Introduction 3x3 basketball has rapidly evolved into a globally popular sport format, combining street basketball culture with structured competitive organization. Since its official recognition by FIBA and inclusion in the Olympic program, 3x3 tournaments have expanded worldwide, highlighting the importance of high-quality event organization. Understanding how participants perceive service quality and satisfaction across different socio-demographic groups is essential for the sustainable development of this emerging sport. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in perceived service quality and customer satisfaction in 3x3 basketball tournaments based on gender, age, educational level, occupation, and playing experience. Methods The sample consisted of 305 athletes (67 women, 238 men; mean age = 20.78 years) who participated in official 3x3 basketball tournaments in Central Macedonia, Greece. Data were collected during events organized by the Hellenic Basketball Federation, including the 3x3GR National Tour and the Panhellenic Tournament. Perceived service quality was assessed using a multidimensional sport service quality scale (facilities, personnel, responsiveness, reliability, and outcomes), while overall satisfaction was measured with a validated satisfaction scale. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA with appropriate post hoc comparisons. Results The findings revealed statistically significant differences in service quality perceptions and satisfaction across several socio-demographic variables. Specifically, significant age differences were observed for satisfaction, F(7, 295) = 3.89, p < .001, η 2 = .09, and facilities, F(7, 297) = 4.13, p < .001, η 2 = .09, indicating moderate effect sizes. Educational level also showed significant differences in satisfaction, F(4, 298) = 7.39, p < .001, η 2 = .09. Gender differences were observed only in the reliability dimension, t(302) = 2.30, p < .05, Cohen’s d = .32, with women reporting higher perceptions than men. No significant differences were found across playing positions. Discussion Perceived service quality and customer satisfaction in 3x3 basketball tournaments vary according to key socio-demographic characteristics. These findings underline the importance of participant-centered event design and targeted service strategies to enhance satisfaction and engagement. Conclusion Event organizers and sport governing bodies can use these insights to improve service delivery, strengthen participant experiences, and support the long-term growth and sustainability of 3x3 basketball.
Introduction This study develops an integrated, evidence-informed strategic framework to accelerate sports-industry development in emerging markets, using southern Vietnam as a case study. Its objective is to translate macro-environmental diagnosis and stakeholder judgment into a prioritized, implementable PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) roadmap that reconciles policy, market, infrastructure and human-capital imperatives for sustainable sectoral growth. Methods A mixed-methods design synthesized (1) PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) scanning, (2) SWOT/TOWS-driven strategic option generation, and (3) a four-round Delphi consultation with a purposive panel of 25 domain experts (government, academia, private sector). Delphi procedures followed established best practice (anonymity, iterative feedback, prespecified consensus thresholds); results are reported as medians and IQRs with binomial 95% confidence intervals and inter-rater agreement indices where applicable. The synthesis translated validated solutions into a PDCA implementation roadmap and identified measurable indicators for monitoring and iterative refinement. Results PEST and SWOT analyses show strong political commitment and rising private investment, but persistent institutional fragmentation and infrastructure shortfalls. Empirical validation indicates a rapidly expanding domestic market (estimated ≈ USD 300 million in 2024; annual growth >6.0%), and increased central budget allocations for sport. Delphi participants reached robust consensus (median ratings ≥ 4.2/5) endorsing priority interventions: enactment of a Sports Industry Development Law; standardized facility and service quality frameworks; scaled public-private partnerships for facility provision; creation of workforce development pathways; and operationalization of sports-GDP measurement. The PDCA roadmap operationalizes these priorities into phased pilots, scaled interventions, monitoring metrics, and institutionalization steps. Discussion The integrated PEST→TOWS→Delphi→PDCA sequence offers a pragmatic template for translating strategic diagnosis into policy action. Key implementation risks include limited institutional capacity, precision limits of small expert panels, and the need for rigorous evidence synthesis before national scale-up. Embedding systematic evidence-review methods ( e.g ., PRISMA-informed syntheses, CFIR/RE-AIM mapping) and culturally validated benchmarking instruments will strengthen transferability and enable comparability across Asia-Pacific contexts. Conclusion The proposed strategic roadmap provides an actionable, iterative pathway for emerging economies to harness sports as an economic and social asset. Prioritizing legal clarity, standards, targeted PPPs, human-capital investments, and robust monitoring will help Vietnam-and similar markets-transition from nascent activity clusters to a resilient sports industry. Full analytic detail, Delphi instruments, and appendices are provided in the manuscript.
