This study reports the development of a PID-based rotational speed control system for a rotary forcespinning (RFS) device aimed at improving the stability of nanofiber fabrication. The system integrates an Arduino Nano as the main controller, an optocoupler-based RPM sensor as feedback, and a BTS7960 motor driver to regulate a high-speed DC motor. The PID controller was implemented in a closed-loop configuration to maintain stable rotational speeds across multiple setpoints. The accuracy of the RPM measurement system was validated using a commercial tachometer, yielding a high linear correlation with R² = 0.9997 and an average error of 0.23%. The dynamic response of the PID controller demonstrated rapid stabilization with minimal steady-state error at rotational speeds up to 11000 RPM. The performance of the developed RFS system was evaluated by fabricating nanofibers from a 10 wt% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution at rotational speeds of 7000; 9000; and 11000 RPM. The results show that stable and precise RPM control significantly influences the resulting nanofiber diameter and its distribution. These findings confirm that PID-based RPM control plays a critical role in enhancing operational stability and ensuring consistent nanofiber quality in rotary forcespinning systems.
This research investigates the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) dye using titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles. A series of Rh-B solutions with varying concentrations were prepared, and the influence of TiO2 at different weight ratio (3, and 5)% was assessed under ultrasonic treatment. The mention of carbonyl groups might need more explanation, as Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) typically doesn't have strong carbonyl absorption. It may be better to state that the shift in absorbance indicates the degradation or structural changes in Rh-B due to photocatalysis. The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles effectively facilitated the degradation of Rh-B, with removal efficiencies improving with increased TiO2 concentration and exposure time to ultrasonic waves. The best result was get on it at the concentration (5%) of added TiO2 nanoparticles, were its represent the high Removal of dyes equal to (71.25%) at the time (20min). Key Word: Rh-B, TiO2, sonocatalysis.
The Rhodamine 6G fluorescent dye, It was dissolved at a concentration in ethanol of 6*10-6 M, was investigated an active laser medium in this work, and its optical and spectral properties were investigated. The fluorescent Rhodamine 6G dye, which was dissolved in ethanol at a concentration 6*10-6 M, was investigated an active laser medium in this work, and its optical and spectral properties were investigated. The chemical reduction process was also used to create gold nanoparticles at concentration of 0.01 M. Three concentrations of gold nanoparticles (2.5, 5, and 7.5%) w/v were added to the Rhodamine 6G dye solution in order to examine how they affected the dye's optical and spectral characteristics. Optical and spectral properties Rhodamine 6G dye sample were analyzed both before to following the addition of gold nanoparticles. After adding gold nanoparticle the dye, the results indicated a shift toward lower wavelengths (red shift) and an increase in optical parameters, with the exception of transmittance. Fluorescence intensity, radiative lifetime, quantum yield, stoke shift, and fluoresce cent lifetime were among the spectrum characteristics. The relative fluorescence intensity dropped after the nanoparticles were applied.
Low-cost and environmentally friendly energy storage is currently being extensively researched, with batteries being one of the primary focuses. However, many battery materials still involve hazardous substances during synthesis and are relatively high-cost. Therefore, this study aims to address these limitations by developing a battery using an alternative material, coalite, synthesized via the Hummer’s method. The primary objective is to investigate the effect of coalite carbonization temperature on the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a battery cathode. The successful synthesis of rGO was verified through multiple characterization techniques. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed an amorphous rGO structure with a peak at 25°. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identified functional groups such as O-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O, with the presence of C=C bonds indicating the main structural component of rGO. Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) Mapping showed that the rGO 600 sample exhibited the highest porosity and carbon (C) composition, with a porosity value of 69.19% and a carbon content of 80.26%. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of the battery was evaluated using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The results indicated that as the carbonization temperature increased (rGO 600), the CV curve exhibited a broader quasi-rectangular shape. Based on these findings, the rGO 600 sample derived from coalite exhibits significant potential as a material for sustainable battery development.
Bamboo has emerged as a sustainable and high-performance reinforcement material in composite structures due to its exceptional mechanical properties, rapid renewability, and environmental benefits. Despite increasing use, several challenges—including inconsistent fiber-matrix adhesion, moisture sensitivity, and lack of performance standardization—still limit its full-scale adoption. This article addresses these knowledge gaps by reviewing recent advances in bamboo fiber-reinforced composites (BFRCs), with emphasis on their applications in construction, automotive, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. The advantages of bamboo over synthetic fibers (e.g., glass/carbon fibers) include high specific strength (350 MPa), low density (0.8–1.4 g/cm³), biodegradability, and carbon sequestration potential. Critical processing techniques—such as alkali treatment, compression molding, and 3D printing—are analyzed alongside challenges like fiber-matrix adhesion and moisture absorption. With a growing emphasis on circular economy principles, BFRCs are poised to revolutionize sustainable material design.
