The Thailand prison system has contemplated implementation of a new sentence plan to rehabilitate the prison inmates, mainly reoffenders and those showing good conduct, through its correctional agencies. The current study aimed to find out factors that led to the development of this sentence plan, and whether the guidelines of this sentence plan need any improvements. The research was carried out with a sample of 25 key informants comprising police officers, correctional officers, and probation officers. The data was collected through questionnaires, indepth interviews and focus group discussion. This research applied the principles of Rehabilitation Theory and Protection of Society Theory, to investigate the guidelines underneath the Thai laws including Corrections Act 2017. The findings revealed that the implementation of the new sentence plan in Thailand prison system requires providing training and knowledge to officers involved in the sentence plan implementation, developing appropriate rehabilitation programs as per the categories of the prisoners and offenders, applying technology in the prison system, and requesting cooperation from agencies involved in the justice system. This research also advanced a few recommendations to improve the guidelines of the sentence plan and enhance the knowledge and operational skills of officers.
The current study explored the independent and joint effects of race, gender, and age on federal sentencing outcomes to identify if non-legal factors-individually or in combination- influence sentencing decisions at the federal level. Logistic regression analysis was conducted on the 2018-2019 Monitoring of Federal Criminal Sentences data (n = 76,119) collected by the United States Sentencing Commission to explore the independent and joint effects of race, gender, and age on sentencing outcomes. Due to the nuances of judicial discretionary decision-making, the non-legal factors that can influence sentencing outcomes must be studied both independently and jointly. Controlling for offense type, prior criminal history, method of conviction, U.S. citizenship, and educational attainment levels, results show that the individual effects of being male, younger, and non-White made it more likely to be sentenced to prison over probation. Additionally, results show that the joint effects of race, age, and gender resulted in young non-White males and older non-White males to have higher odds of being sentenced to prison over probation. Continuing education for legal actors, such as judges, who are primarily responsible for the final sentence, and prosecutors, who choose which charges to pursue, about these disparities is an important step in helping to eliminate the disparities. The dataset lacks information about additional individual characteristics such as socioeconomic status, marital status, and having a dependent. It also lacks information about case characteristics such as victim characteristics, presence of a weapon, and presence or severity of the victim's injury. All of these nonlegal factors could potentially influence judicial discretionary decision-making and sentencing outcomes. Thus, future research should further include a more extensive set of variables in the analysis of sentencing outcomes. Additionally, replication is needed using new sentencing data to track trends over time.
This study investigates the influence of arbitration on the subjective characteristics of administrative contracts within the context of the Government Tenders and Purchases Regulation issued in 1440H in Saudi Arabia. The examination delves into the potential impact of arbitration on the distinctive legal standing of administrative authorities involved in administrative contracts. Employing a descriptive and analytical approach, the research scrutinizes pertinent legal documents, court decisions, and scholarly viewpoints. The methodology entails the analysis of provisions within the Saudi Arbitration Law and its Implementing Regulations, the Government Tenders Regulation and its Implementing Regulations, as well as precedents established in administrative court rulings. This investigation aims to comprehend the application of arbitration and its potential influence on established administrative law principles. The study discerns that the inclusion of arbitration clauses may facilitate investment by offering a expeditious and straightforward resolution for disputes. Nevertheless, it notes that arbitration has the potential to alter the subjective nature of administrative contracts, which typically endow authorities with distinctive rights over the administrative entity. Specifically, internal arbitration curtails the oversight and penalty powers of the administration to a certain extent. Moreover, international arbitration further affects the unique legal status of the administrative body, given that foreign arbitral awards carry binding authority and limit the scope of appeals. In light of these findings, the research advocates for the explicit preservation of fundamental principles governing the distinctive nature of administrative agreements, even when incorporating arbitration clauses. It recommends that foreign arbitration should be sanctioned only with ministerial approval on a case -by -case basis to mitigate its impact on administrative law principles. Furthermore, the study suggests that reinforcing domestic arbitration tribunals can contribute to striking a balance between meeting the needs of foreign investment and upholding the governance framework for public contracts.