IntroductionGlobally, a high prevalence of Low Energy Availability (LEA) (< 30 kcal·kg−1 FFM) is observed among competitive athletes. A comprehensive review of various factors associated with dietary intake will provide a better perception of management strategies for improving food intake and population-specific areas of future research. Thus, this study is aimed at identifying the diverse factors that influence dietary energy intake in relation to Energy Availability (EA) among male and female athletes who engage in training and competition across various sports. MethodsFive search engines were searched using nine keywords, and original papers were extracted spanning over two decades (2003-2023). A predetermined participant-concept-context criterion was used for the inclusion of studies on competitive athletes. ResultsA total of 1462 studies were identified, of which 53 were deemed suitable for inclusion in this review. LEA was prevalent among 24% of male and 58% of female athletes globally. DiscussionLEA was influenced by factors classified in six themes: training/performance demands, psychosocial/cultural influences, dietary practices/nutritional beliefs, environmental/logistical/educational factors, physiological considerations, and methodological issues, requiring culturally tailored biomarkers. ConclusionThe significant prevalence of LEA globally necessitates culturally tailored causal research and biomarker-informed, standardised Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) interventions that address multifaceted determinants to effectively prevent LEA.
The present investigation carried out a cross-cultural adaptation of the category-ratio Borg Scale (Borg CR - 10 scale) into Portuguese. It assessed its content validity and reliability during adolescents' progressive aerobic capacity test in school. In the first phase, a cross-cultural adaptation and content validity analysis of the Borg CR-10 scale were performed, followed by a pilot study that tested the clarity of the adapted scale (n = 20, mean age of 16.20 ± 1.40 years). Content validity was verified through experts, and reliability was assessed using heart rate (HR) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) correlation during a progressive shuttle run. In the second phase, 172 adolescents (mean age of 14.50 ± 1.94 years) performed a 20-meter shuttle run test. At each stage, participants reported their RPE, and HR was recorded. The adapted Portuguese Borg CR-10 scale demonstrated excellent content validity (CVC = 0.993) and stage-dependent reliability, with higher agreement between RPE and HR observed in the advanced stages of the 20-meter shuttle run test (e.g., ICC = 0.96 at stage 12). Kendall's tau correlation was used to assess the correlation between RPE and HR across the 20-meter shuttle run test stages. Stronger correlations between RPE and HR at higher exercise intensities suggest that the Portuguese Borg CR-10 scale is particularly reliable among adolescents with greater physical fitness and training experience. These findings support using the Portuguese Borg CR-10 scale as a valid and reliable tool for assessing perceived exertion in adolescents, particularly those with higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels. The scale is suitable for application in school-based physical education settings, offering a practical alternative to more costly physiological monitoring methods.
Introduction This pilot randomised controlled trial assessed the feasibility and acceptability of incorporating blood flow restriction (BFR) training into the rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and evaluated its preliminary impact on muscle layer thickness (MLT) of the vastus intermedius (VI) and Rectus Femoris (RF) muscles. Methods Sixteen male participants who underwent ACLR with hamstring graft participated in a single-center, single-blinded pilot randomised controlled trial. Participants were randomly allocated into either a BFR group (28 ± 7 years) or a control group (23 ± 6 years). Both groups participated in a matching rehabilitation program (two sessions per week); the BFR group received BFR training, while the control group received a sham procedure. Ultrasonography was used to assess MLT of RF and VI pre-operatively, at 14 days, and 4 weeks post-operatively. Results Preliminary findings indicate that after 4 weeks, there were no significant differences in VI and RF MLT (p>0.05) following ACLR between the BFR and control groups. Conclusion Preliminary findings suggest that the addition of BFR training to rehabilitation following ACLR did not increase RF and VI MLT 4 weeks post-operatively. Future research should employ larger sample sizes and a longer intervention period to determine the effect of BFR training on VI and RF MLT following ACLR. Clinical Trial Registration No. The trial was registered with Research Registry with a unique number of researchregistry1061.
