This paper address the question whether farmers who are participated in contract farming are more productivity and efficient in growing contract crop than the non-contract farmers. In this regard, 600 households from three villages have been surveyed from the state of Bihar in India. Cob-Douglas production function has been used in log-linear form to measure the farm productivity. The result suggested that contract farmers are able to achieve average high yield compared to non-contract one. Land and cost of seed are the major factors which helped contract farmers to attain higher level of productivity in growing the contract crop.
We analyze economic development in India for the period 1950-2020, in three sub-periods: 1950-1980, 1980-2000 and 2001-2020. We have into account production by sector and its effects on employment and productivity. We present a comparison of data with other economies, as China, Japan and some European countries, regarding some indicators of development and welfate. We include references to some interesting econometric models of Employment by sector in India and in other countries and we focus on the trends to diminution of Farm Employment and increase in Non Farm Employment. We highlight the important effects of industrial production on general productivity of workers, real income per capita and poverty diminution, as well as the positive effects, on development, of increase of schooling and social capital. For the next decade: 2021-2030, we conclude that there are good opportunities for advances on economic development in India and that good economic policies addressed to foster international investments and cooperation for the creation of Non Farm Employment in India may have a positive impact both for urban and rural areas.
Based on an extended IS-LM model incorporating the exchange rate in the money demand function, this paper finds that fiscal expansion is related with a raise in real output and causes the Argentine peso to appreciate and that monetary expansion is related with a rise in real output and causes the Argentine peso to depreciate. Except for the prediction of the ineffectiveness of fiscal expansion on real output, other predictions of the Mundell-Fleming model are applicable to Argentina.
The negative interest rate policy (NIRP), which is an unconventional monetary policy, is increasingly being diagnosed for symptoms of secular stagnation as some central banks exploit anticipatory inflation to achieve full employment. Notwithstanding, the efficacy of the unconventional monetary policy (UMP) is precarious and rather ambivalent. This paper argues that NIRP is unsuitable for structural (long-term) macroeconomic problems and that its adoption generates inconsistent and precarious results that are transient and potentially harmful.
We analyze the evolution of Female Employment by sector in Spain for the period 1970-2020, with particular focus on the effects of the financial crisis, since year 2007, on labor opportunities, real wages and female quality of life. We analyze the evolution in Spain compared to Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States for the period 1965-2018. We find that the crisis of 2007, together with the lack of enough economic policies of support to Spanish Industry, both from the European Union and from the Spanish Governments, has caused a diminution of real value-added of Industry per capita, and stagnation or deterioritation of real wages, rates of employment and other indicators of quality of life. In year 2020, with the negative impact of the pandemia of Coronavirus on Tourism, the need to foster industrial development of Spain is of uppermost importance to increase Employment in Services, which are very important both for women, and men, and to favour better working conditions and quality of life. We analyse social visibility of relevant women who are outstanding in many fields of activity. We find gender gap in social visibility. Although there are yet many unfair situations, we may highlight several positive contributions that are helping to increase equality of opportunities for women.
This study main investigates that the growth of Exports, Imports and Trade Balance from 1949-50 to 2018-19 in India. It also reveals that the India’s export profile state wise share for 2016-17 to 2018-19. This study furthers study on India performance in global trade 2011-2017 and finally examines that the India’s exports and imports by destination for 8 digits HS code level 2016-17 to 2018-19.This present research data were processed with help of descriptive statistical and inferential statistical techniques applied such as correlation, regression, ANOVA and Paired t test were tested for various hypotheses.India’s exports by destination 2016-17 to 2018-19 revealed that the first position secured by USA, followed by United Arab Emirates and third rank secured by China. Imports by destination 2016-17 to 2018-19 revealed that the first position secured by China, followed by USA and third rank secured by United Arab Emirates. Top ten exports destinations were secured by during the years 2016-17 (50.83%), 2017-18 (50.78%) and 2018-19 (50.78%). Top ten destinations imports were secured by during the years 2016-17 (50.82%), 2017-18 (50.32%) and 2018-19 (52.86%). This investigation concluded that the India has passed and amendment successfully different most important commercial, legal and economic reforms in the past two decades. It shows constructive impact on improving the business environment for international trade into India it will be golden opportunity for strengthening positive trade balance position of India in future.
