Background Sacroiliac Joint dysfunction is a significant pain generator (>25%) in Lower Back Pain patients; however, differential diagnosis and treatment in these patients can be challenging for pain physicians. Understanding its complex anatomy, function, and possible primary and secondary pain etiologies is essential to formulate appropriate diagnostic workup and treatment options for SI joint disorders. Objective To report a concise narrative review of the Sacroiliac Joint anatomy, function, and injury mechanisms, along with an overview of its painful dysfunction diagnosis workup and potential treatments. Methods A concise summary of the current literature relevant to Sacroiliac Joint dysfunction, putting previous research and findings in context and presenting recent developments in a critical and focused manner. Results and Conclusion Sacroiliac Joint dysfunction diagnosis is challenging given its complex anatomy, physiology, and variable mechanisms of injury and pain presentation features. According to the underlying etiopathogenesis, SIJ dysfunction chronic pain may be secondary or primary (arising or not from an underlying classified disease, respectively). The clinical implications of this review are (a) for the diagnosis workup, a combination of history, physical examination, specific provocative tests, articular and periarticular block, and appropriate imaging is imperative; (b) treatment may include conservative management, therapeutic blocks (intra- and periarticular) with local anesthetics and corticosteroids, neuro ablation (Crio or Radio Frequency techniques), and surgery for patients unresponsive to therapies.
Introduction Pain is a prevalent issue across various medical conditions, and numerous methods have been employed to manage it. In developed countries, cancer ranks as the second leading cause of mortality after cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of hypnotherapy, relaxation therapy, and Music Therapy (MT) with control groups in alleviating pain in children with cancer. Methods The research involved a single-blind clinical trial with a study population comprising children diagnosed with an abdominal mass and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Fifty-eight patients were selected through blocked randomization. Data were collected through a demographic checklist and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to measure pain intensity. Data analysis was carried out using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS version 22 to compare mean pain intensity among the study groups. Results A total of 58 patients, with an average age of 9.28±4.02 years, participated in the study. Significant differences were observed between the hypnotherapy group and the other study groups (F=14.51; P≤0.001), as well as between the MT group and the other study groups (F=12.81; P≤0.001). Moreover, significant differences were found in terms of time between the relaxation therapy group and the other study groups (F=8.46; P≤0.001) and between the control group and the other groups (F=5.506; P≤0.001). Conclusion Based on the findings, relaxation therapy, hypnotherapy, and Music Therapy (MT) have shown significant effectiveness in alleviating pain in cancer patients during their treatment. Clinical Trial Registration No Trial registration Clinical trial. gov Identifier: IRCTID website (code: IRCT20120905010744N2; http://irct.ir).
Aim This study aimed to explore how machine learning algorithms can enhance medical diagnostics through the analysis of illness imagery and patient data, assessing their effectiveness and potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and early disease detection. Background This study highlights the critical role of machine learning in healthcare, particularly in medical diagnostics. By leveraging advanced algorithms to analyse medical data and images, machine learning enhances disease detection and diagnosis, contributing significantly to improved patient outcomes and the advancement of precision medicine. Objective The objective of this study was to thoroughly analyse and evaluate the efficacy of machine learning algorithms in medical diagnostics, focusing on their application in interpreting illness images and patient data. The goal was to ascertain the algorithms' accuracy in disease diagnosis and prognosis, aiming to demonstrate their potential in revolutionizing healthcare through improved diagnostic precision and early disease detection. Methods A systematic approach has been used in this study to evaluate machine learning algorithms' effectiveness in diagnosing diseases from medical images and data. It involved selecting pertinent datasets, applying and comparing models, like SVM and K-nearest neighbors, and assessing their diagnostic accuracy and performance, aiming to identify the most effective methodologies in medical diagnostics. Results The results have highlighted the varying accuracy of machine learning algorithms in medical diagnostics, with a focus on the performance of models, such as SVM and K-nearest neighbors. A comparative analysis has illustrated the differential effectiveness of these algorithms across various diseases and datasets, underscoring their potential to enhance healthcare diagnostics. Conclusion The study has concluded that machine learning algorithms have significantly improved medical diagnostics, offering varied effectiveness across different conditions. Their potential to revolutionize healthcare is evident, with enhanced diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Ongoing research and clinical application are essential to harness these technologies' full benefits.