Introduction Since its emergence in 2010, the low-cost business model has experienced one of the greatest growths in recent years in the fitness sector, placing Spain as one of the leading countries in terms of consumer base and business volume. The purpose of this study was to analyse longitudinally the profile and typology of users of low-cost fitness centres in Spain over the past five years (2014-2018). Methods A total of 42,867 sports consumers (22,985 women and 19,882 men) from different chains of low-cost fitness centres participated in the study. The analysis focused on demographic variables, usage patterns, and loyalty indicators. Results Results show that most users are young, primarily aged between 21 and 30 years. However, there was a notable increase in the number of consumers aged between 41 and 60. On average, users attended the centre twice a week and had a membership duration of one to two years. In terms of loyalty, most users were classified as neutral based on the Net Promoter Score (NPS). Discussion The study reveals changes in the profile of low-cost fitness centre users in Spain (2014-2018), with more users aged 41-60, increased usage frequency, and longer retention. While this suggests greater adherence, the NPS decline indicates rising expectations. Findings underscore the need to adjust loyalty and segmentation strategies to enhance user experience in this model. Conclusion Low-cost fitness centres in Spain mainly attract young users, though middle-aged participation is rising. Usage is moderately frequent and sustained, while loyalty remains neutral, indicating opportunities to improve retention through targeted strategic enhancements.
Introduction Ice hockey is a physiologically demanding sport that requires aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Very little research exists comparing male and female athletes who compete in this sport. This comparative study examined the impact of a full season on aerobic fitness, anaerobic power, and fatigue in highly trained male and female hockey players. Methods A total of 29 (15 men, 14 women) NCAA Division 1 hockey players were included in the study. Differences and seasonal changes in aerobic fitness, anaerobic power, and fatigue as determined by preseason and postseason testing were assessed using a standardized graded exercise test and Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT). Results Maximal oxygen uptake did not differ between the pre- and post-season in either gender (p > 0.05). However, men had significantly higher maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) at both time points (p < 0.05). WAnT-derived relative mean power (W/kg), relative peak power (W/kg), and fatigue index (%) were not significantly different between pre- and post-season for either gender (p > 0.05). Men demonstrated a significantly higher RMP than women (p < 0.05) in both pre- and post-season data, but no differences were observed between genders in Relative Peak Power (RPP) (p = 0.791) or FI (p = 0.250). Discussion Despite data supporting changes over a season in other sports, a season of ice hockey did not elicit changes in aerobic or anaerobic fitness in both groups. However, data does support that when athletes are exposed to similar environments, gender differences are minimal. Conclusion Coaches may employ similar strategies when approaching different genders participating in the same sport.
Introduction The three-dimensional trunk movements are considered to play important roles in producing higher ball speed in baseball pitchers. However, the details on how the variations in trunk kinematics within an individual pitcher associate with ball speed are limited. Methods The purpose of this observational study was to examine the inter- and intra-pitcher relationship between ball speed and the three-dimensional trunk kinematics in sixteen male collegiate baseball pitchers (age; 20.0 ± 1.1 years, height; 1.77 ± 0.06 m, body mass; 78.0 ± 8.0 kg). Kinematic data of 10 maximum effort pitches were obtained for the correlation analyses with ball speeds. The inter-pitcher analysis included the mean values of each kinematic variable, while intra-pitcher analysis included all 10 pitches within each pitcher. Results : The inter-pitcher analysis showed a positive correlation between peak trunk throwing-arm side twist angle and ball speed (ρ = 0.64, p < 0.01, 90% confidence interval [0.24, 0.86]). This relationship was also observed for the intra-pitcher analysis in three pitchers; however, each intra-pitcher showed different patterns of correlational relationship between trunk kinematics and ball speed. Discussion The results indicated that the greater trunk throwing-arm side twist may be an important factor for both the group of pitchers and within an individual pitcher to throw with higher ball speed. Conclusion Inter- and intra-pitcher relationships between ball speed and the three-dimensional trunk kinematics were different, suggesting that the individuality should be considered along with the general tendency when the baseball pitchers modify their three-dimensional trunk mechanics.