Herein we report a simple and cost-effective way for synthesis and application of ZnO-PVA nanocomposite using the spin coating technique in which an aqueous solution containing sources of above was deposited on a glass substrate using spin coating technique and further annealed at 120°C. The structural, optical and morphological properties investigated reveals polycrystalline nature of uniformly coated ZnO-PVA composite thin film with a band gap of 3.26 eV. Photo-detector device is made by patterning silver electrodes at two ends of thin film by keeping an electrode gap of ~ 1 mm. Current-voltage measurements are performed under dark and UV illumination. A linear rise in photocurrent under UV illumination (100 μW/cm 2 ) indicate reliable photodetection properties of the device with ~ 6 μA photocurrent, 120 A/W responsivity, 5.8 x 10 4 external quantum efficiency, 6 x 10 4 sensitivity and 0.6ms rise time, which is highly applicable for fabricating UV photodetectors going to be used for advance application in defence and space.
This study investigated the influence of nanoparticle material type and weight percentage on the flow behaviour of underfill encapsulation in Ball Grid Array (BGA) assemblies. As BGA packages are increasingly used in high-density and high-performance electronic devices, ensuring reliable solder joint encapsulation becomes critical. While nanoparticle-reinforced underfills enhance thermal and mechanical performance, they also introduce complexities in flow behaviour due to changes in viscosity and particle–fluid interactions. To address this, a multiphase numerical model was developed using the Finite Volume Method (FVM) and the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) in ANSYS Fluent to simulate the transient flow of underfill resin reinforced with Al₂O₃, SiO₂, and TiO₂ nanoparticles at varying weight percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The simulation captured the progression of fluid fill at intervals (25%, 50%, 75%, 95%) and measured total flow time. Results revealed Al₂O₃-based underfill consistently achieved faster flow, with the shortest 95% fill time recorded at 69.84 seconds for a 17.16% weight load concentration, while SiO₂-based underfill had the slowest flow, with times exceeding 74 seconds at 20% loading. These differences were attributed to variations in nanoparticle density and dispersion behaviour. A Random Forest regression model trained on simulation data further confirmed that nanoparticle type and concentration were the most significant predictors of flow time. These findings demonstrate that optimal nanoparticle selection can balance mechanical reinforcement with manufacturability. The results offer practical insights for electronics manufacturers aiming to improve process throughput and reliability in advanced packaging by selecting suitable nanoparticle-enhanced underfill formulations. Keywords: Underfill encapsulation, Nanoparticle reinforcement, Finite Volume Method, Discrete Phase Model, Artificial Neural Network.
This study investigates the effect of nano-TiO₂ (nTiO₂) reinforcement on the corrosion behaviour of cold work aluminium composites in a 0.3M H₂SO₄ environment. Al-nTiO₂ composites were fabricated with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% weight fractions of nano-TiO₂ using stir casting. The corrosion performance was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results show that increased TiO₂ content enhances corrosion resistance up to 5%, particularly at lower cold-working loads. Sample J (5% TiO₂, 2 kg load) exhibited the lowest corrosion rate (0.09474 mm/yr) and highest polarization resistance (809.58 Ω). SEM/EDX analysis revealed denser passive layers and reduced sulfur compound deposits in higher TiO₂ composites. This work highlights the effectiveness of nano-TiO₂ in improving electrochemical stability and corrosion morphology of aluminium composites in acidic environments.
Polymer coatings are thin layers of corrosion protection that can be applied to welded steel. Developing a polyester-based coating with metal fillers could assist homogeneous dispersion on weld surfaces. This study develops and characterizes the unsaturated polyester-Cu-Zn-Al2O3 coating and its corrosion performance on the welded steel. Cu-Zn-Al2O3 reinforcement was first milled at 40 h at 300 rpm, mixed with polyester to produce a film, and coated on welded steel. The results showed that milled consists of nanostructure and various particle distributions. The composition of the film consists of two distinct materials: amorphous polyester and crystalline Cu, Zn, and Al2O3. The ratio of these materials within the film influences its properties. The amount of filler in the polyester-Cu-Zn-Al2O3 composite film was maximum at 2.0 wt%. The corrosion rate monitored from 5 to 20 days shows a consistent trend, with 2.0 wt% showing the highest corrosion resistance.