The present study has centred on the "constitutional entitlement for litigation on two levels in felonies, a crucial guarantee for achieving criminal justice and upholding the rights of defendants in criminal courts. To achieve this objective, a secondary qualitative approach was employed, which involved the use of an inductive approach. Data was collected from various online databases. The primary focus of this study is the principle of "litigation on two levels in the felonies." The analysis includes an evaluation of appeals against rulings on felonies and the constitutional framework of the criminal justice system. In addition, the study has also examined the future of the constitutional entitlement by considering two potential future hypotheses: (1) the natural future of the constitutional entitlement and (2) the end of the constitutional deadline and the legislator's failure to respond to the constitutional entitlement and their effect. The findings of this study demonstrate that "appeal" effectively embodies the principle of litigation by encompassing both a right and a guarantee. It is worth noting that the Egyptian constitutional legislator expressed a clear intention to establish this entitlement in two consecutive constitutions. The relationship between entitlement and the constitutional system of criminal justice was firmly established. The study found a strong link between appealing criminal rulings and the constitutional system of criminal justice. This connection is based on the appeal being an objective constitutional right and a safeguard for a fair trial, protection of personal freedom, and the principle of innocence. Furthermore, significant solutions have been proposed for the enforcement of constitutional rights through the appeal process in felony cases.
Thailand has encountered severe environmental issues including pollution, which have emanated in the form of environmental crime cases. The lack of forensic science expertise further worsens this condition. This research aimed at framing guidelines for the development of forensic science process to assist in environmental crime investigation in Thailand. By using a qualitative research design, data was collected from in-depth interviews with 49 key informants, who were all executive officers, judges, public prosecutors and academics involved in environmental crime investigations. The results revealed that forensic science process in environmental crime investigation in Thailand must develop human resource, relevant agency of environmental crime investigation, cooperation, modern equipment and technology. The study also suggested that it must build a knowledge base and a standardized forensic science manual to prescribe operating procedure for officers. This manual should be adhered to by all relevant agency to perform their duties toward collecting, preserving, analyzing, and investigation of environmental crime in a uniform manner.
In the dynamic landscape of artificial intelligence, the extensive integration of AI has significantly altered societal paradigms and fostered the advancement of the digital milieu. However, it has concurrently engendered adverse societal ramifications, exemplified by challenges such as the opacity of algorithmic processes, contributing to a crisis of confidence in AI. Particularly within the realm of justice, media coverage concerning the utilization of AI in legal proceedings has evoked public apprehensions and apprehensions surrounding the deployment of AI by judicial entities. Despite the diversity of public perspectives on AI, its current role in the judicial decision -making process is ancillary, functioning as a supplementary tool for judges rather than constituting an autonomous judicial system. The indispensability of judges persists, given their exercise of discretion and capacity to consider multiple factors, thereby safeguarding the equity and justice of rulings compared to AI systems. To instil public confidence in the application of AI within the judicial domain, several strategies can be employed. Firstly, it is imperative to delineate the rights of litigants in AIinfused justice systems, ensuring a judicious equilibrium. Secondly, bolstering the transparency of AI -supported judicial systems is pivotal, encompassing measures to guarantee the interpretability of such systems and the establishment of independent algorithmic review bodies. These initiatives are paramount in cultivating public trust.
Indonesia is experiencing an economic crisis that has hit the labor force, drastically increasing the jobless rate. This has encouraged several criminal businesses to advertise fraudulent employment on various web platforms, as it facilitates their access to job seekers. This study's primary objective was to evaluate the incidence of employment fraud in Indonesia, considering the involvement of various criminal techniques and government measures to combat these problems. This study employed a "normative legal research approach" for this goal. This study revealed that increased internet usage in Indonesia has led to increased online employment scams, resulting in various financial and personal losses for candidates. It has also been observed that the promotion of unlawful web businesses has fostered human trafficking, which has resulted in forced labor. The Indonesian government has designed and implemented various employment protection laws and regulations to avert these problems. These laws included "Law No. 13 of 2003 on Employment, Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation, and Law No. 39 of 2004 on the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) Overseas." In addition, "Law No. 11 of 2008 Concerning Electronic Information and Transactions" has been promoted to protect individuals online. To combat job fraud, it has been suggested that coordination between the government and other stakeholders and "an Independent Worker Application" be encouraged.
