Cet article analyse les effets macroéconomiques et distributifs des transferts de revenus dans les quatre départements et régions d’outre-mer historiques (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Réunion) et en France hexagonale, à l’aide de multiplicateurs issus de Matrices de Comptabilité Sociale désagrégées par quintile de niveau de vie. Nos résultats montrent que les transferts ciblant les ménages les plus modestes (Q1) sont macroéconomiquement les plus efficaces pour stimuler la production locale, en raison de leur forte propension à consommer et de leur plus faible propension à importer. Cependant, l’analyse de la matrice des multiplicateurs inter-ménages révèle un puissant effet de « ruissellement vers le haut » : la consommation des plus pauvres, en stimulant l’appareil productif, génère des revenus du capital et des hauts salaires qui sont mécaniquement captés par les ménages les plus riches (Q5). Dans certains DROM, un transfert de 1€ au quintile le plus pauvre génère, in fine , plus de 1€ de revenu supplémentaire pour le quintile le plus riche. Ce paradoxe résulte de la concentration extrême des revenus primaires au sommet de la distribution, héritée de l’histoire économique de ces territoires. Ces résultats soulignent les limites des politiques de transferts monétaires conduites isolément et plaident pour des réformes structurelles visant une meilleure répartition de la valeur ajoutée.
A la fin de la Seconde guerre mondiale, Pierre Mendès France, alors ministre de l’Économie, a soutenu un projet de réforme monétaire pour faire face à l’augmentation considérable de la masse monétaire durant la guerre. Ce projet aurait consisté en la suppression d’une partie de la masse monétaire, à l’occasion d’un échange obligatoire de tous les billets de banque. Cette mesure radicale, qui avait pour but de lutter contre l’inflation, a donné lieu à une controverse avec René Pleven, ministre des Finances. Cette controverse constitue un terrain favorable pour étudier la pensée monétaire des économistes français, qui prennent position sur cette réforme. Dans cet article, nous montrons que le débat Mendès France – Pleven peut être étudié à partir d’une théorie originale d’Albert Aftalion : la théorie du revenu, pensée comme une alternative à la théorie quantitative de la monnaie. Nous montrons que cette théorie est largement utilisée par les économistes français, mais que l’interprétation divergente des écrits d’Aftalion a poussé ceux-ci à se diviser sur la pertinence du plan Mendès France.
En se basant sur la notion d’incohérence temporelle (Kydland et Prescott [1977]), cet article introduit la notion de décohérence temporelle et l’applique au contrôle des concentrations. Nous montrons que le choix de la délégation de la politique de concurrence ne permet pas de solutionner la tension entre flexibilité et crédibilité. En effet, la crédibilité de l’institution s’accompagne d’un risque d’inadéquation entre ses moyens et l’évolution des pratiques des entreprises. Dans le cas du contrôle des concentrations de l’Union européenne, cette situation peut remettre en question son efficacité dans des domaines ou des secteurs qui génèrent cette décohérence.
At the end of the Second World War, Pierre Mend & egrave;s France, then Minister of the Economy, supported a monetary reform intended to address the considerable increase in the money supply during the war. The plan consisted of eliminating part of the money supply through a compulsory exchange of all banknotes. This radical measure, aimed at combating inflation, sparked a controversy with Ren & eacute; Pleven, Minister of Finance. This controversy provides a fruitful framework for examining the monetary thinking of French economists, who took stances on the proposed reform. In this article, we show that the Mend & egrave;s France-Pleven debate can be analyzed through the lens of an original theory developed by Albert Aftalion: the income theory, conceived as an alternative to the quantity theory of money. We demonstrate that this theory was widely employed by French economists, but that divergent interpretations of Aftalion's writings led them to disagree over the relevance of the Mend & egrave;s France plan.
Based on the notion of temporal inconsistency (Kydland and Prescott [1977]), this article introduces the notion of temporal decoherence. Our objective is to show that this concept can be applied to merger control. In particular, we show that the choice of delegating competition policy does not resolve the tension between flexibility and credibility. Indeed, the credibility of the institution is accompanied by a risk of inadequacy between its means and the evolution of business practices. In the case of European Union merger control, this situation can then call into question its efficiency in areas or sectors that have caused this decoherence.