IntroductionPrevious studies have explored the influence of the menstrual cycle on various aspects of exercise performance. However, associations between menstrual cycle phases and fitness performance in women remain inconclusive. This study aimed to examine the effects of the menstrual cycle and premenstrual symptoms on physical fitness test outcomes among female university students with and without regular exercise habits. MethodsEighteen female athletes and 13 female non-athlete university students volunteered for this study. Only those who completed all test sessions were included in the final analysis, resulting in the analysis of data from eight athletes (height: 1.66 ± 0.04 m; weight: 57.1 ± 2.9 kg) and eight non-athletes (height: 1.62 ± 0.05 m; weight: 58.0 ± 6.7 kg). Basal body temperature was used to categorize the menstrual cycle into three phases: menstrual, follicular, and luteal. A validated questionnaire assessed physical and mental symptoms related to menstruation. Fitness tests included handgrip strength, number of sit-ups, sit-and-reach, number of side-steps, 1000-m run, 50-m sprint, and standing long jump. ResultsIn both groups, physical symptoms differed significantly between the menstrual phase and other phases. Mental symptoms showed no significant changes in athletes, whereas three mental symptoms varied significantly in non-athletes. No significant interaction was observed between the group and menstrual cycle phase in any physical fitness measure. Athletes outperformed non-athletes in all tests, except for handgrip strength, regardless of the menstrual cycle phase. DiscussionThese findings suggest that among women with mild premenstrual symptoms, the menstrual cycle may have a limited impact on physical fitness, regardless of training status. These outcomes might be relevant for physical fitness professionals and researchers, improving the understanding of the effects of menstrual cycle phases on physical fitness and psychological symptoms in women. ConclusionThe menstrual cycle appears to have a minimal impact on physical fitness test performance among female university students with mild menstrual symptoms, regardless of training status.
Introduction The warm-up enhances both physiological readiness and psychological focus, contributing to injury prevention and performance improvement. Despite its benefits, warm-up practices are often applied based on common sense, with insufficient scientific evidence to support them. This study aimed to characterize warm-up and re-warm-up practices among athletes and strength and conditioning coaches during strength training. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive survey of warm-up and re-warm-up resistance training routines was conducted. One hundred six participants (31.04 ± 9.53 years) responded to a survey designed to gather information on demographic details, roles ( i.e ., athlete and/or coach), and warm-up and re-warm-up recommended practices. Results Sex did not influence warm-up or re-warm-up routines, suggesting similar habits adopted by male and female athletes (warm-up practice: 93.9% and 95.0% respectively; no re-warm-up: 81.8% and 85.0%, respectively). The results confirmed a widespread adherence to general and specific warm-up routines across explanatory variables, as sex (males and females: 63.1%) and professional roles (both: 68.2%). In contrast, re-warm-up strategies were less chosen (male 18.2%, female 15.0%). Dual-role individuals were more likely to implement re-warm-up strategies ( p = 0.036). Discussion Moreover, with each additional year of age, the chance of a person performing re-warm-up decreases (18.3%), a coach has a 33.6% greater possibility of conducting a re-warm-up when compared to an athlete, and individuals with dual roles have approximately 5.5 times greater chance of re-warm-up when compared to athletes. Conclusion This study provides useful insights into modern practices for athletes and coaches to review and update their individual warm-up and re-warm-up practices.
Introduction The study investigated the aerobic capacity differences of female soccer players according to performance level and playing position and explored longitudinal trends among elite players over two decades. Methods Female soccer players (N = 68, age = 23.33 ± 3.55 years, weight = 58.91 ± 7.70 kg, height = 164.03 ± 6.20 cm) were assessed for maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), velocity at V̇O2max (vV̇O2max), heart rate (HR), anaerobic threshold (AT), and velocity at AT (vAT). Data for the same aerobic indicators from both former 2004 Olympic Team members and current National Team players were used to examine changes over time. Results One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in aerobic performance across performance levels, but not between playing positions. A decline in aerobic capacity indicators was observed over the 20 years among elite players. Discussion These findings challenge the assumption that higher competition level equates to superior aerobic fitness and underscore the role of tailored training programs. They highlight the importance of individualized conditioning strategies aligned with players’ specific needs, regardless of their competitive tier. The apparent absence of significant positional differences may also reflect a lack of specialized endurance training across different field roles. Conclusion The results emphasize the need for ongoing physiological monitoring to support long-term player development, ensure optimal training loads, and guide evidence-based decision-making for coaches and practitioners. The inclusion of longitudinal data enables a better understanding of trends in aerobic capacity over time and informs future conditioning strategies in elite women’s soccer.
