Bangladesh, despite being a top raw jute producer, struggles with inadequate jute seed quantity and quality due to some unforeseen circumstances. Boron is a key micronutrient for enhancing crop seed yield and quality. However, research on its effects on jute (Corchorus olitorius) seed production in Bangladesh remains limited, highlighting a significant knowledge gap. Therefore, a two-year field study was conducted at the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Regional Station in Faridpur to examine the effects of various boron application methods and doses on Corchorus olitorius seed production. The experiment included ten treatments combining three boron doses (2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 kg/ha) with three different application methods: (1) full dose as basal application, (2) full dose as foliar spray in two equal split and (3) haft the dose as basal application with the remaining half as foliar spray in two equal splits. An additional treatment without boron served as the control. The experiment, using the jute variety BJRI Tossa Pat 8, was conducted in a randomized complete block design to account for environmental variability and enhance treatment comparison. The study revealed that, independent of application methods and doses, boron application significantly improved seed yield and germination percentage compared to treatments without boron. Foliar application of boron at 3.0 kg/ha significantly enhanced yield contributing characters, including the number of capsules/plant, capsule length, and 1000-seed weights, compared to control and basal treatments. Additionally, boron application consistently improved seed yield and germination percentage across all methods and doses. The 3.0 kg/ha foliar treatment, applied half at 20-25 days after sowing and the remainder at the first flowering stage, yielded the highest results for Corchorus olitorius. Principal component analysis indicated that the number of seeds per capsule, capsule length, and seed yield were the main contributors. So, 3.0 kg/ha foliar boron treatment, applied half at 20-25 days after sowing and the remainder at the first flowering stage is recommended for late jute seed production to achieve optimum seed yield and net profit.

Background: Orthodontic care globally urges the need to develop various methods to assess and grade malocclusion in order to prioritize treatment Objective: The purpose of the present study was to describe Angle’s molar relationship among the study subjects with the facial profile. Methodology: This study was designed as a Descriptive Cross-Sectional study carried out in four high schools in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. The study was conducted from May 2015 to November 2015 for a period of 06 (six) months on 384 secondary school children aged between 11 – 16 years Systematic Random Sampling from four high schools in Dhaka city. The participants were included who had no preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment previously carried out and participants having late mixed or early permanent dentition. The participants were excluded participants having major local problems such as trauma or any history of surgical approach which affects the growth and development of facial structures or body, Students who are undergoing orthodontic treatment or who have completed orthodontic treatment earlier, Students who are suffering from any systemic disease. Data were collected using a preformed data collection sheet. The relevant socio-demographic data of these patients were collected and recorded. Data were collected and Parents/ guardians were provided with a description of the study, an informed consent form (written in Bengali) and a family history/ lifestyle questionnaire (written in English). In addition, trained research assistants were explained the study procedures. Results: Out of 384 children, the maximum no. of Angle’s molar relationship was Class I in both sides, similarly maximum no. of Canine relationships was Class I in both sides. Maximum face form was oval (51.8%), maximum (57.6%) face profile was straight and maximum (76.6%) lips were competent. Conclusion: In this study, malocclusion was 56.7%. Angle’s class I malocclusion is the most common while Angle’s class III is the least prevalent malocclusion. Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, July 2022;8(2):206-209

This study examined the pretreatment and post treatment dental arch width changes between the extraction and non-extraction cases in Angle’s class I patients. Sixty pre-treatment and post-treatment dental casts from 30 extractions and 30 non-extractions participants were selected for the study. The inter-canine and inter-molar maxillary arch width were measured by Vernier gauge caliper. An unpaired t-test was performed to evaluate the arch width changes between extraction and non-extraction groups. The results showed that inter-molar and inter-canine maxillary arch widths in the non-extraction group were slightly higher than those in the extraction group in both pre- and post-treatment, but the differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the extraction and non-extraction techniques used in orthodontic treatment did not change the inter-caning and inter-molar arch widths.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2022; 12(2): 24-26