Utilising an uncomplicated, environmentally friendly strategy to synthesise nanoparticles presents a prospective substitute for dangerous chemical and expensive physical techniques. Therefore, this study was initiated with the objectives of synthesising Co3O4 nanoparticles using a facile green route and evaluating their magnetic properties and photocatalytic activities. Spherical Co3O4 nanoparticles with dimensions ranging from 8 to 32 nm were successfully produced using garlic extract. Magnetic analysis revealed weak ferromagnetism at low temperatures, with a coercive field of 14×10-4 T. This low-temperature weak ferromagnetism may be attributed to uncompensated surface spins that form a short-range ordered cluster of spins. However, inside the sample, an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction occurs between non-magnetic tetrahedral Co2+ ions and magnetic octahedral Co3+ ions. Consequently, an exchange bias field of approximately 8.76 ×10-4 T was observed. Above the Néel temperature, the thermal energy overcomes the antiferromagnetic ordering, resulting in paramagnetic behaviour at room temperature. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the green synthesised Co3O4 nanoparticles demonstrated 55% degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye within 90 minutes. However, more efficient degradation (63% degradation within 90 minutes) of MO was achieved in the presence of a small amount of NaBH4, which typically functions as a source of electrons to enhance the degradation rate. The photocatalytic (dye degradation) activity of these green synthesised room temperature paramagnetic Co3O4 nanoparticles could be applicable for water purification processes.
The use of innovative engineering materials, such as conducting polymers or surfactants, in thin films has shifted the focus of solar cell production from rare elements towards low-cost, abundant, and non-toxic alternatives. This research aims to synthesize and characterize an enhanced, low-cost Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide (CZTS) material for solar cell applications using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant through the chemical bath deposition (CBD) process. The precursor solution for film growth was prepared from the sources of copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, tin chloride, thiacetamides, and CTAB in a volume ratio of 2:2:2:2:1. CTAB was employed as a capping agent to improve the optical, morphological, and solid-state properties of the CZTS films. Following deposition, the samples were annealed for one hour period at a temperature of 200°C. The deposited films were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Raman Spectroscopy. SEM analysis revealed a dense structure with extremely small nanopores and compacted grains, suggesting that the presence of CTAB in the film enhanced the morphology and improved the conductivity of the CZTS film. Optical properties are assessed using a 756S UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer, and the results demonstrated low absorbance, reflectance, and transmittance. Bandgap values of 1.34 eV, 1.38 eV, and 1.48 eV were obtained, closely matching the 1.45 eV value of pure CZTS. The addition of the polymer significantly increased electrical conductivity, as evidenced by the well-formed particle structure observed in XRD and SEM images.
Zinc oxide has taken over modern studies for its suitability for the electronics, sensors, and optical devices industries related to its structural, optical, and electrical properties. This study tries to improve the properties of zinc oxide by doping it with some materials with distinctive properties to add their properties to zinc oxide. So, potassium has been used for its electrical properties, manganese for its high stability, and cobalt for its optical properties. Experiments were done in the same conditions using the chemical weight sol-gel synthesis method. making Zn 0.96 X 0.04 O (X = K, Mn, and Co) nanoparticles (NPs). Then, checked how their growth changed the structure of zinc oxide. Using XRD to fix structure and be sure that the doped X completely dissolved in ZnO without changing the structure of the wurtzite. The diffraction patterns demonstrated that all ZnO nanoparticles had hexagonal wurtzite structures and no impurity phase. The crystal sizes using the Scherrer formula are 19.48 nm for pure ZnO, 27.49 nm for Zn 0.96 K 0.04 O, 24.6 nm for Zn 0.96 Mn 0.04 O, and 44 nm for Zn 0.96 Co 0.04 O. The SEM image shows hexagonal wurtzite structure with particles 32 nm in size for pure ZnO and 28, 34, and 54 nm in size for Zn 0.96 X 0.04 O, where X = K, Mn, and Co, respectively. The intensity of the Raman spectrum goes down for all X values of Zn 0.96 X 0.04 O (X = K, Mn, and Co), and the E 2H peak is found between 430 and 450 cm -1 . The peak intensities get weaker with Mn and Co doping and stronger with K doping. However, the positions of the peaks move slightly when doping, which suggests that the K, Mn, and Co added to ZnO don't change the hexagonal wurtzite structure. This fits well with the XRD patterns that were seen. Rather, it can control the size of the crystal according to the purpose of its use, whether electrical, optical, or for manufacturing sensors.
