Background and Objective: Gamma rays at different doses have been used to induce mutation in several species.The objective of the study was to determine mutant lines with improved agronomic traits.Materials and Methods: Seeds of soybean variety ʻJengumaʼ were irradiated with gamma rays at 150, 200, 250 and 300 Gy using un-irradiated (0 Gy) as control.The M 2 seeds were screened and the promising lines were selected and were advanced to M 3 generation.Desired M 3 mutants were evaluated for improved agronomic traits in RCBD in the Guinea Savannah Agro-ecology.Results: The irradiation was found to have had great potential to improve the yield and other important agronomic traits for the crop.Desired characteristics were found with 200, 250 and 150 Gy treated seeds.Maturity periods for seeds selected were shorter.The shattering resistance of the selected M 2 seeds of 200 and 250 Gy were also found to be a potential improvement over the parental variety ʻJengumaʼ which was originally bred to control pod shattering.More desired traits were found in the 200 and 250 Gy mutant lines with only a few in the 150 and 300 Gy.Conclusion: Promising mutant genotypes should be tested in multi-locational trials to determine their suitability in the various agro-ecologies for release as varieties and production by farmers in these areas.
Background and Objective: In recent times, groundnut production has recorded low yields in the Northern part of Ghana and this could be attributed to the use of unimproved varieties, the incidence of diseases and pests and the prevalence of drought.The objective of this study was to compare agronomic traits of M 1 , M 2 and M 3 mutant lines of groundnut produced over the years in the Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zone of Ghana.Materials and Methods: The M 1 , M 2 and M 3 mutant lines of groundnut were screened for improved agronomic traits.The trials were laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications.The experimental plots measured 3×3 m.Data collected were subjected to combined analysis for variation in factorial experiments using Genstat (18 edition) statistical package.Means were separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) approach at a 5% probability level.Results: Results of the study indicated that mutagenesis had great potential to improve the yield characteristics of groundnut.More desired traits were found with the 150 and 200 Gy doses.The number of pods per plant and seed weight was the key parameters found to influence grain yield.The maturity period was found to be shorter in the selected mutant genotypes.Conclusion: Promising mutant genotypes should be tested in multi-locational trials to determine their suitability in the various agro-ecologies for release as varieties and production by farmers in these areas.
Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of herbal science worried about the working, or physiology, of plants. Firmly related fields incorporate plant morphology, plant environment, phytochemistry, cell science, hereditary qualities, biophysics and sub-atomic science. Central cycles like photosynthesis, breath, plant sustenance, plant chemical capacities, tropisms, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, ecological pressure physiology, seed germination, lethargy and stomatafunction and happening, the two pieces of plant water relations, are concentrated by plant physiologists. The field of plant physiology incorporates the investigation of the multitude of inner exercises of plants-those compound and actual cycles related with life as they happen in plants. This incorporates learn at numerous degrees of size of size and time.
Background and Objective: Improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits of Tossa Jute through hybridization is problematic due to narrow genetic base and high sensitivity to light and temperature.Twelve Tossa Jute genotypes were studied to estimate their genetic diversity for fiber yield based on variances, heritability and genetic advance.Materials and Methods: This investigation was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications.Plants were harvested at 110 days of age.Data on plant height, base diameter, green weight, fiber yield and stick yield were recorded carefully.Results: The Acc. 1318 showed maximum plant height (3.22 m), stem base diameter (16.63 mm), dry fiber weight/plant (16.93 g), dry fiber yield per hectare area (3.55 t) followed by Acc.1306, O-0512-6-2,O-043-7-9, BJRI Tossa pat-5, O-049-1-3, O-0411-10-4, JRO-524 (green), BJRI Tossa pat-8, JRO-524 (red), O-0419-3-1 and O-0412-9-4.Highly significant differences indicating variability were found for all characters among the genotypes which are helpful for varietal development.For all traits, phenotypic co-variances were relatively greater, but nearest to the genotypic co-variances indicating high contribution of genotypic effects for phenotypic expression.High heritability coupled with high genetic advance per percent of mean obtained for all characters except plant height, base diameter reflecting the presence of additive gene action for the expression of these traits and improvement of these characters through selection.Conclusion: Proper hybridization between wild and cultivated species will develop novel plant types with good characters.Acc.1318, Acc.1306, O-0512-6-2, O-049-1-3 performed good results on variability, heritability and genetic advance for fiber yield which will be used as breeding materials.