Thiamine, riboflavin and niacin are essential nutrients and play vital role in oxidation-reduction reaction during energy production in the living cell of the body. Requirement of these vitamins must be met through diet as human body cannot synthesize thiamine and riboflavin. Small amount of niacin is synthesized in the body but major requirement must be met through external diet. Jute leaves are rich in different vitamins and minerals. Different varieties of fresh jute leaves as well as preserved leaves of Corchorus olitorius. L. and Corchorus capsularis L. were evaluated for thiamine, riboflavin and niacin content. Powder jute leaf were prepared through drying of leaves in cold (4 ̊C), oven (100 ̊C) and open air (±30 ̊C) and then ground following preservation at -20 ̊C in freezer. Thiamine content in fresh leaves of C. olitorius is 3.22 – 5.84 mg/g and in C. capsularis is 4.26 – 6.46 mg/g. Jute leaves in both species show riboflavin content 1.00 – 1.35 mg/g. Niacin was found in leaves of C. olitorius 12.01 – 19.12 mg/g and in C. capsularis 12.95 – 23.17 mg/g in different varieties. Preserved leaf powder of C. olitorius and C. capsularis contain 0.37 – 0.58 mg/g thiamine. High amount of riboflavin was found in jute leaf powder of both species. Preserved leaf powder of C. olitorius shows 4.24 – 13.42 mg/g riboflavin and C. capsularis have 9.14 to 19.59 mg/g. Niacin content was found stable in preserved jute leaf powder. Preserved powder leaf of C. olitorius contain 8.4 - 14.8 mg/g niacin and leaves of C. capsularis have 5.8– 8.3 mg/g of niacin. There is no significant difference observed in leaves of different varieties of C. olitorius and C. capsularis regarding thiamine, riboflavin and niacin content. Drying showed different effect on vitamins in jute leaves, it reduced thiamine content, increased riboflavin content but did not affect much on niacin content in jute leaves in comparison to the fresh leaves. Different drying method did not show significant difference in thiamine, riboflavin and niacin content in jute leaves. Fresh jute leaves and preserved jute leaf powder both contain thiamine, riboflavin and niacin.

White jute (Corchorus capsularis) is an important bast fiber producing cash crop. Its narrow genetic base due to its self-pollination nature as well as genetic incompatibility in respect of interspecific hybridization cause low morphological variability. The searching for good genotypes and their use in intraspecific hybridization is the best option to increase the yield potentiality of this crop. In this research experiment, 95 white jute genotypes including 93 accessions and two pre-released varieties (CVL-1 and BJRI Deshi Pat 9) were investigated for higher fibre yield. The experiment was laid out in an augmented design at Jute Agricultural Experiment Station, Manikgonj during 2019. Plants were harvested at 120 days age and morphological data like plant height (m), base diameter (mm), green weight with leaves (g plant-1), fiber yield (g plant-1) and stick yield (g plant-1) were recorded carefully. From the descriptive analyses of the recorded data, good fibre yields were found in A-725 (20 g plant-1) and A-2232 (16.60 g plant-1) followed by A-2224, A-248, A-07, A-675, A-2264, A-1292, A-247, A-469, A-2226, A-674, A-02, A-232, A-10, A-684 than the control varieties BJRI Deshi Pat-9 (10.80 g plant-1) and CVL-1 (9.20 g plant-1). From the hierarchical cluster analysis, the average inter-cluster distances were found higher than the average intra-cluster distances, which shows the presence of wide genetic diversity among the genotypes of different clusters than those of the same cluster. These higher fibre yielding accessions with wide genetic diversity would be used as breeding materials for varietal improvement through hybridization and selection approaches.