This paper’s objectives were two, namely: (1) investigating the impact of financial development on poverty alleviation (proxied by life expectancy) and (2) exploring whether the complementarity between financial development and foreign direct investment (FDI) enhanced poverty reduction in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) countries. The study used panel data analysis estimation techniques, namely pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) with data ranging from 1994 to 2013. The existing theoretical literature shows that financial development can have either a positive or negative impact on poverty alleviation. On the other hand, existing empirical literature produced results which are quite divergent, conflicting and diverse, namely: (1) financial development has a positive effect on poverty reduction, (2) financial development has a negative influence on poverty alleviation, (3) financial development and poverty reduction affected each other and (4) there is a negligible influence of financial development on poverty reduction. Although results show that the impact of financial development and FDI on poverty reduction is mixed, it is quite evident in majority of cases that the complementarity between financial development and FDI enhanced poverty reduction. The policy implication is that BRICS countries should implement policies designed at improving both financial development and FDI inflows in order to be able to reduce poverty.
This article studies the transnational corporations’ ownership and investment relationships between countries. Using Thomson Reuters SDC Platinum database on mergers and acquisitions and social network analysis techniques, the paper analyzes the international mergers and acquisitions network (IMAN), where vertices are 211 countries and edges represent the flow of international mergers and acquisitions between them. After elaborating the IMAN, it estimates the fitness of Borgatti and Everett (2000) core-periphery model to the network. Furthermore, it analyzes the fitness evolution between 1999 and 2013 and identifies core, semi-periphery and periphery countries. Results confirm the existence of a sharp and persistent core-periphery structure in the relations between countries. The core is made of only 15 nations that are almost completely interconnected among them and responsible for most of investments in transnational corporations. 41 semi-peripheral countries are relatively well connected while achieving about one fourth of investments. Finally, the remaining 155 nations in the periphery are mostly disconnected among them and only receive marginal investments from the core and semi-periphery nations. These results reveal that the ownership and control of the means of production at the global level is driven by polarized and unequal relationships between countries
We analyse industrial and non industrial development of 6 European countries, for the period 1960-2016, with particular emphasis on the period 2000-2016. We critize the excessive austerity restrictions, imposed to several countries by national and European policies, which have led to stagnation and even diminution of industrial production per capita, as in the cases of France, Italy, Spain and the UK for the period 2000-2016. We include the estimation of an econometric model, with a pool of 7 OECD countries, to show the positive impact of industry in non industrial production. Regarding CO2 Emissions it is outstanding the diminution of Total CO2 emissions in this group of six European countries, for the period 1970-2015, thanks to the educational level of population, moderation in population growth and diminution of emissions per capita. Switzerland presents both the highest industrial production per capita and the lowest levels of CO2 Emissions per capita. We wish to emphisaze that it is possible to conceal the increase of industry, and economic development, with environmental policies addressed to diminish total CO2 Emissions
This paper examines cyclical characteristics of remittances and explores their counterbalancing and consumption-smoothing potential. First, it uses quarterly data to better reflect the short-term dynamics of consumption and remittances. Second, it uses different methodologies to examine whether the results are robust or not, namely OLS, VAR and SVAR. Third, to control for the endogeneity of remittances, we use a Generalized Method of Moments technique by instrumenting remittances. Finally, we apply this on the Egyptian case since studies on the MENA region in this field are quite rare. Our main findings show that there is a significant consumption smoothing effect of remittances. Moreover, we found that, even when the endogeneity of remittances is controlled for, this consumption smoothing effect remain robust. This finding is robust under a battery of sensitivity tests.
The article shows the methodological and theoretical bases for the measurement of national wealth, accordingly to the World Bank reports. On the basis of a widening conception and the data of the World Bank the tendencies of changes in the dynamics and structure of national wealth in 91 countries of the world in 2000-2014 are shown. The clusters of the countries of the world with the most similar tendencies are formed with the help of a number of cluster formation methods. Besides we compare indicators of wealth and economic development and we find a high correlation although with a few exceptions.
The paper examines the potential effects of international migration on labor force participation in advanced economies in Europe. It documents that migration played a significant role in alleviating aging pressures on labor supply by affecting the age composition of receiving countries' populations. However, micro-level analysis also points to differences in average educational levels, as well as differences in the effects of any given level of education on participation across migrants and natives. Difficulties related to the recognition of educational qualifications appear to be associated with smaller effects of education on the odds of participation for migrants, especially women.
The departments of the Pacific and Caribbean coast of Colombia are classified in different ranges. The information available in the institutional repositories does not allow differentiating the proportion of the expenditure destined to basic sanitation works and particularly for the improvement of the quality of water for consumption. This research demonstrates the behavior of the water quality risk index (WQRI, IRCA in Spanish) and contrasts the variation of this index with respect to investment for expenditure and the departmental performance indicator. The study reveals that health problems arising from the quality of drinking water persist.