Background: Pain is one of the most common symptoms experienced by over two-thirds of patients globally. It was estimated that one out of every five adults experiences severe pain, while one out of every 10 adults is diagnosed annually with chronic pain. Objective: The study determined the effectiveness of a nurse-led pain intervention strategy among nurses in two selected hospitals in Kwara State, Nigeria. Methods: The study utilized a pre-and post-test non-randomized quasi-experimental research design consisting of two groups, with both groups receiving the intervention and a comparison made to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 121 participants. Data was obtained using an adapted questionnaire, while descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Generally, the study findings revealed significantly lower knowledge scores among the participants before the intervention compared to those after the intervention. This observation was irrespective of the two hospitals (p= 0.000). Among the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants in Hospital A, only gender was observed to be significantly associated (X2= 6.022, p= 0.014) with knowledge level before intervention. Attitude and pain management practice was good in the two hospitals in both the pre-and post-tests. Conclusion: Therefore, all healthcare institutions should observe regular training and seminars on pain assessment and management to improve patient care and ensure optimal pain management outcomes.
Background: Effective pain management is a critical aspect of nursing care, and technological advancements have the potential to improve nurses' competency in assessing, monitoring, and intervening as a strategy for improved patients' pain experiences and outcomes. Objective: This review aimed to explore various technologies employed in pain management, their implications on nurses' competencies, and the challenges and benefits associated with their implementation. Methods: Using keywords from relevant studies, we searched the following electronic databases for pertinent literature and freely accessible full text: PubMed, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. Results: Findings from the literature provide valuable insights into the various technologies employed by nurses to assess pain, such as wearable technology, virtual reality, mobile applications, and telehealth platforms, that give nurses a chance to develop their expertise in pain management, put evidence-based interventions into practice, and track patient response to care. Additionally, the benefits of implementing technology applications in pain management, including its ability to broaden nurses’ knowledge, hone their decision-making skills, and customize patient care with the use of simulation platforms and remote monitoring tools, were identified. Furthermore, issues like technological literacy, time restraints, privacy concerns, and ethical considerations need to be addressed for the effective incorporation of technology into pain management procedures. Conclusion: To improve patient care and outcomes, nurses can use technology to improve their pain management skills by recognizing the possible benefits and resolving related problems. Conclusively, areas for future research and development and implications to nursing practice, education, and research were outlined.
Background: The PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome comprises a group of rare conditions caused by germline mutations of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (Phosphatase and TENsin homolog deleted on chromosome 10). They include Cowden syndrome, Lhermitte-Duclos disease, and Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome, but it appears likely that these conditions represent the spectrum of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, in which penetrance and clinical variability play significant roles. The clinical features of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome vary between individuals and can appear at any age. They include an increased risk for certain types of cancers and benign tumors, as well as tumor-like malformations (hamartomas) and neurodevelopmental disorders. Case Presentation: We report the case of an adolescent male with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome who developed severe chronic pain in the context of multiple arteriovenous malformations of the left lower limb. He successfully underwent hindquarter amputation to manage a nonhealing ulcer, recurrent episodes of life-threatening hemorrhage, and escalating analgesic requirements. He had a remarkable recovery with neither pain nor phantom sensory issues and significant improvement in his quality of life. Conclusion: Despite chronic preoperative pain, the radical surgery in this patient with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome resulted in an improved quality of life and virtually no long-term pain or analgesia requirements.
Background: Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) is a known condition with severe morbidity. Usually described as pain that either does not improve or worsen after back surgery. Although many possible causes leading back pain to persist after surgery were described, the exact pathology remains not elucidated and the management could be very challenging. Objectives: This review aims to discuss different causes of this syndrome besides the different current therapeutic approaches. Conclusion: A good assessment of the clinical presentation based on the history of pain and physical examination in addition to the MRI input, help to detect the cause of the persistent pain. The therapeutic options are wide, from pharmacological to interventional methods. Nevertheless, a multidisciplinary approach is frequently needed to treat FBSS patients.