Soil salinity, a serious threat to jute cultivation in saline areas (southern parts) of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) has developed a moderately salt tolerant White Jute variety (BJRI Deshi pat-8; BJC 2197) in 2013 which can’t grow well in saline areas having more than 8.0 dSm-1 salinity stress. Hence, 23 whitejute accessions and one control variety (BJC 2197) were tested to isolate the salt tolerant accession(s) for hybridization purpose followed by augmented design in farmers’ field having nearly 8.0-9.0 dSm-1 salinity at Patuakhali district during mid-March to mid-August 2019. The experimental plot size was 3.0 m2 (3 m × 1 m) for each genotype having 3 lines of 1.0 m length, plant-plant: 10-15 cm and line- line: 30 cm distance. Soil salinity was recorded during sowing, vegetative and plant maturity stages. In this study, the highest plant height 2.84 m was recorded in Acc. 2750 followed by Acc. 2589 (2.76 m) and Acc. 1779 (2.69 m). The highest fiber yield (9.0 g plant-1) was observed in Acc. 1779 followed by Acc. 2589 (8.40 g plant-1) and Acc. 2750 (8.0 g plant-1). The lowest plant mortality rate (2.5%) was found in Acc.2750 followed by Acc.1779 (6.24%), Acc. 1780 (7.50), Acc. 3556 (11.10%), Acc. 2589 (11.20%) and BJC 2197 (16.5%). Few seeds were germinated in Acc. 3020 and Acc. 3658 but plants were died after 20 days of sowing. Six genotypes of cluster I showed higher diversity in Euclidean cluster analysis. The Acc. 2750, Acc. 1779, Acc. 2589 of cluster I having relative salinity tolerance and good fiber yield capacity would be grown in next year for confirmation as well as hybridization with the existing salinity susceptible variety to develop high yielding white jute variety for saline areas.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY:Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius) is a natural fibre crop produces good quality fiber having great demand for industrial uses. High yielding tossa jute variety is very important in Bangladesh.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) has developed a new tossa jute variety (BJRI Tossa Pat 7) through pure line selection (PLS) from another pre-released variety named OM-1 during 2017. The new variety was evaluated for fiber yield and attributing phonological traits through comparing with another pre-released variety named BJRI Tossa Pat 5 (O-795) in RCB design at six locations during 2015-2018.RESULTS:Distinct morphological traits i.e. ovate lanceolate glossy leaves; full green plant were found in MG-1 and stem & stipule red; ovate lanceolate leaves in O-795. MG-1 showed higher fiber yield (3.39-3.40 t ha-1) where, O-795 showed 3.10-3.22 t ha-1 as means of their maximum performances for three years at both farmers' plots and research fields. MG-1 gave higher plant height, base diameter, fiber yield than O-795 at both research stations and farmers' fields. Even after sowing at 10-15 March, MG-1 gave late flowering; lower leaf size, leaf angle, green leaf biomass and node number; maximum inter-nodal length, bark diameter, bark thickness and fiber bundle cells; and finally golden bright quality fiber than O-795. If both varieties were sown at 2nd to 3rd week of March, and harvested at 110 days old, MG-1 gave 5-7% higher fiber yield than O-795.CONCLUSION:Undoubtedly, MG-1 is a good tossa jute variety for its fiber yield and quality than pre-released varieties.RECOMMENDATION:MG-1 having good fiber yield would be used for commercial cultivation by the farmers to contribute to the national economy.

The decision forutilization of a space of a retained deciduous molar to alleviate crowding in late mixed dentition is one of the critical aspects in orthodontic treatment.Hence, the aimof the treatment hereis to use the extraction spaces properly to relieve severe crowding and align both the arches to the point where a stable overjet/overbite exist. This case report presenting a 13-year-old female adolescent with severe crowding in both upper and lower jaw and a convex profile. Although she was initially anxious to extract her teeth to treat her case but also she was looking for desirable results. The case was later treated in a conventional orthodontic approach with extraction ofthree 1stpremolars. It was quite challenging to make the best use of the space of missing lower right 2nd premolar after extraction of deciduous second molar on that sideto relieve severe crowding. However; at the end of the treatment, the patient expressed satisfaction with the results- proper bite, smile and most importantly esthetics. This case report demonstrates successful treatment of an adolescent patient with severe crowding by proper utilization of the extraction spaces. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(4) 2020 p.763-768

