Summary The Polish school of semantic syntax constitutes a distinct direction of scholarly research that emerged in the 1980 s, largely owing to the groundbreaking work Gramatyka współczesnego języka polskiego (“Grammar of Contemporary Polish,” 1984), in which S. Karolak elaborated the fundamental assumptions of a semantically grounded conception of syntax. Karolak’s framework draws, on the one hand, from the Polish tradition of semantic inquiry – particularly the Lwów–Warsaw School of logical positivism – and, on the other hand, engages with contemporary developments in semantic-syntactic research. The present study aims to demonstrate the value of the Polish school of semantic syntax in relation to major models of syntactic theory in contemporary linguistics, including categorial grammar, functional generative grammar (in the version proposed by S. Dik), lexical-functional grammar (as developed by J. Bresnan and collaborators), and Role and Reference Grammar (as formulated by W. A. Foley and R. D. van Valin). The paper examines those aspects of syntactic-semantic analysis that the Polish school has adopted from other theoretical frameworks, as well as those that constitute its original contributions. Furthermore, it presents key theoretical and heuristic proposals advanced by Polish scholars, emphasizing their potential applicability to syntactic studies of other languages.
Summary The study is dedicated to the reception of Rainer Maria Rilke’s work in the Slovak State (1939–1945). It uses André Lefevere’s translatological approach to highlight the manipulative nature of Slovak translations of Rilke. With the help of the category of patronage, it shows how Slovak translators Ladislav Hanus and Viliam Ries transcended the meta-patronage of the Slovak state and relativised its ideological monopoly by questioning clericalism as a component of state ideology. They did this by emphasising nationalistic poetics in their translations of the novel Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge (The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge) and the prose poem Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke (The Love and Death of Cornet Christoph Rilke). Hanus relied on the sub-patronage of the cultural association Matica slovenská, whose representative Stanislav Mečiar, a supporter of National Socialism, was largely accommodating towards him; Ries acted under the external patronage of Nazi Germany and misinterpreted the Cornet for propaganda purposes.
Summary This paper examines the pragmatic strategies of protest slogans used during the Serbian student protests that erupted in November 2024 after the deadly collapse of the train station canopy in Novi Sad. Drawing from a manually compiled corpus of 150 protest posters and banners, the study applies a discourse-pragmatic approach, focusing on presuppositions, implicatures, and rhetorical devices. The analysis combines the DIMEAN framework with elements from protest discourse research in Belarus and Ukraine. It identifies a high density of pragmatic presuppositions and implicatures as central features of protest communication, which relies heavily on intertextual and intradiscursive references. The slogans are marked by a strategic violation of Gricean maxims, particularly the maxim of manner, to provoke cognitive engagement. Furthermore, the protest discourse is characterized by a notable degree of intellectualization and academization, evidenced by the frequent use of complex rhetorical structures and culturally coded allusions. The paper concludes that the Serbian student protest movement is shaped not by aggressive confrontation or carnivalistic subversion, but by a form of communication marked by juvenile self-irony, peaceful academization, and intellectual playfulness. Its language is witty and culturally sophisticated, drawing on a broad semiotic and historical reference space that both legitimizes the protest and consolidates a shared, educated identity.
This essay aims to map the distribution of individual ablaut grades in Common Slavic, as represented primarily by Old Church Slavonic - a language that still exhibits many basic features of Common Slavic. Rather than focusing on individual roots, the essay examines the overall patterns and transformations of Indo-European and Slavic ablaut both in derivation and inflexion. For practical reasons, the emphasis will be on the finite verb, which exhibits a high degree of ablaut alternation both in derivation and inflexion.
The study is devoted to identifying the features of the use of pragmatic markers in spontaneous monologue stories using the example of the Russian language. The study analyzed 52 monologue stories. The participants consisted of 52 students (26 females and 26 males) aged 18 to 24, including 23 extroverts, 15 introverts, and 14 ambiverts. Various types of pragmatic markers (PM) were identified in the studied materials, including hesitative, delimitative, metacommunicative markers, as well as self-correction markers, approximators, deictic markers, and reflexive markers. Hesitative markers have the highest frequency, followed by delimitative markers, while other types are less common. PMs are often used in combination to solve more complex communication tasks. When comparing by gender, the differences in the frequency of PM usage turned out to be statistically insignificant, in contrast to the pronounced influence of the psychotype, where introverts, extroverts and ambiverts show stable differences in PM density, which confirms the influence of psychological characteristics on oral utterances. The significance of the study lies in an in-depth understanding of the role of PMs in spontaneous monologue-storytelling, which allows for a more accurate analysis of the mechanisms of monologue and their dependence on the gender and psychotype of the participants.