Background: Persistent low back pain (LBP) postpartum is a known phenomenon; however, the prevalence and characteristics thereof were unknown in South Africa. Objectives: This study determined the point prevalence and characteristics of women with persistent LBP postpartum. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative design was used. Women over 18 years who gave birth more than six weeks prior to the study were included. Data were collected for both groups through physical measurements and questionnaires. Descriptive, correlational, and non-parametric statistical analysis was conducted. Results: 50 women participated in the study, and 22 (44%) presented with persistent LBP postpartum. The group with LBP experienced a higher level of disability (54.5% - moderate disability and 4.5% - severe disability) compared to the pain-free group. Postnatal depression was indicated in 40.9% of the LBP group and was statistically significantly and moderately positively associated with the presence of LBP (p=0.000; r=0.53). Regarding activity and participation levels, 59.1% of females with LBP postpartum had a moderate risk for chronicity, and 13.6% had a high risk. The LBP pain group differed significantly in terms of participation in physical activity (p=0.000) compared to the pain-free group. Conclusion: The results indicated a high point prevalence of LBP six or more weeks postpartum (44%). On impairment level, disability and postnatal depression experienced by women with LBP postpartum differed from the pain-free group. Participants who were pain-free were much more physically active than participants with LBP. The results from the study implied low levels of physical activity in the presence of LBP.
Ligamentous knee joint instability and other conditions associated with knee dysfunction are common musculoskeletal complaints that affect a large percentage of the global population. A healthy knee has normal joint mechanics and can maintain its stability as it responds to the forces placed upon it. Once undue forces, whether from injury, wear and tear, or overuse, cause the soft tissue structures of the knee to stretch beyond their normal range of motion, they can become lax, elongated, damaged, or torn, especially the ligaments. This condition, known as ligamentous knee instability, causes destructive joint forces to occur, which results in the development of other pathophysiologic conditions related to knee dysfunction, including osteoarthritis, patellar pain syndromes, tendinopathies, meniscus tears, and osteochondral defects. Traditional treatments address the consequences of joint instability, such as synovitis and joint swelling, but do not address the underlying ligament and/or disease that led to the joint instability. Prolotherapy promotes the repair of injured or degenerated tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and menisci, by stimulating the physiological healing process of the joint. This process corrects the underlying joint instability, reduces associated pain, improves knee function, and has the potential to slow the degenerative process.
Background: Stress is an important psychological concept that can affect health, well-being, and job performance in negative dimensions. Objective: This study investigates stress levels and coping strategies among nurses in selected hospitals in North Central Nigeria. Methods: The study employed a multistage sample technique method. The study design was descriptive and cross-sectional, using a quantitative strategy. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential study statistics. Results: Finding shows that the minimum age of the participants was 21–30 years, 87% were female, while 41.1% had 1-5 years of working experience. The study revealed that the highest signs and symptoms of stress experienced by the participants included aches and pain (57.5%) and anxiousness (52.5%). The participants experienced moderate stress. The findings revealed that years of experience (r= 0.631, p= 0.000) were observed to be significantly associated with signs and symptoms of stress. The results showed that age (r= -0.243, p= 0.045), religion (r= 0.165, p= 0.032), and experience of memory problems (r= 0.227, p= 0.003) were observed to show significant association with coping strategies. Conclusion: Hence, a conducive work environment should be maintained to promote effective nursing care, while periodic stress assessments and management should be implemented by hospital administrators to aid positive coping strategies among nurses.