Background and Objective: Aluminium cation toxicity remains to be one of the major abiotic factors limiting barley production not only in Kenya but also other parts of the world where this crop is grown.The study aimed at screening both commonly grown barley varieties as well as the improved barley lines to identify potential varieties that could be used in improving tolerance to aluminium toxicity.Materials and Methods: Thirty two winter and spring adapted genotypes were arranged in a completely randomized design consisting of two Al treatments (0 and 148 µM) and barley genotypes as experimental units replicated 5 times.Five-day old seedlings were subjected to hematoxylin staining with 0.2% hematoxylin solution containing 0.02% potassium iodide.Visual assessment on the intensity of root staining was done on a 1-5 scale with 1 as tolerant and 5 as sensitive to aluminium toxicity.Data on net root length, relative net root growth, percent response, hematoxylin staining intensity were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) on Genstat statistical software release 16.0 VSN International Ltd., at 5% level of significance.Mean response were separated using duncan multiple range test.Results: Winter and spring adapted barley differed significantly in their response to aluminium cation toxicity (p<0.05).Net root length, relative net root growth, percentage response, degree of root staining for spring adapted genotypes expressed more tolerance to aluminium toxicity compared to the winter adapted barley.Irrespective of the adaptation to growth conditions, some genotypes expressed exclusion while others utilized fixation mechanisms of tolerance to aluminium toxicity.Conclusion: In conclusion, a number of barley grown in Kenya were tolerant to aluminium toxicity and the study recommends Fanaka, MALT 1, Aliciana and Grace genotypes for studies aiming at increasing tolerance to aluminium toxicity.
Background and Objective: Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a multipurpose grain legume with an indeterminate growth habit.The objective of this study was to identify adaptation mechanisms of grass pea to water deficits.Materials and Methods: In the germination experiment, the used osmotic potential were: 0 (distilled water); -0.03, -0.1, -0.7 and -1.0 MPa, osmotic shock induced by increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG).After treatment for 7 days, germination percentage, root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weight were measured.In the second experiment, water deficit was imposed on plants of grass pea by withholding water from first flowering.Results: Seeds of L. sativus were able to germinate at all concentrations of PEG treatments.Higher concentrations of PEG (-1.0 MPa) were less inhibitor effect on seedling shoot and root elongation.This study showed that under water deficit, grass pea avoids dehydration through a reduction in leaf area and fresh biomass.Water deficit reduced dry matter, seed yield, seed number, seed size, flowers number and harvest index, respectively, when compared with the controls.Conclusion: Conclusively, grass pea showed a better germination under osmotic stress; therefore, it seems to be a suitable candidate for breeding programs.
Background and Objective: A clear understanding of the extent of genetic diversity in a germplasm is very critical for maximal exploitation and utilization of inherent resource for conservation and subsequent improvement.This paper was aimed at evaluating the diversity in cowpea accessions using seed storage protein profiling.Materials and Methods: The analysis of the seed storage proteins of cowpea was undertaken at the analytical bioscience laboratory of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) using 15 cowpea accessions obtained from the germplasm of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan in March, 2017.Seed storage protein was extracted and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).Distinct protein bands were scored for presence ("1") and absence ("0") and subjected to analyses using GenAlEx 6.5 and MSVP 3.21 software for genetic parameters.Results: SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed diversity in the seed storage proteins of cowpeas with two major clusters and sub-clusters based on population genetic distance differed according to location and this can be exploited to undertake hybridization of accessions TVu-4467 and/or TVu-8063 from Nigeria as well as TVu-12513 adopted from Zambia.Other genetic diversity parameters indicated the existence of genetic diversity in the 15 accessions.Conclusion: Taking the results together, the investigation confirmed it might be justifiable to carry out parental selection of cowpea accessions adopted from Nigeria, preferably TVu4467 and/or TVu8063 as well as TVu12513 adopted from Zambia for possible crossing to widen the genetic base of cowpea.
Background and Objective: Exploitation of heterosis is one of the practical means of increasing yield and information on the magnitude of heterosis is a basic requisite for identifying crosses that exhibit high amount of exploitable heterosis in hot pepper.The heterosis study was conducted with the objectives of determining the magnitude of heterosis and heterobeltiosis for yield and quality and to identify and select superior F 1 hybrids for yield and quality improvement in hot pepper genotypes.Materials and Methods: The field experiment was conducted during 2014 through 2016 at six environments in Southern Ethiopia using 55 hot pepper genotypes that included 10 hot pepper parents and 45 F 1 hybrids obtained from 10×10 half diallel crosses.It was laid out using RCBD with 3 replications and data collected was analyzed using Microsoft excel version 2013.Results: Analysis of mid and better parent heterosis confirmed that heterosis ranged from -51.50% in fruit dry weight to 97.66% in fresh fruit yield indicating the existence of sufficient heterosis that can be exploited in hot pepper breeding programs.Fresh fruit yield had mid and better parent heterosis ranging from -38.63 to 97.66% and from -47.24 to 80.44%, respectively.The highest heterosis for oleoresin content were recorded for Melkazala×Avpp59328, Avpp8913×Avpp0512, Marakofana×Avpp0206, Avpp0206×Avpp0105 and Melkazala×Avpp0514.The best selected hybrids in percentage mid and better parent heterosis for fresh fruit and dry weight yield include Melkashote×Avpp59328, Marakofana×Avpp59328, Melkashote×Avpp0105, Avpp0514×Avpp0105 and Avpp9813×Avpp0514.Conclusion: The investigation confirmed the existence of variable genetic potential for exploitation of heterosis for yield and quality including oleoresin content in Capsicum.