This study investigates Old Czech glosses in a Latin-German manuscript of the Abba-Avis-Abbreviare Glossaries preserved in Sibiu, Romania. Linguistic analysis confirms that the glosses correspond to the previously known Czech adaptation of this lexicographical collection, which until now had been preserved only in two fragmentary manuscripts with a complex textual history. The Sibiu manuscript is particularly noteworthy as the only known source containing Old Czech glosses in the Avis Glossary. Consequently, the study concentrates on the textual and linguistic analysis of the translations found specifically in this section. It first examines the number and distribution of glosses and their relationship to those in the Abba Glossary. Some Old Czech lexemes are rare or unique - including hapax legomena and dialectal forms - and reflect the glossator's notable lexical innovation in specialised fields such as zoology, botany, and pharmacy. As such, the Sibiu manuscript provides valuable insight into the development of the Old Czech lexicon and the vernacular reception of medieval scholarly texts.
The Polish school of semantic syntax constitutes a distinct direction of scholarly research that emerged in the 1980 s, largely owing to the groundbreaking work Gramatyka wsp & oacute;& lstrok;czesnego j & eogon;zyka polskiego ("Grammar of Contemporary Polish," 1984), in which S. Karolak elaborated the fundamental assumptions of a semantically grounded conception of syntax. Karolak's framework draws, on the one hand, from the Polish tradition of semantic inquiry - particularly the Lw & oacute;w-Warsaw School of logical positivism - and, on the other hand, engages with contemporary developments in semantic-syntactic research. The present study aims to demonstrate the value of the Polish school of semantic syntax in relation to major models of syntactic theory in contemporary linguistics, including categorial grammar, functional generative grammar (in the version proposed by S. Dik), lexical-functional grammar (as developed by J. Bresnan and collaborators), and Role and Reference Grammar (as formulated by W. A. Foley and R. D. van Valin). The paper examines those aspects of syntactic-semantic analysis that the Polish school has adopted from other theoretical frameworks, as well as those that constitute its original contributions. Furthermore, it presents key theoretical and heuristic proposals advanced by Polish scholars, emphasizing their potential applicability to syntactic studies of other languages.
Stephen the Little (& Scaron;& cacute;epan Mali), one of the most interesting characters in Montenegrin history and, thematically, one of the most intriguing characters in literature, in the real world established himself as a leader interrupting the Petrovi & cacute; dynasty, which had reigned continuously for two centuries. He was the only person not from the Petrovi & cacute; family to ascend to the throne of Montenegro, a rule that then still had an almost completely tribal character. Not only that, he had major success in stamping out blood feuds - the cult-like tradition of revenge, present in Montenegrin society even into the modern era - as well as all forms of deviant behaviour: theft, raiding, violence and oppression. The rebuilding of the institutions of the system guaranteed him absolute and secure rule up until the arrival of Count Dolgorukov, an emissary sent by the Russian government. Our task is to prove, using Foucault's book Discipline and Punish, that the punitive repressions favoured by rulers in the eighteenth century were mechanisms not only of repression, but also of correction towards those being punished. Punishment serves a complex social function, according to Foucault: it is an indicator of the social structures, but is also a political technique for consolidating power. Alongside all this, by using mythomania as a means to captivate the nation, Stephen the Little showed that he understood the epic conventions of Montenegrins' lives, the way they adapted to strong leaders and their inclination towards being dominated by Russian influences. In order to explain the cultural dimension of his appearing, we will make use of imagological knowledge about the culture of memory and remembrance of a Balkan nation accustomed to an orally transmitted code of thinking. The plane of comparison between the historical person himself and the character in literature is a cross-section which, in fact, will provide auto-images and hetero-images, i. e. images of oneself and images of others. In the end, the focus of our study will be to reflect on an unusual mythology of authority in the insufficiently researched eighteenth century of Montenegrin history. In conclusion, Njego & scaron; needed Stephen's character, both in order to reconstruct the mythology and mythomania of the self-proclaimed ruler, but also to provide an allegorical image of the time in which the author himself was writing, which was threatened once again by ethnic dissolution and was therefore in dire need of a strong ruling structure and an authoritarian ruler. By incorporating another two works that analyse Stephen the Little, one by author Stefan Zanovi & cacute;, who was writing before Njego & scaron;'s time, and one by Stefan Mitrov Ljubi & scaron;a who was writing after Njego & scaron;, in this paper we have attempted to reconstruct the direction their narrations were leading: the direction of entertaining storytelling with a rather didactic message, in the spirit of the Enlightenment, which Zanovi & cacute; belonged to, or with the purpose of contributing to historical authenticity - the approach that S. M. Ljubi & scaron;a leaned towards.