In the current legal scenario, existing financial penalties for corruption crimes do not have a clear basis for consideration. This study focuses on the impact of imposing financial penalties on perpetrators of corruption, and calculate the financial burden on the state and the restrictive deterrent effect on the perpetrators. The study aimed to initiate a model of imposing fines on corruptors that do not burden the state and also create a deterrent effect on corruption perpetrators. Three questions were focused upon: first, whether the cost of handling each corruption case is in accordance with the set budget ceiling; second, what is the model for imposing financial criminal sanctions that do not burden the state budget? and third, how to strengthen financial crimes against corruption offenders. The study used field research methods, including interviewing methods, tracer data, and Focus Group Discussion to collect data. The study concluded that the existing budget ceiling for corruption cases was less than the stipulated budget ceiling, and the practice of handling corruption cases was casuistic, depending on the level of complexity of the case. The study proposed a model for imposing financial sanctions and calculate state losses, which should be charged to perpetrators of corruption. The research recommends three things: first, the handling of corruption cases must consider state losses; second, operational costs for case handling should be included as one of the judge's considerations in imposing fines; and third, additional punishment in the form of payment of state compensation should be abolished. The study's findings would have implications for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and the wider community regarding the effective deterrence of corruption offenses.
This research addresses the formidable challenges posed by child marriages within the Indonesian legal context. It explores potential legal reforms and advocates for a cautious, child-centric approach to addressing this issue. Employing a normative and juridical approach, the study integrates legal and philosophical viewpoints, with a particular focus on the child protection paradigm. The research scrutinizes existing legal frameworks, including Child Protection Law No. 35 of 2014. The study unveils a legal framework where child marriages may remain unpenalized unless physical harm is inflicted, as existing provisions emphasize prevention over criminalization. Societal permissiveness towards child marriages complicates the development of effective legal policies, creating a legal void that necessitates attention. This research underscores the pressing need for legislative reforms to safeguard the rights of children, with a particular focus on vulnerable female children in patriarchal societies. It calls for a more comprehensive legal approach that recognizes the complexities of child marriages in Indonesia. Policymakers should prioritize children's best interests when addressing child marriages. Legal reforms should encompass both preventive and punitive measures, filling the existing void and ensuring adequate protection for children. This research primarily relies on legal and juridical approach and may benefit from further interdisciplinary inputs and empirical data.
There has been an increase in the number of suicides among police officers in the past 10 years in Thailand. This research aimed to explore the causes of suicide among metropolitan police officers in Thailand. It attempts to find out measures to prevent the suicide problem among metropolitan police officers. This qualitative research was conducted through the in-depth interviews, through a purposive sampling method to select 20 non-commissioned and 20 commissioned police officers in Bangkok. The questionnaire method was employed to collect data from the sample. The results revealed that a major cause of suicide among metropolitan police officers was financial problems due to insufficient income and debt. The minor causes were negative relationships at workplace and suffering stress from work. The overloaded work also resulted in stress, that also led to suicide among metropolitan police officers in Thailand. Several measures were identified in this study to prevent the incidents of suicide among metropolitan police officers such as allocation of proper benefits, building good relationships among commanders, subordinates, and co-workers in police agencies, and strengthening physical and mental immunity of police officers. It is hoped that these findings would provide useful insights to the policy makers and officials to find solutions to reduce suicide among police officers.
De-escalation training has gained pivotal significance in law enforcement, notably following global protests ignited by high-profile incidents involving unarmed Black individuals. This paper delves into the multifaceted realm of de-escalation training, unveiling its practical aspects and underlying philosophy. Drawing from various models and real-world experiences, it explores the nuanced dimensions of de-escalation, emphasizing its potential to resolve conflicts and bolster community trust. In a world where any human interaction can escalate, mastering the art and science of deescalation is paramount. This article examines the fundamental principles, techniques, and profound societal impact associated with de-escalation, highlighting the core philosophy rooted in valuing human life and dignity. It champions virtues such as empathy, active listening, and mutual understanding. Furthermore, the evolving landscape of policing underscores the need for a "guardian mindset" emphasizing protection and community partnership, aligning with procedural justice and equality principles. This transformation reflects the essential role of de-escalation training in building trust and safety in police-community interactions. As society progresses, deescalation principles illuminate a path to more harmonious community relations, offering transformative potential for a just future.