Background and Objective: Malt barley production demand increased due to the establishment and production capacity increment of malt and beer factories in Amhara Region.It is difficult to fortify the demand of malt and beer factories in the region only under rain fed production.Therefore, to evaluate and recommend malt barley varieties, the study was conducted at Koga irrigation experimental site of Adet Agricultural Research Center with the objective of selecting high grain yielding malt barley varieties with acceptable malt qualities to boost malt barley production the irrigation areas.Material and Method: Twelve released malt barley varieties were tested in 2013 and 2014 irrigation session in randomized complete block design with three replications.Data of Plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, spike length, number of seeds per spike and grain yield data were collected and malt quality data grain protein and starch content of the varieties were analyzed using NIRS in Amhara agricultural research institute grain quality laboratory.Result: In the combined analysis Variety EH 1847 showed the highest grain yield (5.73 t haG 1 ) while Holker had showed the lowest grain yield 3.2 t haG 1 .IBON 174/03 was the early to head (61.67) and Sabini was early to mature 102.8 days respectively.Conclusion: Variety Sabini which showed higher grain yield and acceptable protein content 5.1 t haG 1 and 11.07%respectively recommended for malt barley production.However, the activity should be repeated both over years and across locations to explore seasonal variation and environmental factors on malt barley genotypes grain yield and quality.
Background and Objective: Induced mutation is a valuable tool used by plant breeders for creating new variation where crop genetic diversity is insufficient.The study was conducted to select mutants that possess novel morpho-agronomic traits from M 2 generation.Materials and Methods: Seeds obtained from M 1 plants derived from gamma irradiated seeds of eight cowpea accessions were advanced to M 2 generation.The M 2 plants were screened and scored for mutant phenotypes on the field.Selected mutants were advanced to M 3 and M 4 generations to confirm their mutant phenotypes and genetic stability.Results: Observed mutation spectra and frequencies varied across all the accessions and radiation treatments.New cowpea mutants with novel phenotypic and agronomic traits were selected from five out of the eight accessions studied.The frequencies of yellow and white seedling (albino) mutants were higher than other mutants in all cowpea accessions and across radiation treatments.Mutation rates were higher (0.0057<1.745) in the four elite cultivars, whereas, lower range of mutation frequencies (0<0.4013) were recorded in Ife brown (IB) and its derivatives.The tall-erect non-branching trait of the mutant IB-ER could be introgressed to develop tall and erect varieties that may be useful for mechanized cowpea production.Conclusion: Mutants selected in this study could be of benefit for cowpea improvement, genetic analysis, biochemical and physiological studies.
Background and Objective: Quality characteristics in sugarcane vary with the varieties, age of crop and the agro-climatic conditions.Study was undertaken with the objective of evaluation of cane quality and sugar yield of sugarcane varieties for identifying the promising ones for Ethiopia.Materials and Methods: The materials for the study consisted of sixteen introduced varieties of sugarcane which were planted in a field experiment in randomized complete block design at Arba Minch University, Ethiopia on February, 16, 2015.The soil of the field was clay, slightly alkaline and fertile.All recommended cultural practices were done to raise the crop for normal growth and development during 2015-16.Data were recorded on cane quality characters, viz., 0 Brix in juice from middle of canes at 10.5 months of age and 0 Brix, pol and purity percent juice from composite juice of canes, recoverable sugar percent cane and sugar yield at 12 months age, flowering and cane and sugar yields.Data were subjected to simple analysis system and Pearson simple correlation coefficients were worked out between flowering and quality characteristics.Results: 0 Brix in cane juice was high in varieties, CP 69 1059, B 59 212, E 188 56 and B 4906.Pol percent juice and recoverable sugar percent cane were high in varieties, CP 69 1059, B 59212, B 4906, B 60267 at 12 months of age.Varieties differed in maturity period, viz., early, CP 69 1059, mid-early, B 4906, B 60 267and C 86 165, mid maturity, B 59212, B 52 298, B 41227, N 53 219, Co 622 and E 188 56, mid-late, N Co 334, N 52 216 and C 86 56 and late maturing, Mex 54 245, N 14 and DB 22857. 0Brix at 10.5 and 12 months of age and pol and recoverable sugar at 12 months were positively correlated with the flowering.Conclusion: Sugarcane varieties differed in quality characteristics and the maturity periods.Brix and pol percent juice and recoverable sugar percent cane were positively associated with occurrence of flowering in varieties at early stage.Sugarcane varieties, B 59212, N 53 216, Co 622, B 41227, Mex 54 245, B 52 298 with high estimated sugar yields could be tested further for confirmation of results, adaptability and selection of promising ones for Southern Ethiopia.