Introduction: Measuring pain and pain relief are the primary concerns in pain management. Sample size estimation in pain management with non-inferiority (NI) study design and assessment of specific-NI margin endpoints may be challenging as pain and its improvement are measured and reported on different endpoints. Methods: Multiple endpoints were reported frequently to measure pain and pain improvement. The sum of pain intensity difference (SPID[0-t]) at a specific time is the recommended endpoint for the measurement of pain by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Statistical information on SPID and other endpoints reported in multiple works in the literature (preferably from placebo-controlled trials) was collected and compared to identify a suitable NI margin. A difference of 20% was considered the default NI margin for evaluation, and the sample size was calculated for each endpoint. Results: The sample size based on the FDA-recommended primary endpoint SPID was found to be larger. This may be a concern for overall clinical operation and the availability of patients for recruitment in time. The sample size obtained for the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) endpoint was feasible and justifiable from an operational and clinical standpoint. Conclusion: Evaluation and assessment of multiple endpoints before designing an NI study enable rapid decision-making on endpoint selection and increase operational efficiency.
Objective: Sevoflurane, a volatile inhaled anesthetic, is used clinically for general anesthesia in humans. However, the mechanism of action of sevoflurane is not fully understood. We used transcranial flavoprotein fluorescence imaging to visualize somatic sensory cortex responses to noxious stimuli in mice without and with sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia at different concentrations to investigate sevoflurane effects in mice. Methods: A bipolar stimulating electrode was inserted into the left buccal region of the mouse, and changes in flavoprotein fluorescence intensity in the right somatic sensory cortex were recorded before and after electrical stimulation. Measurements were taken while the mouse was awake, at four levels of sevoflurane concentration (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%; 5 min each), and at 10, 20, and 30 min after the end of sevoflurane inhalation. Results: During the awake period, flavoprotein fluorescence intensities in the right sensory cortex decreased after the onset of electrical stimulation, but after 0.9 s, the fluorescence intensity began to increase, reaching a peak value at 2.1 s. This biphasic response significantly decreased at 0.5% sevoflurane and completely disappeared at sevoflurane concentrations above 1.5%, and restored 10 min after cessation of the sevoflurane inhalation. Furthermore, low concentrations of sevoflurane had little effect on the reduction of receptive fields or the conduction of excitation. Conclusion: We conclude that low concentrations of sevoflurane have little effect on the reduction of receptive fields or the conduction of excitation, and that sevoflurane concentrations above 1.5% completely abolish the sensory cortex response elicited by noxious stimulation.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the pain experienced by patients with CIRD and to analyze the associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst patients with rheumatic diseases using a questionnaire providing information on patients and disease characteristics. Patients were asked to assess the level of pain they had experienced before and during the pandemic, using a single Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (greatest pain). Statistical Analysis System IBM SPSS Statistics V20.0.0 was used to analyze the study data. We performed univariate multivariate analysis to search for any related factors to pain perception during the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative values were analyzed by the chi2 test. Quantitative values were analyzed by the Student test when the measures were normally distributed or by nonparametric tests (Mann–Whitney U) when the measures were not normally distributed (the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to test normality). Results: Amongst the 350 patients who answered the questionnaire online, rheumatoid arthritis represented 62.3%, spondyloarthropathy 34.3%, and undifferentiated CIRD 3.4%. CIRD-related pain was reported by 79.1% of the patients The level of pain, using the VAS of Pain, increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic (4,6 ± 2,8 and 5,4 ± 3 before and during the pandemic; p<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the factors causing the pain were: the negative impact of the coronavirus on accessing rheumatology care, the discontinuation of treatment, the disturbed sleep, and the negative psychological impact. Conclusion: This survey showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had increased CIRD-related pain in patients. Factors influencing this pain should be considered to help patients cope with their chronic rheumatism in this global health crisis.