This paper analyses the macroeconomic and distributional effects of income transfers in the four historical French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, R & eacute;union) and mainland France, using multipliers derived from Social Accounting Matrices disaggregated by income quintile. Our results show that transfers targeting the poorest households (Q1) are the most macroeconomically effective in stimulating local production, owing to their high propensity to consume and lower propensity to import. However, the analysis of the inter-household multiplier matrix reveals powerful "trickle-up" effect: the consumption of the poorest households, by stimulating the productive apparatus, generates capital income and high wages that are mechanically captured by the wealthiest households (Q5). In some overseas departments, a & euro;1 transfer to the poorest quintile ultimately generates more than & euro;1 in additional income for the richest quintile. This paradox stems from the extreme concentration of primary income at the top of the distribution, inherited from the economic history of these territories. These findings highlight the limitations of cash transfer policies conducted in isolation and call for structural reforms aimed at a more equitable distribution of value added.
Is it possible to reconcile morality and rational behavior in economics? One interesting approach is to postulate that individuals are endowed with "axiological" rationality and not just "instrumental" rationality. The purpose of this article is to identify the main models in contemporary economic literature that seek to answer this delicate question in the affirmative by referring explicitly or implicitly to this concept. The article divides this literature into two sections: one covers models that treat morality as a normative concern (normative economics perspective), while the other covers models that treat morality as a social fact (positive economics perspective). The strengths and weaknesses of these alternative models are evaluated in the light of their respective ambitions.
This article examines Alexander Bogdanov's contribution to organizational thought and economic planning through his presentation at a Moscow conference in 1921. Bogdanov, author of Tektology, advocates for a general science of organization aimed at systematizing humanity's accumulated organizational knowledge. He argues that organization is universal and that its absence leads to social disintegration. In the text translated here for the first time into French, Bogdanov sets out the fundamental principles for scientific economic planning: (1) a logic of interlinked production branches involving multidirectional interdependencies; (2) a principle of proportionality ensuring balance among sectors; (3) the law of the minimum, whereby overall growth depends on the weakest link; and (4) the outline of a matrix-based calculation to determine optimal proportions. These ideas anticipate the input-output matrices later developed by Leontief. While direct influence seems unlikely, Bogdanov's concepts circulated in Soviet literature and informed methodological debates familiar to Leontief. Finally, Bogdanov's approach in this text is noteworthy for opening perspectives on contemporary ecological planning, aimed at stabilizing the economy-nature metabolism.
A manuscript by Charles Richard de Butre relating to his Four-Column Tableau Economique is presented and explained. It contains two Four-Column Tableaux, which provide a more complete picture of the economy than that of Fran & ccedil;ois Quesnay. This more complete analysis takes into account the expenditures of the sterile class on the purchase of industrial products. In the first Four-Column Tableau, the wages of the sterile class cost the other two classes 100%, while in the second they cost 200%. For Butre, the sterile sector has a greater or lesser impact on the productive sector. The Four-Column Tableau then allows for a detailed analysis of the impact of indirect taxes on the economy and an assessment of the effects of their abolition. Comparisons are made with the treatment of indirect taxes by Quesnay and Turgot. Butre's fiscal analysis appears superior to that of the two previous authors.
This study analyzes the tariff ratio between the public and private hospital sectors in France and its evolution from 2009 to 2022. Within a regulatory framework in which hospital stays are fully bundled in the public sector but remunerated through a mixed system in the private sector (bundled payment plus fee-for-service via the CCAM), the study examines how public authorities arbitrate between these two financing models. An analysis of tariff data reveals remarkable stability in the sectoral ratio, with private-sector bundled payments accounting for an average of 50% of those in the public sector. This stability holds across all types of care (medical, surgical, obstetric, and outpatient). When considering the composition of hospital activity and the degree of specialization of institutions, the tariff ratio does vary, albeit slightly: the lower the level of sectoral differentiation, the more pronounced the stability. These findings suggest that this difference should be viewed as an institutionalized equilibrium in hospital financing.
This article analyzes the effect of economic diplomacy on the allocation of official development assistance (ODA) from G7 countries to African countries. Using a gravity model over the period 2005-2019, the results show that economic diplomacy increases the volume of development aid received by an average of 50.3%. When accounting for specific instruments of economic diplomacy, embassies are found to have stronger effects than consulates. In addition, diplomatic representations with a specific focus attract more development aid than those with multiple focuses. The results are robust to aid typology, sample distribution by geographical region of the beneficiary countries and income level, alternative estimators, and the individual consideration of G7 countries (donors). Based on these findings, African countries should further expand their diplomatic networks, particularly embassies in G7 countries, in order to attract a larger share of ODA, which is necessary to achieve their development objectives.
