The demand for M2 in Pakistan is positively influenced by real GDP and currency appreciation and negatively influenced by the domestic interest rate and the foreign interest rate. These results confirm international capital mobility and currency substitution. The Box-Cox transformation indicates that the log-linear function cannot be rejected while the linear function can be rejected at the 5% significance level. The log-linear form of the demand for M2 shows a small value of the mean absolute percent error and performs better in the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests than the linear form.

Applying the macroeconomic model developed by Romer (2000), this paper finds that more mobile phone subscriptions, Internet users, and broadband adoption raise output (real GDP) in South Korea. In addition, fiscal expansion and a higher expected inflation rate reduce output whereas real appreciation of the Korean won increases output. Therefore, governments should support investments in ICT (information and communication technologies) in order to enhance output.

Based on an extended Mundell-Fleming model, this paper finds that both fiscal expansion and monetary expansion raise output in Malaysia and that a lower real interest rate, a higher stock value, a lower real oil price and a lower expected inflation rate increase output. Hence, a managed floating system with no predetermined path of the exchange rate adopted by Malaysia may lead to better outcomes than the predictions of the Mundell- Fleming model that fiscal expansion does not raise output under a floating exchange rate but increases output under a fixed exchange rate whereas monetary expansion increases output under a floating exchange rate but does not affect output under a fixed exchange rate (Mankiw, 2019).

According to the Mundell-Fleming model (Romer, 2006) under a floating exchange rate system, fiscal expansion is ineffective in raising output and causes real appreciation whereas monetary expansion raises output and causes real depreciation. Applying an extended Mundell-Fleming model, this paper employs a simultaneous-equation model to test whether the predictions of the Mundell-Fleming model would apply to Mexico. The GARCH process is employed in empirical work. This study finds that fiscal expansion reduces output and causes real appreciation and that monetary expansion raises output and leads to real depreciation. In addition, a higher real interest rate reduces output and causes real appreciation, and a higher real stock price results in real appreciation. Therefore, except for the impact of fiscal expansion on output, the Mundell-Fleming model applies to Mexico.

Based on an extended IS-LM-AS model, this study finds that if the Argentine peso depreciates 1% versus the U.S. dollar, the consumer price in Argentina would increase by 0.2518%. In addition, more structural fiscal deficit as a percent of potential GDP, more M2 supply, a higher U.S. price level, and a higher expected price level would raise Argentina’s consumer price level. Therefore, partial exchange rate pass-through is confirmed for Argentina.

This article shows that there is no government debt threshold in Hungary and Slovakia and that the respective government debt thresholds in Czechia and Poland are estimated to be 27.51% and 46.86%, which are far smaller than the 90% threshold suggested by Reinhart and Rogoff. Hence, the Reinhart-Rogoff threshold is not applicable to Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia.

Based on an extended IS-LM model incorporating the exchange rate in the money demand function, this paper finds that fiscal expansion is related with a raise in real output and causes the Argentine peso to appreciate and that monetary expansion is related with a rise in real output and causes the Argentine peso to depreciate. Except for the prediction of the ineffectiveness of fiscal expansion on real output, other predictions of the Mundell-Fleming model are applicable to Argentina.

This paper finds that the threshold of the government debt ratio for China is 33.638%. A higher debt ratio would raise the growth rate if the debt ratio is up to 33.638% whereas a higher the debt ratio would reduce the growth rate if the debt ratio is greater than 33.638%. In addition, a higher ratio of employment change to GDP or a higher investment-to-GDP ratio raises the growth rate. Therefore, the debt threshold of 90% proposed by Reinhart and Rogoff does not apply to China.

Based on an extended IS-LM-AS model, this study finds that a 1% depreciation of the Malaysian ringgit tends to cause the CPI to rise by 0.1194%. Moreover, more M2 money supply, a lower government borrowing as a percent of GDP, a higher crude oil price, a higher U.S. CPI, and a higher expected consumer price index tend to raise Malaysia’s CPI. Therefore, exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to the consumer price in Malaysia is partial and incomplete.

This paper examines exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to the consumer price in Thailand based on a simultaneous-equation model consisting of the IS, LM and AS function. It employs comparative static analysis to determine the impact of a change in an exogenous variable on the equilibrium price level. The paper finds that a 1% depreciation of the Thai baht tends to cause the CPI to rise by 0.0696% and has declined since the adoption of inflation targeting in 2000. In addition, more money supply, more government deficit as a percent of GDP, a higher crude oil price, a higher U.S. CPI, and a higher expected price tends to raise Thailand’s CPI. The findings suggest that in addition to the exchange rate, other relevant variables such as fiscal policy, monetary policy, the crude oil price, U.S. price level and the expected price level are expected to impact the consumer price level.