This paper examines the Albanian-Macedonian language contact situation in North Macedonia, with a particular focus on an often-overlooked area of study: phonology and morphology. Drawing on incidental findings, it seeks to highlight both the potential of North Macedonia as a site for investigating Albanian-Slavic language contact and the broader relevance of this topic. The paper presents a synthesis of three studies conducted by the author: the first on the dialect of Zajaz/Zajas near K & euml;r & ccedil;ova/Ki & ccaron;evo; the second on the dialects of Dibra/Debar; and the third on the Albanian Central Gheg dialects spoken in the western part of North Macedonia.
This study examines the most numerous type of construction presented in the Russian Constructicon, namely intensifiers. We studied intensifiers in the context of comparative constructions of inequality like & KHcy; bol'& scaron;e Y 'X is bigger than Y' -> & KHcy; gorazdo bol'& scaron;e Y 'X is much bigger than Y'. Comparative constructions and intensifiers are usually studied separately since they belong to two distinct semantic fields. However, the interaction of two constructions - comparative and intensifying - is not trivial and has its own rules. Besides expected morphological and syntactic constraints, less trivial restrictions such as an aspectual class of the verb in the scope of the comparative construction are attested. We show the ways these two constructions merge into a new entity that is also a construction with its own properties, which cannot be reduced to those of the comparative and intensifying constructions taken individually.
Michail Bulgakovʼs classic Master i Margarita , experts agree, still lacks successful transfer into comic-form. One of the main reasons may be the unfished novelʼs high structural-thematical complexity (if not over-complexity) – given through two functional parts of almost equal length, four different, partly intermingled storylines, a host of inevitable (“incontourables”, Parfenov) great scenes, and lots of open and subtextual allusions. There are, however, successful Russian, English, German and further fragmentary adaptations. The – tangible in the fragmentary adaptations – idea of somewhat looser handling of the complexity and density in Bulgakovʼs novel is also evident in Bettina Eggerʼs clearly successful (“highly recommended”) French album Moscou Endiablé , a graphic narrative combining research on the creation (contexts) of the novel with a large amount of modified fragmentary adaptations. This study, for the first time, analyses the album which profits from Eggerʼs rare twofold – artistic and philological (slavistic, comparative) – competence. Next to a discussion of the album’s lay out as a whole, a small choice of chapters and passages, among them Eggerʼs verbal-pictorial invention of a nightmare (“Le Procès”) concerning the “destruction of the author” (Bulgakov) in Stalin’s Russia is discussed more thoroughly. The study, among others, shows the meaning-making potential of graphic narrative, i. e. the possibility of enriching philological research. It also shows the political actuality of both Bulgakovʼs novel and Eggerʼs album.
Michail Bulgakov's classic Master i Margarita, experts agree, still lacks successful transfer into comic-form. One of the main reasons may be the unfished novel's high structural-thematical complexity (if not over-complexity) - given through two functional parts of almost equal length, four different, partly intermingled storylines, a host of inevitable ("incontourables", Parfenov) great scenes, and lots of open and subtextual allusions. There are, however, successful Russian, English, German and further fragmentary adaptations. The - tangible in the fragmentary adaptations - idea of somewhat looser handling of the complexity and density in Bulgakov's novel is also evident in Bettina Egger's clearly successful ("highly recommended") French album Moscou Endiabl & eacute;, a graphic narrative combining research on the creation (contexts) of the novel with a large amount of modified fragmentary adaptations. This study, for the first time, analyses the album which profits from Egger's rare twofold - artistic and philological (slavistic, comparative) - competence. Next to a discussion of the album's lay out as a whole, a small choice of chapters and passages, among them Egger's verbal-pictorial invention of a nightmare ("Le Proc & egrave;s") concerning the "destruction of the author" (Bulgakov) in Stalin's Russia is discussed more thoroughly. The study, among others, shows the meaning-making potential of graphic narrative, i. e. the possibility of enriching philological research. It also shows the political actuality of both Bulgakov's novel and Egger's album.
The Viennese Czechs represent the largest and closest enclave of the Czech language to its original homeland. Their specificity lies especially in the fact that they consciously and systematically preserve their "national identity". This article presents the selected results of a questionnaire-based investigation (February to May 2022), which is the output of a joint Czech-Austrian project entitled "Reflections on the Czech Language and Broader Czech Awareness in Viennese Czechs". The principal aim of this text is to present the findings of these questionnaire components, which track more broadly defined aspects of cultural and social identity in relation to contemporary concepts of transculturality/interculturality. Therefore, it offers insight into the self-concept and self-perception among the multilingual and multicultural respondents. It is an analysis of items that can strongly clarify respondents' views and reveal a range of feelings, opinions, and perspectives on national or personal identity issues.