As teenagers are frequently underage, they are especially susceptible to human trafficking. This research aims to examine the various effects of trafficking on teenagers. It focuses on the economic and educational effects, mental and physical health implications, and social and relational consequences. The search approach involved utilizing numerous databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to gather relevant articles. Initially, 90 articles were found, but only 14 remained for analysis after excluding irrelevant articles. The identified sources revealed that teenage trafficking could adversely affect teenagers' economic, educational, mental, physical, and social lives. The findings of this study underscore the need for more research on the effect of trafficking on teenagers, including their support systems. A special emphasis should be placed on the importance of specialized training and integrated approaches in criminal law and social services to prevent teenage trafficking. There was insufficient empirical research, lack of quantitative data, reliance on general human trafficking materials, and reduced generalizability of findings as limitations in this study. To conclude, the impact of human trafficking on teenagers can be severe and prolonged, manifesting in various forms such as altered physical wellbeing, abnormal mental health, hampered social skills, and hindered educational growth. Targeted interventions and support systems can help survivors overcome these challenges and work towards a brighter, more stable future.
Thailand practices pre-release programs under the soft prison system with the rationale that such programs would give offenders an opportunity to reform. This study aimed to find out the development of guidelines for Thailand's pre-release programs under the soft prison. The research was carried out with 45 key informants through in-depth interview and focus group discussion. The sample included experts, academicians, executive officers and officials at headquarter of the Department of Corrections, prison wardens and officers in charge of prerelease programs under soft prison system. This study used questionaries, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to collect data. The study found that the development of guidelines for Thailand's pre-release programs under the soft prison consisted of four essential factors which are development of pre-release programs in the soft prison, development of the prison environment, development of coordination with relevant agencies and planning of future policy of the soft prison. The findings of this study would provide useful insights to the policy makers and the legal experts to redefine the regulations and guidelines related to the pre-release programs under the soft prison.
A careless use of technology and online addiction are prone to be victimized by cybercrimes such as online fraud. The incidents of online fraud are much higher if people spend too much time on the internet. The purpose of the research was to find out the causes and types of online frauds in Thailand and identify patterns of preventing online fraud victimization. By making use of qualitative research design, this study used indepth interview and focus group techniques for data collection. The sample size comprised 36 police officers who had the experience of handling online fraud cases from the Technology Crime Suppression Division, the Department of Special Investigation, and Metropolitan Police Bureau and 15 victims, who had filed complaints to the Technology Crime Suppression Division or local police station. The results revealed that there could be at least three causes of online fraud victimization, such as victims' inexperience, over -optimism, and acquisitiveness. In addition, types of online fraud online fraud comprise sale scam, hacking Facebook or Line accounts to borrow money, romance scams and financial or investment scams. This research recommends that government agencies involved in online fraud prevention should urgently campaign on the pattern of online fraud so that people would be aware of cybercrime damages.
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) play a pivotal role in the advancement of a nation. The prosperity of such entities is contingent upon the ethical frameworks they adopt. Hence, the present study endeavours to investigate the interconnections among informational justice, interpersonal justice, ethical climate, employee satisfaction, and commitment within SMEs located in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Additionally, this research delves into the moderating influence of immoral work behaviour as a manifestation of workplace crime. Employing a cross-sectional and quantitative research design, data were gathered from 230 SME employees in KSA through purposive sampling techniques. Subsequently, the collected data were scrutinized utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results divulge that informational justice, interpersonal justice, and ethical climate significantly impact employee satisfaction. Furthermore, employee satisfaction demonstrates a noteworthy positive influence on employee commitment. The study's outcomes also validate the moderating role of workplace crime. These findings offer valuable insights for SME managers aiming to enhance customer retention. The study concludes by discussing the limitations and implications in detail.