Aim: This study aimed to compare the outcome of multimodal analgesia using transversus abdominis plane block combined with ketorolac and multimodal analgesia oral paracetamol combined with ketorolac in postoperative pain after cesarean section. Background: Post-caesarean section pain resulted in prolonged recovery time, inhibited early breastfeeding initiation, and prolonged hospitalization. Multimodal analgesia is an important component of post-cesarean section pain management but has not been established in many Indonesian hospitals. Methods: This study was a retrospective, observational analytic study on 46 patients who received low-dose sub-arachnoid block anesthesia. A total of 24 subjects received bilateral transversus abdominis plane block employing ultrasonography-guided lateral approach, with Ropivacaine 0.25% in a total volume of 30cc combined with intravenous ketorolac 30 mg/8 h (Group B). A total of 22 subjects received oral paracetamol 500 mg/6 h combined with intravenous ketorolac 30 mg/8 h (Group A). Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), length of hospitalization, and mobilization time were analyzed using the T-test at a significance level of p<0.05 (confidence interval of 95%). Results: The NRS and mean time to start mobilization of patients who received transversus abdominis plane block combined with ketorolac were significantly better than patients who received paracetamol combined with ketorolac (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the length of hospitalization between the two techniques (p>0.05). Both modalities resulted in improvement in pain intensity over the mild pain range. Conclusion: Multimodal analgesia transversus abdominis plane block combined with ketorolac is superior to paracetamol combined with ketorolac for postoperative pain management after cesarean section.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of acute postoperative pain after emergency abdominal surgery in the first 24 postoperative hours among adult patients. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on adult patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from March 1 to May 30, 2020. Data were collected by delivering questionnaires through interviews and reviewing the patients’ charts. Data were entered into Epi Info software, version 7.2, and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Logistic regression was applied to point out independent risk factors for postoperative acute pain. Variables with a p-value of < 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: 165 patients participated in the study with a response rate of 98.2%. Among these, 75.8% [95% CI: (69.8%, 82.3%)] of patients experienced moderate to severe acute postoperative pain. Female gender [AOR:3.9, 95%CI: (1.22,12.5)], preoperative anxiety[AOR:4.4,95%CI:(1.74,11.1)],moderate to severe preoperative pain[AOR:5.79,95%CI:(2.08,16.1)], and incision length ≥10cms [AOR: 4.86, 95%(CI:1.88,12.5)], were significantly associated with moderate to severe acute postoperative pain. Conclusions and Recommendations: The prevalence of immediate postoperative pain following emergency abdominal surgery was found to be high in this study. Acute postoperative pain was substantially linked to the female sex, preoperative anxiety, preoperative pain, and an incision length of ≥10 cm. The prevalence of moderate-to-severe acute postoperative pain as well as the factors that contribute to it can be used to develop particular preventive strategies to reduce patient suffering.
Background: Pain from complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is frequently refractory to various treatment methods. Here, we present a case wherein foot pain from CRPS I was managed by applying an insole made from poron (a soft polyurethane foam and highly absorbent material for shock reduction), a sponge upper padding, and a post-operative shoe. Case Presentation: A 47-year-old female patient with CRPS I on her left foot complained of pain for a few months, which was aggravated while standing and walking [numeric rating scale (NRS): 8]. She had a history of a linear fracture in the distal portion of the left 1st metatarsal bone 5 months ago, and the pain from CRPS started 2 months after the fracture. We believed that the aggravated pain during standing and walking was allodynia. We utilized a poron insole, a sponge upper padding, and a post-operative shoe to reduce the pressure and friction loading on her left foot. 1 month after this intervention, the patients’ pain during standing and walking was found to have reduced from NRS 8 to NRS 3. At her 3- and 6-month follow-ups, the degree of pain was sustained at NRS 3. Conclusion: We believe that the reduction of allodynia using materials, which can absorb mechanical pressure and friction of the foot, can help manage pain from CRPS.