The purpose of this paper is to empirically determine whether the shocks of the 2008/2009 financial crisis affected saving-investment-current account dynamics and the degree of reliance on international capital mobility, and whether shifts in capital mobility were also associated with shifts in growth performance. We use data for 27 OECD countries over the 1998-2017 interval to examine this issue. We divide the period under study into two 10-year subperiods of 1998-2007 and 2008-2017. We also classify our sample of countries into three groups according to their average growth rates over the 2008-2017 subperiod. We estimate a dynamic random coefficients model over the two sub-periods as well as for the three groups of countries. Our period-wise results indicate that there has been a significant increase in the saving-investment correlation, implying less reliance on international capital mobility after the recent financial/economic crisis. Our group-wise results appear to suggest that the group of countries with less reliance on capital mobility before the financial crisis has achieved a relatively better growth performance over the 2008-2017 period, likely because they were better insulated from the spillover effects of contagion that followed the financial crisis.
The main purpose of this research is to highlight on the importance of entrepreneurship as a mechanism for knowledge spillovers, thereby contributing to the economic growth and prosperity of Kuwait. Using data for the period 2001 to 2014, we have analyzed the relationship between the number of establishments and economic growth. We have found some interesting relationships: a positive effect of the increase of real GDP per capita on the number of Establishments per one thousand people and on the average real Value-added per establishment. In addition, we haven’t found a positive effect of the number of Establishments on Gross Domestic Product This result can be attributed to many reasonable explanations. First, the limited number of observations. Second, the impact of all the other variables on GDP is theoretically to be effective on the long run. Third, there are other variables contributing to the GDP of Kuwait, like oil prices and the size of the oil exports.
The main aim of this article is to foster international cooperation for development and, at the same time, to increase environmental protection. We analyze the evolution of Total CO2 Emissions, for the period 1970-2015, in three sets of countries: a first group of 7 OECD countries (France. Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, UK and USA), a second group of 3 highly populated non-OECD countries (Russia, China and India) and a third group with Rest of the World (ROW). We find that the increase of Total CO2 Emissions of the first group accounted only to a very small percentage of the World increase (1.7%), while the second group accounted to 59.5% and the third group to 38.8%. We found that increase on average World Emissions per capita (from 4.23 to 4.93) accounted only for 13% of Total CO2 Emissionsincrease, while Population growth (from 3684 to 7341 million people) accounted for the 87%. Our Analysis is focused on economic policies addresded to foster World development with environmental protection. Support to education, and other forms of international cooperation, are of uppermost importance in order to help developing countries to increase real income per capita and quality of life and, at the same time, get a diminution of Total CO2 Emissions in the World. We present a table with options for the period 2020-2030.
The aim of this article is to define the meaning of tax competition. More specifically, it carries out a comparative analysis between the European Union and the United States of America studying two key sectors of their economies, the motor industry and telecommunications with the aim of featuring which of these is more tax competitive. The comparison criteria are VAT and sales tax, excise duties, corporate income tax, wage costs and in particular the tax burden on labor, taxing savings and duties on trade. In some cases, the EU seems to be more competitive, and in other cases, the USA does so. With regard to motor industry and telecommunications, it seems that in most of the criteria featured, they are affected according to the rest areas of economy. We conclude that the issue of tax competition, and in particular the comparison between the EU and the USA, needs further investigation. Finally, substantial tax reforms as a means of promoting healthy tax competition, seems to be desiderata by both parties.
In the present article the authors have conducted the research of human development dynamics in Russia. The research was conducted by calculating the HDI integral index and its components of basic indicators, as well as indicators characterizing the level of welfare of the population. Characteristic features of behavior of indicators of well-being of the population have been revealed, the nature of influence of these indicators on HDI dynamics in modern conditions has been analyzed. The contradictions between the patterns of HDI development and welfare indicators have been identified. Measures have been proposed to improve methods for analyzing the dynamics of human development.
This paper gives a descriptive mapping of the population and employment changes and the characteristics of these changes between central cities and suburbs of U.S. metropolitan areas, post 2000. The key findings of this study are: population centralization happened between 2005 and 2010. However, between 2002 and 2007, job growth was happening in the suburbs; newly formed central cities contributed much toward the rise in population of central cities; population centralization on average involved more whites, college students, young professionals, and non-whites, respectively. On the other hand, non-white population increased in the suburbs; with a shift in the demographic distribution of population between central cities and suburbs, urban revival tapered down by the end of 2015. As employment responds to this, policies should be suitably directed to accommodate these changes
Considering the monetary approach, this article analyzes the feasibility of creating a new currency in the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) as an option to recover the dynamism observed in the previous decade. The hypothesis suggests that the creation of a new currency is desirable if it is possible to increase the growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) and to reduce price volatility. Empirical evidence suggests that the alternative of creating and implementing a new currency in the bloc is desirable and highly feasible due to the positive correlations observed among their countries’ business cycles and domestic currency depreciation rates, as along with the possibility of creating a central bank responsible for the common monetary policy with low inflationary bias