Background: The worldwide incidence of oral health among the autistic children has been found to be poor for various reasons. Risk of dental caries and gingivitis is expected to be higher in these patients due to improper brushing and flossing because of the difficulties of the trainers and parents encounter when they brush the children’s’ teeth. They tend to pouch food inside the mouth instead of swallowing it due to poor tongue coordination, thereby increasing the susceptibility to caries. Communication and behavioural problems pose the most significant challenges in providing oral care. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the oral health status and dental needs of autistic children in Bangladesh. Methods: This case control study was carried out among 2-13 years old children with special health-care needs. The study was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from the period of August to December 2017. A total of 130 children having ASD and aged between 2 -13 years were taken as cases and 182 gender-matched healthy children were taken as control. Cases were taken from BSMMU and other two autism centres. Controls were taken from a neighborhood school. Oral lesions were evaluated using standard international diagnostic criteria. Association of food habits and oral hygiene status were assessed among the study subjects. Dental status was evaluated using DMFT/dmft index according to the World Health Organization oral health surveys. Gingival health status were assessed using the Oral hygiene index of Loe and Silness, while the papillary bleeding index were assessed by employing the papillary bleeding index of Miihleman to ascertain the oral hygiene status. Results: The mean age was found 8.72±3.40 years in the case group and 10.26±1.36 years in control group. Chi square test showed significant associations with the participants’ consumption of having more soft foods, presence of papillary bleeding and presence of decayed teeth with their oral hygiene status. Conclusion: As data regarding oral health among autistic children are not available presently in Bangladesh. So, it is difficult for comparison of children having disabilities with those of healthy group. For planning and providing effective dental health care services for the children with autistic disorders. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2020; 46(2): 90-98

Background: Gingival recession exposes the tooth’s root with aesthetic disfigurement, frequently brings a patient to a dentist’s office for the objectionable aesthetics caused by the disease. This case report addressed the management of localized cleft like gingival recession in the tooth no 31 with the aid of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF). Methods: Mucosal flap was retracted from tooth no 41 to 33 followed by curettage and root planning on the effected tooth (where there was gingival recession). Allogenic bone graft was applied over the affected area, covered with freshly prepared autogenous PRF membrane, flap was repositioned and sutured. Results: Within six month after surgery previously denuded root surface of the treated incisor became entirely covered with mucosa and good aesthetics was regained; which after 4 years, maintained stable gingival contour and aesthetics. Conclusion: The result in the presented case indicate that PRF can be applied when cleft like gingival recession due to malocclusion is necessarily to be treated uneventfully with good aesthetics. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2018; 44: 168-170

Background: The initial inflammatory reaction of pulp capping materials on the dental pulp has an intimate relation in promoting the future cellular differentiation and biomaterial mineralisation. So, analysis of immediate pulpal tissue reaction in vivo, is also important for evaluation of ultimate efficacy any pulp capping agent. To observe immediate inflammatory response of Human Dental Pulp capped with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Biodentin and Portland Cement (PC). Methods: A total of 70 permanent premolars teeth planned to be extracted for orthodontic alignment of occlusion were used as study sample. The teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups, MTA (n=20), Biodentin (n=20) Portland cement (n=20) and control group (n=10). After having an occlusal exposure of approximately 1.5 mm in diameter; in group A, pulp of teeth was capped with 2-mm-thick layer of ProRoot White MTA (Dentsply) and in group B, with sterile Biodentin (Septodont) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Whereas in group C, pulp of teeth was capped with sterile Portland Cement (PC). After placing the experimental material in each group, all teeth restored with glass i‹xiomer cement. After 24 hours the teeth were extracted, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, then decalcified by 10% nitric acid and embedded in paraffin. Finally, sectioned into 2 to 3-micron-thick serial sections in the linguo-buccal plane and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. After then the amount of pulp inflammation (type, intensity, and extension) were determined by using a predetermined evaluation criterion under an optical microscope at 40a magnification. Ten intact teeth, which received no exposure and pulp capping but extracted due to orthodontic purpose were also collected and treated as the control group (group D); undergone same histologic preparation and evaluation. Significantstatistical differences among the experimental groups were to be found (p<0.05). Results: Histologically, all the three tested materials produced immediate pulpal tissue reaction. ‘Biodentin’ found to be most immediate pulpal tissue reactive (reactive in 100% cases) and ‘Portland Cement’ showed least immediate tissue reaction (only in 30.0% cases). whereas, MTA produced immediate tissue reaction only in 50.0% cases. Immediate pulpal inflammatory reaction in response to tested material found to be statistically significant different between ‘Biodentin’ and ‘Portland cmient’ (p=0.01), also between ‘Biodentin’ and ‘MTA’ and (p=0.001); but there was no statistically significant difference between ‘MTA’ and ‘Portland cement’ (p =0.197). Conclusion: Considering the maximum immediate pulpal tissue reaction (Inflammation), Biodentin is expected to produce most favorable ultimate bioactivity (biomaterial mineralization) after pulp capping. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2019; 45: 108-116