Based on an extended production function, this paper finds that the turning point of the government debt ratio for Bulgaria is estimated to be 45.2631%, suggesting that an increase in the debt ratio beyond 45.2631% will cause the growth rate of real GDP to decline. This turning point for Bulgaria is far less than the 90% turning point proposed by Reinhart and Rogoff. Therefore, the Reinhart-Rogoff hypothesis does not apply to Bulgaria.

This paper employs an extended production function to examine the relationship between central government debt and economic growth in Italy. The results show that the threshold of the central government debt ratio for Italy is estimated to be 105.00%, which is greater than the 90% debt threshold proposed by Reinhart and Rogoff. Besides, a higher growth rate of labor employment or investment/GDP ratio would raise the growth rate. Hence, the debt threshold proposed by Reinhart-Rogoff underestimates the debt threshold for Italy. The finding suggests that the debt ratio of 131.09% in 2019 is well above the debt threshold and is likely to be unsustainable.

This paper finds that more internet users as a percentage of total population promote economic growth in Mexico and that the impact exhibited a nonlinear relation and was greater in the initial stage of Internet adoption. In addition, less government budget deficit as a percent of GDP, a higher real stock price, real peso appreciation, a higher real crude oil price or a lower expected inflation rate would enhance economic growth.

Extending the IS-MP-AS model, this article finds that real depreciation helped to raise real gross domestic product (GDP) during 1999.Q1-2010.Q2 whereas real appreciation helped to increase real GDP during 2010.Q3-2016.Q4. In addition, a lower world real interest rate, a higher stock price, a higher real oil price or a lower expected inflation would increase real GDP. More deficit spending as a percent of GDP does not affect real GDP.JEL Classification: F41, E62

This study attempts to determine whether the ranking of America’s top states for business by CNBC is correlated with state economic performance such as the unemployment rate, the growth rate of employment, and the growth rate of gross state product. Binary variables for the South and the West are also considered. The sample consists of 50 states in 2018. The results indicate that the ranking of America’s top states for business is correlated with each of these economic indicators. Regression analysis shows that the coefficient of the ranking in each of the three regressions is significant at the 1% level. A higher ranking for a state is associated with a lower unemployment rate, a higher growth rate of employment, and a higher growth rate of gross state product.

Applying an extended IS-MP-AS model (Romer, 2000, 2006), this paper finds that real appreciation of the Vietnamese dong raised aggregate output during 2000-2012 whereas real depreciation of the Vietnamese dong increased aggregate output during 2013-2017. In addition, aggregate output is positively affected by the government debt-to-GDP ratio, the real stock price, and the real oil price and negatively influenced by the world real interest rate and the expected inflation rate. Therefore, real depreciation may affect aggregate output positively or negatively depending upon the stage of economic development.

Applying an extended IS-MP-AS model (Romer, 2000), this paper finds that real GDP in China has a positive relationship with real depreciation during 1990-2005 and the real stock price and a negative relationship with real depreciation during 2006-2016, the lagged US real interest rate, the real oil price and the expected inflation rate. Therefore, during 1990-2005, the benefits of real depreciation such as more exports overwhelmed the costs of real depreciation such as higher import costs, higher inflation and less capital inflows whereas during 2006-2016, the benefits of real appreciation such as lower import costs, lower inflation, and more capital inflows dominated its negative effects such as less exports.

Purpose - This paper examines whether fiscal and monetary expansion would affect output in Australia. Research design, data, and methodology - An extended IS-LM model which describes the equilibrium in the goods market and the money market is applied. The real effective exchange rate and the real stock price are included in order to determine whether there may be any substitution or wealth effect. The sample consists of Annual data ranging from 1990 to 2018. The GARCH process is used in empirical work to correct for potential autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity. Results - Expansionary fiscal policy reduces output; whereas, expansionary monetary policy raises output. In addition, real appreciation of the Australian dollar, a lower U.S. interest rate, a higher real stock price or a lower expected inflation would increase output. The finding that expansionary fiscal policy has a negative impact on real GDP suggests that the negative crowding-out effect on private spending dominates the positive impact. Conclusions - Fiscal prudence needs to be pursued. Real depreciation of the Australian dollar hurts output. Monetary tightening in the U.S. generates a negative effect on Australia's output. A healthy stock market is conducive to economic growth as higher stock prices tend to result in the wealth and other positive effects, increasing consumption and business spending.

Applying an extended Mundell-Fleming Model to Australia, this paper finds that expansionary fiscal policy does not affect output whereas expansionary monetary policy raises output. In addition, a higher real stock price, a lower real oil price or a lower expected inflation rate would increase output. Hence, the predictions of the Mundell-Fleming model works for Australia’s economy.

Applying an extended IS-LM model to Poland, this paper finds that fiscal expansion does not raise output but causes real appreciation and that monetary expansion increases output and leads to real depreciation. Besides, a lower real interest rate, a higher real stock price or a lower expected inflation rate helps raise output; and a higher real interest rate, a higher real stock price or a lower expected inflation rate results in real appreciation. Hence, the predictions of the Mundell- Fleming model are applicable to Poland.