Using Sol-Gel and impregnation processes, the GaNFe 2 O 3 and GaNFe 2 O 3 -PPY nanocomposites were synthesized with varying concentrations of PPY 3%, 10%, and 30% by weight. Using the Sci Finder software could not trace any report in the literature for this synthesized Ga (2x+2) NFe 2(49-x) O 3 -PPY nanocomposites. The prepared gallium nitride ferrite and gallium nitride ferrite-Polypyrrole samples were subjected to structural analysis using X-ray diffraction. The X-Ray diffraction characterization confirmed Nano state formation. From the XRD spectra the dislocation density, average crystallite size, number of unit cells, and porosity were calculated and analyzed . It has been observed that with increment of unit cells and dopant concentration there is a decrease of dislocation density of gallium nitride ferrite. When the concentration of PPY is increased in gallium nitride ferrite-Polypyrrole nano composites, the dislocation density increases and the number of unit cells decreases. The porosity is increased as the concentration of PPY is increased from 3%,10% to 30% when compared to GaNFe 2 O 3 nano ferrites.
Imidazole is an aromatic and alkaloid diazole that shows prominent anticancer properties. Regulating the imidazole compound into nano-drugs in the size range 10-200 nm enhances the effectiveness of imidazole as an anti-cancer agent, thus enhancing therapeutic potential. In this study, imidazole nano drug dispersion was prepared using the re-precipitation method. The dispersion of various imidazole derivative compounds, namely 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (Vanilin), 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (O-Me), 2,4,5-Triphenylimidazole (Benzaldehid) and 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (Nitro) were screened. The dispersion stability was evaluated in a mimic biological environment using phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 24 hours, and the size of the nanodrugs was determined. The results showed that 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol had the best size of 203 nm, and no aggregation was observed even after 24h. This result indicates that 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (Vanilin) meets the requirement of enhanced permeability retention (EPR) effect and is a prominent candidate as an effective anti-cancer agent.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with an increasing prevalence. Conventional treatments, such as insulin injections, often result in unstable blood glucose levels. This study explores a glucose-responsive drug delivery system based on Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) integrated with Glucose Oxidase (GOx) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM-2) treatment. The combination of pH-sensitive ZIF-8 with glucose-responsive GOx aims to regulate glucose fluctuations via controlled drug release. Characterization results show that synthesized ZIF-8 maintains its structure and morphology, even after the integration of metformin, GOx, and AuNP, confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) analyses. In vivo testing demonstrated that Met-GOx@ZIF8/AuNP effectively stabilizes blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, indicating its high potential as a glucose-responsive DM-2 therapy. In vivo experiments showed that metformin encapsulated in ZIF-8 with GOx and AuNP significantly improved glycemic control compared to conventional treatment. This system offers a promising solution for patients with busy lifestyles by providing a controlled, glucose-responsive drug release.
This study observed the properties of gelatin as tissue-mimicking materials for quality assessment of image quality in the quantitative T2 MRI method. Images for spin-spin relaxation time (T2) measurement were acquired using MRI 3 Tesla system. T2 values were measured by acquiring T2 images from gelatin samples as tissue-mimicking materials with five different concentrations: 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The decay rate of signal intensity values over various echo-time (TE) was used to plot an exponential graph for T2 values, with spin-spin relaxation rate (R2) as the reciprocal of T2. The signal intensities and T2 values were observed to determine the relation between gelatin concentration and those parameters. The gelatin concentration is inversely proportional to T2 value, but no relation is found between gelatin concentration and signal intensity. The result shows that gelatin concentration of 30% has potential for tissue-mimicking materials for white matter and spinal cord. This study is potentially developed for further studies of tissue-mimicking materials for phantom development in quantitative MRI.
The structures of sodium zirconate were studied in this research, which formed after the alkali fusion process. In this process, zircon is decomposed using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at high temperatures to separate zirconium from impurities, resulting in high-purity zirconia which has potential as a dental material. The study aims to control the formation of Na 2 ZrO 3 phase and to minimize the reactions between Zircon, NaOH, and crucible materials, such as porcelain, silicon carbide (SiC), and alumina to prevent contamination. To enhance reaction efficiency, a pre-treatment process was introduced, including wet milling and NaOH leaching. Then, the pre-treated zircon sand was reacted with NaOH in a 1 ZrSiO 4 : 6 NaOH molar ratio. Results showed color changes in the crucibles, indicating interactions between crucible materials and NaOH. But there is no change observed in alumina crucible which means that it is not reacted with either NaOH or ZrSiO 4 . Different pre-treatment and crucible materials influenced the crystal size of Na 2 ZrO 3 phase which give the lowest crystal size of 24.69 nm when using porcelain crucible. After the recovery process was finished high-purity full tetragonal zirconia phase is achieved which can be further processed as a artificial dental application. In artificial tooth application, pure zirconia with high strength is needed, thus controlling crystal and grain sizes is a crucial factor which affect the properties.