Background and Objective: Improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits of Tossa Jute through hybridization is problematic due to narrow genetic base and high sensitivity to light and temperature.Twelve Tossa Jute genotypes were studied to estimate their genetic diversity for fiber yield based on variances, heritability and genetic advance.Materials and Methods: This investigation was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications.Plants were harvested at 110 days of age.Data on plant height, base diameter, green weight, fiber yield and stick yield were recorded carefully.Results: The Acc. 1318 showed maximum plant height (3.22 m), stem base diameter (16.63 mm), dry fiber weight/plant (16.93 g), dry fiber yield per hectare area (3.55 t) followed by Acc.1306, O-0512-6-2,O-043-7-9, BJRI Tossa pat-5, O-049-1-3, O-0411-10-4, JRO-524 (green), BJRI Tossa pat-8, JRO-524 (red), O-0419-3-1 and O-0412-9-4.Highly significant differences indicating variability were found for all characters among the genotypes which are helpful for varietal development.For all traits, phenotypic co-variances were relatively greater, but nearest to the genotypic co-variances indicating high contribution of genotypic effects for phenotypic expression.High heritability coupled with high genetic advance per percent of mean obtained for all characters except plant height, base diameter reflecting the presence of additive gene action for the expression of these traits and improvement of these characters through selection.Conclusion: Proper hybridization between wild and cultivated species will develop novel plant types with good characters.Acc.1318, Acc.1306, O-0512-6-2, O-049-1-3 performed good results on variability, heritability and genetic advance for fiber yield which will be used as breeding materials.

Background: Light-cured bonding systems have been widely accepted among orthodontists. Various light curing units are available now. Recently, the light emitting diode (LED) has been introduced alongside halogen light curing units. There is lack of information on the advantages and disadvantages of different light curing systems. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of an adhesive cured with two different orthodontic light sources i.e. LED and halogen. Methods: Forty four (22 in each group) extracted human premolars without any defects were etched with 37% phosphoric acid and cleansed with water spray and air dried. The sealant (Ortho Solo) was applied on the tooth surface and the brackets were bonded using adhesive (Enlight). Adhesives were cured with Halogen (Litex) and LED (D-LUX) for 40 seconds. Then the specimens were debonded later using a universal testing machine, with crosshead speed of 0.2 mm/min until the brackets were detached. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were assessed under stereomicroscope at ×10 magnification. Results: The shear bond strength in Halogen group was 19.73 ± 3.44 MPa and in the LED group 20.81±3.02 MPa which is little higher than halogen group. The proportion of being adhesive remaining index for ARI Score 1 in Halogen group was 5 (22.7%) and in LED group 7 (31.8%). While ARI Score 2 in the Halogen group was 13 (59.1%) compared to LED group 8 (36.4%). However, ARI Score 3 in Halogen group was 4 (18.2%) and in LED group 7 (31.8%). The overall model showing no significant difference. Conclusion: Within limitations, this in vitro study showed the shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives cured with a LED was statistically equivalent to those cured with a halogen light curing unit. There were significant differences in the ARI scores of the light-curing units tested. LED light-curing units can be suggested for the polymerization of orthodontic bonding adhesives because it showed a balanced effect on ARI index. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2019; 45: 17-22