Background: Chronic Pain (CP) is a crucial determinant for disability in older adults. CP amplifies the impact of other common age-related diseases and increases cardiovascular risk. Physical exercise can improve CP. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) with high-intensity exercise in older adults excluded people with Moderate Chronic Illness (MCI) and CP. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating in an RCT whether moderate exercise training can improve chronic pain in a sample of older adults, including people with MCI, and if any modification persists over time. Methods: A sample of 120 older adults was randomly selected for a moderate-intensity exercise program or cultural activities (control group). Chronic pain was assessed at t0, at t12 (end of the trial), and t48 weeks, by means of the Italian version of the SIP-Roland Scale. Results: Seventy-nine participants completed the follow-up (age 72.3±4.7, women 55.3%). At the end of RCT, an improvement in the SIP scale score was found in the exercise group (p=0.035), showing a lower score than the control group; this difference was not maintained at 48 weeks (p=0.235). Conclusion: Our study highlighted that a moderate-intensity exercise intervention reduced chronic pain in older adults, but this effect disappeared at follow-up after 36 weeks from the end of the training program. These findings suggested that such kinds of programs, easily accessible to old people even with MCI, should be implemented and supported over time, thus promoting active aging and preventing CP of age-related diseases. Clinical Trial Registration: Clinical.Trials.gov.NCT03858114
Background: Effective postoperative multimodal analgesia facilitates early physical rehabilitation to maximize the postoperative range of motion and prevent joint adhesions following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Adductor canal block has been reported as a supplement to multimodal analgesia protocols in patients undergoing TKA. The use of ultrasound (US) guidance has improved the success rates of the blocks compared with blind approaches. Case Presentation: This report described two elderly patients undergoing TKA with ACB as postoperative pain management, resulting in adequate pain control during the postoperative period. Conclusion: Adductor canal block can be used to optimize multimodal analgesia by reducing opioid requirements and enhancing recovery after TKA.
Introduction: Pain self-report is the gold standard of pain assessment. Mechanically ventilated patients cannot self-report the pain due to the presence of a tracheal tube and changes in the level of consciousness caused by sedation, exposing them to the risk of inadequate pain management that leads to psychological and physiological consequences. This study aimed to present a review of the published evidence and studies concerning the scales used in pain assessment in mechanically ventilated patients according to their psychometric characteristics and application in the nursing practice. Methods: We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. National and international journals in such databases as Science Direct, PubMed, EMBASE, Pro Quest Central, Web of Science, SID, and Magiran were searched using Persian and English keywords, and retrieved articles were included in this review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: 22 articles were included in this review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to the research objectives, findings were extracted from selected articles and reviewed in two sections: 1] validity and reliability, and 2] clinical application. Conclusion: Scales of CPOT and BPS are superior to NVPS, and a combination of BPS and CPOT improves the pain detection accuracy, and vital symptoms should be used cautiously for pain assessment along with objective measures due to poor evidence. Moreover, rapid and effective pain relief plays an important role in the improvement of psychological and physiological consequences.
Background: Celecoxib is widely used in post-operative cases because of its ability to reduce postoperative opioid drug use. Currently, the use of this drug is common in post-operative cases. In various studies, pregabalin was used for the management of pain after spinal surgery to reduce the need for opioids. Objectives: Since the treatment of tibia fractures and surgery is painful and has a long-term recovery, this study aimed to compare the effect of two drugs (pregabalin and celecoxib) on pain severity at 24 h postoperatively in patients having tibia fracture surgery. This would mark significant progress in taking the proper drug. Methods: In this probability clinical experiment, the sample consisted of 50 patients scheduled for tibia fractures, who were selected from the table of random numbers. Then, the patients were assigned into two groups: celecoxib (Group C) and pregabalin (Group P). In the first group, celecoxib was administered to patients at 1 h pre-operatively at a dose of 200 mg and 1 h post-operatively at a dose of 200 mg. In the second treatment group, patients received pregabalin at 1 h pre-operatively at a dose of 200 mg and 1 h post-operatively at a dose of 200 mg orally. Then VAS (visual analog scale) scores were recorded at 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery. Finally, using SPSS software, qualitative variables were compared according to their percentage by the Chi-square test. For quantitative analysis of variables, the mean value of each group was calculated. The comparison of means was made by t-test. Results: The VAS score was considerably lower at 24 hours after surgery in the pregabalin group than in the celecoxib-treated group. However, after 6 and 12 h of surgery, no statistically meaningful difference was observed. A less analgesic effect was observed in the group treated with celecoxib than pregabalin, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Pregabalin improves postoperative pain, and it has more analgesic effects than celecoxib.
