrating capability allows continuous data acquisition regardless of weather conditions. This study examines the capability of Sentinel-1 SAR data, combined with machine learning, for estimating rice growth stages and plant age. Vertical Transmit–Horizontal Receive (VH) backscatter served as the primary predictor, analyzed together with field observations across ten BBCH growth-stage classes; radar decomposition and machine learning were then applied to quantify growth stages and their relationship to crop age. VH backscatter sensitivity shifted considerably over the growing season, ranging from −24.03 to −17.98 decibels during early planting and increasing to −11.00 to −6.69 decibels at harvest. The resulting machine learning model classified growth stages with satisfactory accuracy, while the VH-to-age relationship achieved a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.41, reflecting reliable estimation performance for operational rice growth monitoring
This research aims to examine spatial transformations, their resulting impacts, and mitigation efforts along the Semarang–Cirebon land transport route. This research addresses the issue of the limited historical literature examining the relationship between transport and environmental aspects, particularly regarding spatial changes and their impacts. Semarang– Cirebon land transport route is the primary focus of this research due to its crucial significance during the Dutch colonial period. The methodology employed in this research is the historical method, which systematically comprises the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings reveal the development of land transport infrastructure in Semarang–Cirebon region increased during the Dutch colonial period, particularly the construction of roads and railway lines. Indeed, the development of land transport infrastructure in its region intensified in tandem with industrial growth. This development led to spatial transformations and environmental degradation. At a deeper level, this led to flooding disasters, which the Dutch colonial government sought to address through the implementation of various policies. These dynamics indicate that land transport in the Semarang–Cirebon region did not merely function as a means of transport, but also had a wide-ranging impact, including spatial changes and environmental issues. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the body of research on the history of geography and transport in Indonesia.
Tirtha amerta, or the water of life, is a natural element that is inseparable from the existence of sacred temples from the Hindu-Buddhist period. It is not uncommon to find certain symbols related to water in Hindu-Buddhist temples. Such as a symbol is the jaladwara , which typically functions as a rainwater drainage channel in temple structures and bathing pools. This includes several temples within the Prambanan temple complex, such as Prambanan Temple, Bubrah Temple, and Sewu Temple. The presence of jaladwara in the Prambanan temple complex underscores that water—or tirtha amerta— played a vital role in the social structure of classical-era society. The discovery of jaladwara and the importance of water in the Prambanan Temple complex form the basis for research on the implementation of hydrological knowledge within it. To reconstruct water management practices of the past, this study employs historical archaeological methods specifically landscape archaeology while incorporating a hydrological approach. This study is expected to represent a novel contribution amid the prevailing trend in previous temple architecture research, which has been dominated by purely archaeological studies. Consequently, it will shed light on how local knowledge regarding irrigation was implemented in ancient architecture from a new perspective— specifically regarding the hydrological management, form, and function of the jaladwara .
Rapid urban expansion in Sukoharjo Regency due to spillover from Surakarta City has converted green spaces into built-up land, elevating surface temperatures and driving the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of UHI (2015–2025) and evaluate the effects of the vegetation index (NDVI) and built-up index (NDBI) on UHI intensity. A spatio-temporal quantitative approach was applied using Landsat 8 data (2015 and 2025) processed via Google Earth Engine (GEE). Samples were gathered using stratified random sampling across a 6x6km fishnet grid and analyzed using multiple linear regression and Kappa accuracy tests. Results indicate a significant UHI expansion concentrated in the northern corridor (Kartasura, Baki, and Grogol). Statistically, the Very Strong UHI category expanded from 17.02% to 25.47%, with NDBI dominantly driving UHI ( R 2 = 0,434 B = 26,838 p < 0,05), achieving high accuracy (Overall Accuracy 90.62%, Kappa 0.883). These findings demonstrate that converting natural surfaces into impervious materials accelerates heat accumulation more strongly than vegetation cools it. This study highlights the need for stricter zoning and mandatory dense-canopy Green Open Spaces (RTH) for sustainable urban heat mitigation.
The development of tourism sector in Pamekasan is focused on natural tourism. There is a pilot project located in Kertagena Dajah Village. Potential natural attractions are hills as a result of geological and geomorphological processes. The main spot is Bukit Kehi whose development is still sporadic. This is due to limited knowledge about optimizing geological and geomorphological potential by managers, and stakeholders. The objectives of the study are: 1) to analyze geological and geomorphological characteristics; 2) to develop a tourist attraction design as an educational tourism (edutourism). This research is descriptive with a quantitative approach, the design used is a survey. Data analysis is descriptive spatial and Blackbox. This study shows that the geomorphology of Kertagena Dajah is coded S1 which means strongly folded undulating hills, Tmtn formation, known as the Ngrayong Formation, which is characterized by the intersection of quartz sandstone with arbitoid limestone and mudstone. These geological and geomorphological characteristics have the potential to be utilized as a natural and educational tourism object. The design of Bukit Kehi edutourism is a visual product designed with aesthetic and spatial efficiency in mind. The redesigned layout of this tourist attraction aligns with the morphological landscape. The geological features in Bukit Kehi 's edutourism design can be developed into an destination, providing valuable out-of-school educational services on Madura.