Obtaining a correct working length is critical to success of endodontic therapy. The procedure for establishment of working length should be performed using techniques that have been proven to give valuable and accurate results and methods that are practical and efficacious. The development of the electronic apex locator has helped to assess the working length more accurate and predictable. So the objective of this in vivo-ex vivo study was to evaluate the clinical accuracy of electronic apex locator in measuring the working length of the root canal in vivo, and comparing the lengths so measured, to the actual working length, ex vivo and after extraction. Electronic apex locator C-Root-I VI (Foshan COXO Medical Instrument Co. China) was used to measure the working length in 100 root canals (one palatal canal and one buccal canal in fifty maxillary 1st premolar) in vivo before extraction, that were scheduled for orthodontic treatment in twenty-five patients. Teeth were then extracted and apical constrictions were identified by careful preparation of the apical 4 mm of all the roots. Actual working lengths were determined by adjusting an endodontic file in the root canal upto the constriction from the coronal reference point. Electronic working lengths obtained in vivo were then compared for coincidence with the actual lengths thus measured after extraction (ex vivo). The data were statistically analysed by a paired Student 't' test and Pearson correlation-coefficient test. In 14 canals out of 100 electronic working lengths (EWL) truly coincided with actual working length (AWL). Eighty two canals out of 100, EWLs were <0.5 mm short in measurement than AWLs but the difference with AWL was statistically insignificant (p >0.01). Only in 4 canals (4%) EWLs were either >0.5mm short or more than AWL, thereby fail to meet the criteria of acceptable range of coincidence (⩽0.5 mm from the apical constriction). On reliability analysis, all (100%) electronic working length significantly correlate with the actual working length (r=0.971). Within a clinically acceptable range of ⩽0.5 mm, C Root I apex locator device showed a high degree of success (96%) in determination of working length during root canal treatment.

Accurate prediction of the space available to accommodate the size of the un-erupted canines and premolars plays an important role in mixed dentition in Orthodontics. This Descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Orthodontics of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University from July 2014 to June 2015. Dental study models of 140 patients were taken as sample. The sample was consisted of 54 Bangladeshi males and 86 females aged between 12 to 17 years and without any previous orthodontic treatment fully erupted permanent teeth and with no dental anomalies were recruited. The study was done by measuring the mesio-distal dimensions of teeth over the dental cast. A pre-structured data collection form which includes the particulars of the patient and data was filled. All patients were having a serial number to maintain their confidentiality. The study protocol was approved by "Institutional Review Board" of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Un-paired t test were used to examine differences between genders, correlation coefficients and linear regression equations were used to carry out the analysis. Descriptive statistics including means, standard deviations, and minimum-maximum values were calculated. Unpaired sample 't' tests were carried out to compare tooth size between the sexes. Logistic regression for development of new prediction formula on the basis of study sample of our population. Pearson correlation coefficient test for found the correlation between mandibular incisors and mandibular and maxillary canine and premolars in each quadrant. The difference between the present study with that of Moyers and Tanaka and Johnston were statistically significant (p<0.001). The values from Moyers and Tanaka and Johnston methods exceed while comparing to Bangladeshi population. Therefore, Moyers and Tanaka and Johnston method of prediction are not applicable for our population.

This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of an adult patient, who presented an Angle Class II division 2 malocclusion, with deep traumatic overbite, retroclined incisors with proclined left maxillary lateral incisor and mild gingival recessions. Treatment of an adult Class II patient requires careful diagnosis and a treatment plan involving esthetic, occlusal, and functional considerations. The patient was treated with extraction of four first premolars to relieve crowding, with simultaneous correction of the deep bite by intrusion of the upper and/or lower incisors using fixed appliance mechanotherapy.Ban J Orthod & Dentofac Orthop, April 2013; Vol-3, No.2

The present study was conducted on 120 desi (Indian zebu) and crossbred cows in terms of the various characteristics of udder and teat. The occurrence of trough shaped udder was higher in desi cow as compared to the crossbred cow whereas, pendulous udder was recorded maximum in case of crossbred cow. The incidence of tight udder attachment, deep udder cleft, balanced udder quarters were higher in desi cows. The occurrence of closer teat placement, cylindrical teats and pointed teat end were comparatively higher in desi cows.