Introduction Fitness levels for wildland firefighters are assessed based on the Pack Hike Test (PHT), a submaximal work capacity test. There are three different levels of hand crew members who are exposed to different working conditions, and previous literature has suggested that the current test may not accurately reflect the occupational abilities of the different crew levels. Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of an altered PHT in order to maximize the effort level as a means of illustrating differences between crew tiers. This was performed with the goal of creating an improved assessment to determine which individuals had the fitness capacity to perform the job tasks for a given crew type. Methods According to professional standards, the wildland firefighters into two hand crew categories: Type 1 (T1C; n=12 ) and Type 2 (T2C; n=7 , Type 2 and Type 2IA were grouped together). All participants performed one pack hike test simulated to elicit maximal effort in realistic working conditions. The test covered 1.3 miles of hiking at a 16.5% grade while carrying a 20 kg load carriage system, designed to simulate the potential weight load that would be carried during normal working conditions. Participants performed a 1-minute lying-supine recovery period following immediately following completion of the test. All participants were fitted with Polar H10 monitors in order to collect the performance variables: Pace (min/mile), HR recovery (bpm), HR average (bpm) and HR max (bpm). Results No statistically significant differences were shown for any performance variables ( p >.05). There were mean differences that approached significance. Increased Pace (-2.07 min/mile, Cohen’s d = -0.633) and HR recovery (+3.00 bpm, Cohen’s d = 0.043) were evident for T1C. Additionally, T1C showed increased HR average (+8.18%, Cohen’s d = 0.718) and HR maximum (+8.51%, Cohen’s d = 0.861) compared to those of T2C. Discussion While not statistically significant, T1C tended to display an increased duration of mean maximal work rates as evidenced by HRmax and HRave levels coupled with improved pace, potentially suggesting the ability to operate at higher fitness levels compared to T2C. While the differences are not statistically significant, the small differences could prove beneficial in the rugged working conditions where every second counts. Conclusion No statistically significant differences were present between the two crew types. However, there is evidence to support minor increases in fitness levels among more elite levels.
Aims This research aimed to develop a performance index for personal fitness trainers (PIPFT) and validate the PIPFT. Methods The research methodology was divided into two parts: part 1 was based on the development of a draft PIPFT through focus group discussions with 14 experts, including academic specialists, fitness center business entrepreneurs, and experienced personal fitness trainers. Part 2 involved the validation of the quality of the draft PIPFT, consisting of three tests: firstly, for validity, where five experts evaluated content validity and obtained an Average Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) of 0.95; secondly, for reliability; and thirdly, for objectivity, where the draft PIPFT, which was improved to the field-test PIPFT, was then tested on 30 personal fitness trainers, with simultaneous evaluations by two assessors, achieving correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.94, respectively. Results Therefore, the field-test PIPFT is considered to be of high quality, demonstrating acceptable validity, excellent reliability, and excellent objectivity. The PIPFT consists of four dimensions and uses a 5-level rubric with a total score of 100 points. Conclusion This innovation can be used by fitness center business operators to genuinely assess the performance of personal fitness trainers.
The use of supplements is commonplace in competitive sports. Nevertheless, sports nutrition experts keep reminding athletes to focus on a balanced basic diet with ‘natural foods‘, and not to overestimate the benefits of dietary supplements. However, depending on an individual’s training load, competition schedule, or health situation, a ‘food only‘ strategy may not be an adequate means to provide the energy and nutrients needed to win a competition. Therefore, a ‘food first‘ strategy is recommended . This approach endorses the personalized usage of certain dietary supplements ( e.g ., sports foods, immune modulators, performance enhancers) in specific situations in addition to a balanced basic diet. In this mini-review, we describe the circumstances in which dietary supplements can be considered ergogenic, and what kind of risks may be associated with their use.