Background and Objective: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a leading oilseed crop in Bangladesh but its yield is almost lower comparing to the others rapeseed growing countries in the world.In the present study, diallel analysis in rapeseed was carried out to evaluate potential lines, hybrids and nature of gene action involved in the inheritance regarding yield and yield attributing traits.Materials and Methods: A total number of 21plant materials were used in this experiment whereas six were used as parents and 15 were as F 2 segregating generations.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications.All data were analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the help of computer software package MSTAT-C program, followed by Duncan multiple range test.The combining ability analysis was performed using mean values according to Griffing's Model I and Method II.Results: Analysis of combining ability showed highly significant GCA (general combining ability) and SCA (specific combining ability) effects for the studied traits.Based on GCA, out of 15 crosses, the best general combiners were Nap-9908 for number of siliquae/plant, seed/siliqua and seed yield/plant.The higher magnitude of GCA variance was observed than that of SCA variance for all the studied characters except days to 50% flowering and number of secondary branches/plant.Similarly, based on SCA, the best combiners were Nap-9905×Nap-205 for number of primary branches and seed yield/plant, Nap-9901×Nap-205 for secondary branches, siliqua length and seeds/siliqua and Nap-9908×Nap-9901 for number of siliqua/plant could be utilize in future rapeseed breeding program.In the Vr-Wr graph, the partial dominance was observed for secondary branches/plant and seed yield/plant but except the two characters, all other characters showed over dominance.The graphical analysis also indicates wide genetic diversity among the parents.Conclusion: After assessing all the characters, Nap-9908 is the best general combiner and Nap-9905×Nap-205 is the best cross combiner and could be used as genetic materials for the higher rapeseed production in Bangladesh.
Background and Objectives: Genetic variation is indispensable to any plant improvement programme, therefore; this study was primarily based on this aspect of inducing desirable genetic variation for enhancement of the available lentil genetic diversity.The objective of study was to find out the response of caffeine on lentil with a view to distinguished the effect of chemical mutagen on quantitative and qualitative traits in M 2 generation.Materials and Methods: In the present experiment, potent chemical mutagen caffeine was used to raise a viable and beneficial mutant at M 2 generation level.The seeds (genotype) of lentil were treated with 0.1, 0.25 and 0.50% dose of caffeine prepared in phosphate buffer.Results: Different qualitative and quantitative traits of mutant plant were screened and considerable variations in phenotypic characters were observed.Morphology of plant which is high yielding than its wild type is altered by wide range of macro mutations are called high yielding mutant at 0.25% dose of caffeine.Cytological studies were also done in control as well as mutant plant.Different cytological anomalies such as disturb metaphase with two stray chromosome and stickiness were found.Laggards disturb metaphase II non synchronization and disturbed polarity was also observed in high yielding mutant plant. Conclusion:The optimal dose of caffeine showed accelerating rate of desirable high-yielding mutant had proved to be economical.The segregate of the selected mutant in future generations will definitely contribute to the improvement of lentil genotype and this mutant may be used as valuable breeding stocks for lentil breeding.So by using chemical mutagenesis breeders develop induced mutants in different plants.
Background and Objective: Pollination bags and tents play a crucial role in artificial hybridisation in plant breeding.They offer protection against unwanted foreign pollen and bird damage and provide ambient conditions for hybrid seed development.Methodology: Five hundred and sixty four inter-and intra-specific crosses were made in Miscanthus using three types of pollination bags in glasshouse and isolation chamber conditions in experiment 1.Another 16 crosses were made in a duraweb® tent and isolation chamber under external and glasshouse conditions in experiment 2. Data on quantitative traits were analysed using Z-test and analysis of variance techniques.Results: The success rate of crosses with duraweb® bags was the highest (45%) which exceeded the glassine bags by 15% and orchard type bags by 7%.The success rate for the intra-specific crosses was 47% that was 13% higher than the inter-specific crosses.The seed set rate with duraweb® crossing tents was much higher than in isolation chambers.The average seed number in tents was 82% higher than in isolation chambers in glasshouse conditions.Better seed set rate in duraweb® bags and tents resulted from a better control on the temperature and humidity within them.The isolation chambers had higher temperature and humidity than the duraweb® tents and hence showed a lower seed number.Both duraweb® bags and tents were reusable following an autoclave cycle and were resistant to slug damage.Conclusion: Both duraweb® bags and crossing tents showed greater efficacy in hybrid seed production by providing an ambient environment for seed development.