Cet article analyse les processus de sélection des élèves de Sciences Po durant le concours externe de l’Éna. A partir d’une base de données originale, nous montrons que la part des femmes se réduit à chaque étape : elles sont sous-représentées en année préparatoire relativement à leur part dans la population étudiante de Sciences Po ; parmi les préparationnaires, elles sont moins enclines que les hommes à s’inscrire au concours de l’Éna ; elles sont davantage éliminées à l’étape d’admissibilité et sont finalement moins nombreuses parmi les admis. Cet effet de déperdition est plus marqué pour les femmes d’origine sociale modeste. A cela s’ajoute un effet performance au moment des épreuves écrites anonymes d’admissibilité : en tenant compte notamment du niveau atteint au terme de l’année préparatoire, les femmes d’origine sociale modeste réussissent moins bien ces épreuves que les autres catégories sociales et sont moins souvent admissibles. Ainsi, l’anonymat d’un concours ne suffit pas toujours à garantir l’égalité des chances. Ces résultats montrent également que le manque de diversité dans la très haute fonction publique ne peut se comprendre qu’en prenant en compte l’effet croisé du genre et de l’origine sociale.
Face au choc économique engendré par la crise sanitaire, de nombreuses entreprises ont adopté des outils numériques. Cet article examine dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière une connexion de qualité et un usage plus avancé d’outils numériques ont contribué à renforcer la résilience économique des entreprises françaises face à cette crise. L’analyse repose sur l’enquête mensuelle Acemo-Covid (Dares), qui renseigne sur la situation économique des entreprises entre mars 2020 et décembre 2021. Celle-ci est appariée avec des données sur la disponibilité de fibre optique à l’adresse (Arcep) et avec l’enquête TIC-Entreprises (Insee) sur les usages numériques des entreprises. En adoptant une méthode d’appariement exact, l’analyse montre que la numérisation a renforcé la capacité des entreprises à surmonter les difficultés économiques liées à la crise sanitaire. Si l’effet est globalement positif, il est particulièrement prononcé pour les entreprises récemment créées. L’analyse révèle également que la numérisation a soutenu les entreprises notamment en atténuant l’effet du choc de demande et en facilitant la gestion des contraintes sanitaires.
In response to the economic shock caused by the health crisis, many businesses adopted digital tools. This article examines whether high-quality connectivity and advanced use of digital technologies strengthened the economic resilience of French businesses during the crisis. The analysis draws on the monthly Acemo-Covid survey (Dares), which provides data on the economic situation of businesses from March 2020 to December 2021. This survey is combined with data on optical fiber availability at business locations (Arcep) and the TIC-Entreprises Survey (Insee) on digital usage. Using an exact matching approach, the analysis demonstrates that digitalization enhanced businesses' ability to overcome the economic difficulties of the health crisis. While the overall effect is positive, it is particularly pronounced for newly established businesses. The study also highlights how digitalization supported businesses by mitigating the impact of demand shocks and facilitating the management of health-related constraints.
We define mission creep as implying two different sort of processes. In the first ones, the central bank intervenes in fields it does not statutorily have to be present in. The second sort of processes diverts the central bank's policies from its statutory missions. We review how central banks missions, especially those of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Federal Reserve System (Fed), have evolved since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and conclude that the reality of mission creep so far appears limited.
This article examines the selection processes for Sciences Po students in the ENA external entrance examination. Using an original database, we show that the proportion of women decreases at each stage: they are underrepresented in the preparatory year relative to their share in the Sciences Po student body; among preparatory students, they are less likely than men to register for the ENA exam; they face higher elimination rates at the eligibility stage and are ultimately fewer among admitted candidates. This attrition effect is particularly pronounced for women from modest social backgrounds. Moreover, a performance gap emerges in the anonymous written eligibility exams: accounting for the level reached at the end of the preparatory year, women from modest social backgrounds perform worse than peers from other social categories and are less frequently deemed eligible. These findings indicate that exam anonymity alone does not guarantee equal opportunities and highlight that the lack diversity in the senior civil service can only be understood by considering the intersection of gender and social origin.