Over the years, integrity and transparency have become the fundamental pillars of ethical conduct in sports, ensuring equal and fair competition. However, in recent years, concerns about various ethical issues and misconduct in sports have emerged and garnered considerable attention from researchers. In response to these issues, this article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the literature, attempting to identify fundamental indicators of integrity and transparency in sports that can be measured and assessed. The research methodology employed a set of search terms that were combined in multiple ways with various keywords, including “sports,” “determinants,” “indicators,” “integrity,” “transparency,” “responsibility,” and “governance.” The period of analysis spanned from 2000 to the present day. A filter was applied to remove duplicates, incomplete documents, studies prior to 2000, and studies in other fields. Finally, after using these specific criteria, a total of 38 articles were selected for further analysis. The results indicate that a total of 15 indicators can be measured and controlled for the world of sport to prosper in terms of integrity, ethics, and transparency.
Introduction Match statistics from the England-France 2022 FIFA World Cup Quarterfinal might suggest England lost despite playing better than France: 16 shot attempts to 8, 5 corners to 2, yet suffering a 1-2 defeat. This interpretation, however, ignores the scoring context. Methods During the 40 minutes, the match was tied (0-0 and 1-1), France actually led in all of the aforementioned statistical categories. Once ahead, France deliberately ceded the initiative to England for 66 minutes to protect their lead. To study the effects of tactical decisions on offensive outputs like shot attempts and corner kicks, we analyzed sequenced match event data from five major European leagues over 15 years. Our approach incorporates scoring context and other tactical drivers, such as red card differentials and home-field advantage, while controlling for team quality using pre-match betting odds. For that, we leverage modeling approaches tailored towards count response data, priori-tizing balance between quality of fit and simplicity. Results Our data analysis provides a thorough confirmation for several intuitive aspects of game dynamics, e.g ., that leading or shorthanded teams typically produce less offense, while teams that trail or have more men tend to ramp up their attacks. Beyond this, we develop a statistical adjustment mechanism to teams’ offensive outputs that equalizes the contextual factors for both teams, helping obtain a potentially fairer representation of their relative statistical outputs within a game. Conclusion This analysis sheds light on how match context drives observed disparities in offensive outputs and offers an alternative, more nuanced, framework for understanding and assessing team performance.
Introduction This study examines the impact of AI-integrated Sport Blended Learning (AI-SBL) versus Traditional Face-To-Face Sport Learning (TFSL) on primary students' sport skills and attitudes. AI-integrated SBL provides personalized learning proven to enhance sports performance and PE engagement. We specifically investigate how AI-SBL enhances skills and promotes positive attitudes towards sports learning. Methods This study selected 94 students aged 8-9 years from Xinghu Primary School in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province. The subjects were divided into an experimental group (48 students) and a control group (46 students) using a computer-generated random allocation method. After confirming that there was no individual difference between the two groups through baseline data analysis, the experimental group implemented AI-integrated sport-blended learning teaching. In contrast, the control group conducted a comparative study using the traditional teaching method. Two Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools were used: Exercise Load Detection System (ELMS), which monitors exercise compliance via AI-driven tracking and feedback in PE classes. Daily Jump Rope App (DJR): A mobile app connecting in-class/after-class learning through real-time feedback, video tutorials, and fitness compensation. Sport skills (Vital capacity, 50-meter run, Sit-up-and-bend, 1-minute Jump rope) were analyzed via pre-post SBL data. Attitudes were assessed through four dimensions: sports attitude, learning purpose, learning time, and learning evaluation. Results AI-SBL significantly outperformed TFSL in skill development (all p <0.01; mean differences: Vital capacity = -1545, 50-meter run = 9.26, Sit-up-and-bend =13.37, 1-minute Jump rope = 141) and attitude improvement. Attitude analysis revealed consistently high evaluations: learning time (M = 4.27), sports attitude (M = 4.19), learning evaluation (M = 4.18), and learning purpose (M = 4.11), with SBL receiving more positive feedback. Discussion In physical education teaching, the AI-supported SBL model is significantly superior to TFSL in enhancing students' motor skills and learning attitudes. SBL integrates pre-class micro-videos, in-class ELMS, and DJR to achieve interaction between in-class and out-of-class activities. Its personalized and data-driven characteristics contrast sharply with traditional physical education teaching (TFSL). Empirical evidence shows that this model effectively improves the Vital capacity, 50-meter run, Sit-up-and-bend, and 1-minute Jump rope performance of primary school students. These skill advancements have further promoted a positive transformation in students' attitudes towards physical education, as evidenced by increased time investment and improved cognitive levels. Conclusion AI-SBL achieved superior sport performance and attitude outcomes compared to TFSL. This demonstrates AI-SBL's transformative potential in sports education methodology, providing valuable references for future research.
