The live weight gain response of Bali bulls (Bos javanicus) fed increasing levels of cassava chip or cassava pulp mixed with a leucaena based diet was measured. Forty Bali bulls with initial live weight (LW) of 112±7.1 kg and around 18 months of age were assigned into 10 treatment groups. Each treatment group was offered ad libitum leucaena mixed with either cassava chips or cassava pulp included at levels of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60% on an approximate dry matter basis. All diets included rice straw provided at 0.5% live weight/day and urea at 2% of cassava chip or cassava pulp on a dry matter basis. Including cassava chip up to 30% of the ration increased total daily dry matter intake from 24.1 g/kg LW to 29.3 g/kg LW. The dry matter intake with cassava pulp was lower than with cassava chip at all levels of inclusion. Consequently, the live weight gain was generally higher with cassava chip. The equations for the response of the live weight gain (kg/d) in relation to level of cassava chip or cassava pulp inclusion were quadratic with values higher for cassava chip inclusion. The inclusion of cassava chip resulted in a higher live weight gain response most likely due to the higher starch content. The maximum live weight gain was achieved at a level of inclusion of 47.5% for the cassava chip and 28% for cassava pulp. Feeding higher amounts than these optimal levels significantly decreased feed intake and live weight gain. Dry matter digestibility was higher with cassava chip inclusion compared with cassava pulp inclusion. Generally, the digestibility increased with increasing levels of both cassava chip and cassava pulp inclusion. Rumen ammonia concentrations declined with the increasing levels of cassava chip and cassava pulp inclusions as the crude protein levels declined. The VFA concentrations were within the normal range (82-137 mM) but there were no particular patterns of molar % related to the levels of cassava chip and cassava pulp inclusions.
Une typologie descriptive des systemes d'elevage camelins a ete realisee sur l'ensemble du territoire mauritanien dans le but d'en connaitre la diversite. Au total, 187 elevages camelins des quatre regions du pays (Sud, Centre, Est, Nord) ont ete enquetes. Les 49 variables retenues portaient sur six themes : l'eleveur, le troupeau, la sante animale, l'alimentation, les pratiques de traite et les pratiques commerciales. La strategie statistique s'est appuyee sur une analyse separee des sous-tableaux regroupant les variables par theme afin de determiner des types d'eleveurs, de troupeaux, de pratiques alimentaires, de statut sanitaire, de pratiques de traite et de flux commerciaux. Les descriptions de ces types ont ete suivies d'une analyse globale permettant d'identifier sept types d'elevage fortement differencies sur le plan geographique, un effet regional hautement significatif ayant ete observe : moyens engraisseurs (n=36), petits mixtes marchands (n=32), moyens peu marchands (n=21), moyens mobiles marchands (n=23), petits peu marchands (n=22), grands marchands (n=15) et grands naisseurs (n=38). Les types sont interpretes au regard du contexte geographique et climatique de chacune des regions.
Pandemic Covid-19 which hit Indonesia since March 2, 2020, has potential adverse effects on food security conditions. Beef, chicken meat, and eggs are three livestock products which include ten strategic staple food. This study aims to analyze the food security of beef, chicken meat, and eggs in terms of availability, accessibility, and consumption at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The study was conducted in June 2020 using a secondary data analysis method. The availability of beef, chicken, and eggs are expected to be sufficient to meet domestic demand until August 2020 and record a surplus. The beef price seemed more stable in March (I) and April (IV). Beef prices seemed to increase constantly and reached the highest point in May (IV), and tend to decrease slightly in June (IV). The chicken and egg prices seemed to decrease constantly in April (IV) compared to in March (I). The chicken prices increased again in June (IV), while eggs were stable. Covid-19 pandemic has the potential to reduce the consumption of livestock products.
Bangladesh dairy has been emerging as a transformation from livelihood-oriented dairy toward enterprise-driven dairy while it can still be seen as a key source of income and livelihoods for millions of people There is an increasing emphasis by the government for achieving self-sufficiency However, there have been challenges as the lack in authentic milk production data availability which counteract in estimating the self-sufficiency There is a growing demand for milk along with the increasing consumer's preferences on high-quality milk The objective of this study was to forecast Bangladesh milk production to analyze the possible timeframe for achieving the self-sufficiency This study applies Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model and compares with the classical Trend Analysis Model (TAM) with three scenarios (i) Exponential growth, (ii) Compounding Average Growth Rate (CAGR), (iii) Simple Average Growth Rate (SAGR), built in MS Excel using time series milk data (2006 to 2019) obtained from the Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Integrated Dairy Research Network (IDRN) Sector database and International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN) Sector database The results revealed the superiority of ARIMA model over the trend analysis The maximum milk production of Bangladesh in 2025 and 2030 will be 10 24 and 13 65 million tons, respectively (according to IDRN data) while that will be 16 32 and 17 13 million ton, respectively according to DLS Considering the only population as demand factor (deterministic approach), taking the results from the ARIMA model, Bangladesh will be self-sufficient in 2029 according to DLS data and according to IDRN data, Bangladesh will achieve 71% self-sufficient in 2029 The forecasting was calculated only with normal year with some mild shock in the milk production However, the impact of severe shock-like Coronavirus in 2020 has not been possible to integrate due to anecdotal in data, which implies that including such shock in future this forecasting might lead to the different pace of the self-sufficiency achievement The results of ARIMA model using DLS data was substantially different than IDRN data which might need to take into account to identify why those data were different and might revise the data backwards to increase the degree of precision for estimating the future milk production data From this study, it is evident that under normal condition, Bangladesh could reach to the self-sufficiency in 2029 but the year like 2020 (with pandemic coronavirus) need to be observed in the future and might need strategic decision to continue the current growth rate The precise documentation of the milk production data would lead to the right path toward self-sufficiency The future study might focus on the stochastic demand and supply factor for self-sufficiency analysis
In the study area predominantly three marketing options were available for the dairy farmers; unorganized vendors, formal / organized dairy cooperatives and integrated contract system. A majority of dairy farmers around 57.3 percent had shifted from one marketing option to another. The rest 42.7 per cent of dairy farmers remained in the same marketing option from the day they began commercial milk production. A major shift from vendors (informal system) to contract (39.5 per cent), followed by vendor to co-operative (24.4 per cent) and co-operative to vendor (19.8 per cent) was noticed. Irregularity in payment and stoppage of procurement by vendor system made dairy farmers shift from vendor system to others. After the weakening of vendor- farmer relationship and initiation of Milk Producer Cooperatives at the village level, there has been a shift from vendor to co-operative system. When the dairy sector opened for private investment coupled with poor performance of cooperatives, farmers shifted towards new marketing option the 'integrated contract system'. Irregularity in payment, distant location of collection centre and inability to milk the animals were reasons for shifting back to vendor from other marketing options. Prompt payments, sustainability of marketing systems in business were major factors responsible for retaining members and attracting new dairy farmers. Dairy farmers with the experiences of various marketing options gave more value to the prompt payment for the milk sold on comparing to milk prices.