The designation of the Papuan Armed Criminal Groups (ACGs) as terrorist groups by the coordinating minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs has sparked debate in Indonesia, and other nations. This study aims to investigate whether the classification of the Papuan ACGs as terrorist groups is appropriate according to the applicable mechanism in Indonesia law. The study also examined the correlation and coherence between Papuan ACGs' acts and the elements of terrorism as defined by Indonesia's Anti-Terror Law. A doctrinal legal research methodology was employed to examine these issues using statutes approach and conceptual approach. The results show that the actions committed by the Papuan ACGs have fulfilled the elements of the crime of terrorism as stipulated in Article 6 of Indonesia's AntiTerror Law. Following the presumption of innocence principle, this result must be proventhrough a fair trial by prioritizing the universal principle of presumption of
The role of Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) is to support micro/small businesses to work for people's welfare and provide funds as capital to develop their own businesses. This study aimed to examine the extent to which the legal culture of a country defines the role of MFIs in improving the welfare of micro and small businesses. For this purpose, a comparative study was made between Bangladesh, the Philippines, China, India and Indonesia to understand their respective legal culture and whether the laws and regulations of the country helped in resolving the poverty issues. The study adopted a normative legal research design to analyze descriptively this qualitative research. A comparative approach with a historical analytical design was also adopted with the view to investigate the laws and regulations of each country in the context of MFIs and their contribution to poverty alleviation and community welfare. Both primary and secondary sources were used for data collection. The primary sources included the informants of MFIs and micro and small medium enterprises (MSMEs). It was found that the legal culture of each country was strongly influenced by its local economic wisdom. In Bangladesh, the goal of Grameen bank or MFIs was to make people feel ashamed of begging which was very successful. The Grameen Bank model in Bangladesh was a breakthrough in alleviating poverty as beggars, who were benefitted with micro finances to establish their micro businesses of weaving and embroidery, and selling candies and matches, had to give up begging because they had started a new business and begging was redundant. However, this model was not successful in the Philippines, China, and India due to the government interference while in Indonesia, the Grameen Bank pattern was modified slightly by introducing the Islamic principles of siddiq, amanah, tabligh, and fathonah, which guided the MFIs to synergize with the local economic wisdom, but not all regions in Indonesia met the same success due to the requirement of collateral and high interest rates.
Unethical pro-organizational behaviour represents a form of white-collar workplace transgression with detrimental consequences for organizational outcomes. Hence, the primary objective of this investigation is to scrutinize the interplay among trust, co-worker incivility, supervisor incivility, leader humility, and unethical pro-behaviour within the Saudi telecom sector. Data for this study were sourced from employees across various organizations in Saudi Arabia, obtained through a structured questionnaire. The study achieved a usable response rate of 67.66%, and data analysis was executed utilizing Smart PLS. The study's findings underscore the substantial impact of co-worker incivility, supervisor incivility, and leader humility on trust. Furthermore, trust exhibits a discernible influence on unethical pro-behaviour. Importantly, the study statistically substantiates the mediating role of trust. This research expounds upon the detailed managerial and theoretical implications arising from the findings.
Death penalty in Indonesian Criminal Code has been imposed only in grave circumstances like premeditated murder, corruption of extreme kind and drug trafficking. However, in recent times, the Criminal Code has shifted more towards human values, with views on rehabilitation and social integration of convicts. This study aimed to examine and analyze the philosophical issues that led to the decision to eliminate death penalty in the Indonesian National Criminal Code, January 2023. It also aimed at making a comparison of the Islamic criminal law with the criminal codes of other countries that still apply death penalty for perpetrators of corruption. For this purpose, China, Thailand, Vietnam, and Iran were chosen where death penalty for perpetrators of corruption is still being imposed. This research used normative legal research with a historical approach and collected data form primary, secondary and tertiary legal sources. The findings of this study were analyzed with a statute approach utilizing the comparative methods. It was found that the laws in the sampled countries focus on three values namely individualization values, human values (rehabilitation) and social integration values, which prioritize human rights values. As a result, death penalty is eliminated in many countries. However, in Islamic law it still remains imposed considering the impact of state financial losses. The study concludes that regulating death penalty against perpetrators of corruption in the National Criminal Code is rather difficult due to its temporal nature and still in the transition stage.
This study aimed to investigate the domain of research juvenile delinquency in Kazakhstan, analyze the main causes and conditions of crime, and develop a system of preventive measures. A general scientific dialectical method of knowledge acquisition of social phenomena was adopted as the research methodology, aided by private scientific methods of historical, comparative legal, systemic logical, and statistical analysis. The data was collected through documentation search and content analysis of legislation related to juvenile delinquency. The findings reveal that theoretical and applied problems developed in the study make it possible to form a scientific-methodological and informational basis for developing conceptual approaches to building a system for preventing juvenile delinquency in changing conditions. The provisions presented in the framework of the study can be used to coordinate activities in preventing juvenile delinquency, planning state programs for the prevention of juvenile delinquency. Its practical significance lies in using its provisions to devise tasks of preventing crime and juvenile delinquency and identify the positive experience of Kazakhstan in the implementation of state policy to prevent juvenile delinquency.