The benefits of physical activity (PA) are well established. However, the majority of children worldwide fail to meet the recommended weekly requirements for PA, which are essential for enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and maintaining a healthy weight for their age. The present review evaluated published work in an effort to study the effects of body composition on aerobic fitness levels and hemodynamic factors in children. Studies were retrieved from the following databases: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed (2013-June 2024), Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, EBM Reviews, Current Contents, CISTI Source (2011-June 2024), Sports Discuss (2019-June 2024), and international e-catalogues. Search analysis from these periods represents recent developments, ensuring that the review reflects up-to-date understanding in the field. This helps incorporate the latest methodologies, findings, and technological advancements, and strengthens the validity of this review. The population consists of children from both industrialized and developing nations. The selected study designs were cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort, review, and systematic review. The analysis of research entailed reading titles, abstracts, and complete texts. Following these processes, thirty articles were considered for review. The broad investigation aims to reveal the effects of body composition on aerobic fitness levels and hemodynamic parameters in preventing childhood obesity. The search strategy, as well as Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) phrases and keywords, were used to effectively route significant papers addressing childhood obesity. The relevant terms were “body composition,” “overweight,” “obesity,” “physical activity,” “heart rate,” “blood pressure,” “aerobic fitness”, “nutrition,” “cardiovascular disease,” and “children aged 10-18 years old.” We discovered 12972 publications related to childhood obesity, hemodynamic variables, physical activity (PA), and aerobic fitness; however, 9194 articles were deleted due to duplication. The number of studies left after removing duplicates was 3778. Furthermore, 1657 articles were removed because they were not in English, 1240 articles had no full text available, and 809 articles only included abstracts. Moreover, the full text was reviewed for eligibility, which included 42 reference reviews and 18 titles. Finally, 30 articles were deemed eligible for review The existing literature suggests that additional investigation is warranted to delineate a precise course of action for mitigating the risks associated with childhood obesity. This entails placing a heightened emphasis on the significance of children engaging in aerobic fitness activities.
Introduction The importance of recreational sports for overall human development is widely acknowledged. These activities provide numerous physical, mental, and social benefits, particularly for students. Problem Statement: While the general benefits of recreational sports are recognized, less is understood about the specific motivational factors driving student participation, particularly concerning the influence of gender and regional background. This study addresses this gap by investigating how these factors shape students' motivation to engage in recreational sports. Methods This study focuses on understanding the motivational factors influencing recreational sports participation among students at Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC), specifically examining the role of gender and regional background. Material and Methods: The research involved a sample of 918 students (455 males and 463 females) aged 18-22 from VNU-HCMC. Motivation was measured using the standardized ATPA-D questionnaire. Results The findings revealed that health, enjoyment, and social interaction are the three primary motivators for students' participation in recreational sports. However, significant differences were observed among subgroups. Male students prioritized social interaction, while female students placed higher importance on health benefits. Interestingly, aesthetics was a more significant motivator for female students from the North compared to those from the South and Central regions. The competitive aspect was more appealing to male students from the South. This trend was mirrored among female students, with those from the South and Central regions showing greater interest in competition than those from the North. Discussion: Despite the observed gender and region-based differences, the study also highlights similarities in recreational sports participation motives among young people across Vietnam. This suggests that regional background is not the sole determinant of recreational sports choices among VNU-HCMC students. Conclusion The study provides valuable insights into the diverse motivational factors influencing recreational sports participation among students. Understanding these factors, particularly the nuances related to gender and regional background is crucial for promoting and developing inclusive and engaging recreational sports programs.
